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Generally Accepted Values for Normal Range of Motion (ROM) in Joints
关节正常活动范围(ROM)值 Range of motion (ROM) is a measurement of the distance and direction a joint can move to its full potential. A joint is a location in the body where bones connect. Most of them are constructed to allow movement in predetermined directions. The amount of movement through a normal range of motion is commonly measured in degrees using an instrument called a goniometer.活动范围（ROM）是测量关节在距离和方向上最大运动范围的度量。关节连接人体的骨骼，大多数关节在允许方向内活动，通常使用测角仪以度为单位来测量正常运动范围内的运动量。 
Each joint has different ranges of motion for each type of movement it can perform. There are a few joints that do not support movement, such as in the skull.每个关节有不同的活动范围，有一些关节不能活动，如颅骨。 
Common joint movements include flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Extension is a motion that increases the angle between the bones of the limb at a joint. It occurs when muscles contract and bones move the joint into a straightened position, like straightening the elbow. The opposite movement, flexion, bends the joint so that the joint angle decreases, like bending the elbow.常见的关节运动包括屈、伸、外展和内收。伸是增加关节处肢体骨骼之间角度的运动。肌肉收缩，关节伸直，如伸肘关节；相反，屈曲，使关节屈曲，使关节角度减小，如屈肘关节。 
Normal Ranges of Motion By Joint 关节正常活动范围Although there is variability among various individuals, the following are generally accepted values for a normal ROM in each individual joint as measured in degrees. Physical therapists and exercise physiologists measure an individual's range of motion and compare it to these normal values.尽管存在个体差异，但以下是每个关节正常ROM的公认值，以度为单位。康复师和运动生理学家测量关节的活动范围，并将其与这些正常值进行比较。 - Extension 115 to 0 degrees
- Hyperextension (straightening beyond normal range) 0 to 15 degrees
- Abduction (moving away from the central axis of the body) 0 to 45 degrees
- Adduction (moving towards the central axis of the body) 45 to 0 degrees
- Lateral rotation (rotation away from the center of the body) 0 to 45 degrees
- Medial rotation (rotation towards the center of the body) 0 to 45 degrees
- Extension 120 to 0 degrees
- Plantar flexion (movement downward) 0 to 50 degrees
- Dorsiflexion (movement upward) 0 to 20 degrees
- Inversion (rolled inward) 0 to 35 degrees
- Eversion (rolled outward) 0 to 25 degrees
Metatarsophalangeal Joint of the Foot- Extension 0 to 80 degrees
Interphalangeal Joint of the Toe
- Extension 50 to 0 degrees
- Extension 0 to 50 degrees
- Abduction 0 to 90 degrees
- Adduction 90 to 0 degrees
- Lateral rotation 0 to 90 degrees
- Medial rotation 0 to 90 degrees
- Extension 145 to 0 degrees
- Pronation (rotation inward) 0 to 90 degrees
- Supination (rotation outward) 0 to 90 degrees
- Extension 0 to 70 degrees
- Abduction 0 to 25 degrees
- Adduction 0 to 65 degrees
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP)- Abduction 0 to 25 degrees
- Adduction 20 to 0 degrees
- Extension 0 to 30 degrees
Interphalangeal Proximal (PIP) Joint of the Finger- Extension 120 to 0 degrees
Interphalangeal Distal (DIP) Joint of the Finger- Extension 80 to 0 degrees
Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Thumb- Abduction 0 to 50 degrees
- Adduction 40 to 0 degrees
- Extension 60 to 0 degrees
Interphalangeal Joint of the Thumb- Extension 90 to 0 degrees
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