名师分享|高考英语语法热点：动词不定式

花好月圆sb3rxi 2019-12-12

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特约教师：张根生

张根生，河南省新密市实验高级中学教师，中学高级教师。中国教师研修网学科指导专家；河南省骨干教师、河南省名师、河南省高中学业水平考试阅卷指导专家；郑州市优秀教师、郑州市教育工作者标兵、郑州市专业技术拔尖人才；新密市领军人才、新密市教育名家。

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一、研究高考明确考情

语法填空

1.（2019全国卷Ⅰ）Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive (perform) consistently over a large area.

答案及与解析：to perform 考查动词不定式。该句为 “be + 形容词 + 不定式” 结构，在该结构中，不定式用主动形式表达被动意义，主语 methods 与谓语动词 perform 为被动关系，但需用不定式的主动式作状语。

2.（2019全国卷 II）Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans (retire) from her 36-year-old business.

答案与解析：to retire考查动词不定式。名词 plan 后接不定式作后置定语。

3.（2019全国卷Ⅲ）On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take (get) there.

答案与解析：to get 考查动词不定式。分析句子结构可知，本题考查it takes + 时间段 + to do sth. 句型，it 作形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语。

4.（2019浙江卷）But some students didn’t want (wear) the uniform.

答案与解析：to wear考查动词不定式。want 后通常接不定式作宾语。
5. （2018年全国卷 I）You don’t have to run fast or for long (see) the benefit.

答案与解析：to see考查动词不定式。根据句意 “要见到效果，你不必快跑或长时间地跑”, to see 作目的状语。

6.（2018全国卷 II ）Another reason for corn’s rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice (improve) water quality.

答案与解析：to improve 考查动词不定式。根据语境 “改善水质” 是 “政府鼓励农民种玉米而不种水稻”的目的，动词不定式作目的状语。

7.（2018全国卷 III）Once his message was delivered, he allowed me (stay) and watch.

答案与解析：to stay 考查动词不定式。allow sb to do sth是固定结构，意为 “允许某人做某事”，因此应填 to stay。

8.（2017全国卷 I）Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.

答案与解析：to process考查动词不定式。根据语境“需要它们（脂肪和盐）来处理食物” 可知，此处应用be required to do sth.结构。

9.（2017全国卷 III）But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.

答案与解析：to prove考查动词不定式。want 后通常接不定式 to do sth。

10.（2017浙江卷）Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring (cook) a meal.

答案与解析：to cook 考查动词不定式。由语意“Pahlsson 摘掉戒指，去做饭”可知，不定式短语作目的状语。

短文改错

1.（2019全国卷Ⅲ） I want my café have a special theme such as “Tang Dynasty”.

答案与解析：have前加to 考查want sb. to do sth.结构。

2.（2018全国卷Ⅱ）I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not let me.

答案与解析：watching→ watch 考查ask to do sth.结构。

3.（2018全国卷Ⅲ）Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious.

答案与解析：take前加to 考查be eager to do sth.结构。

4.（2017全国卷Ⅱ） When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!

答案与解析：pick前加to 考查invite sb. to do sth.结构。

命题分析：动词不定式考查点有：不定式作主语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语，其中对不定式作状语的考查是重中之重，对不定式考查的形式主要是主动语态的一般式。

二、吃透考点抓住关键

考点1：不定式的形式和意义

考点2：动词不定式（短语）作主语

动词不定式做主语时的常见句型：

1) It is +n. + to do sth.

例如：

It’s our duty to take good of the old.

照顾老人是我们的责任。

2）It is + adj. + sb. to do sth. 意思是“某人做某事是……”（句中形容词是kind, nice, clever, wise, honest, stupid, careless等，表示人的性格特征）。

例如：

It’s kind of you to help me.

你帮了我忙，你真好。

3) It is + adj. +for sb. to do sth.意思是“对某人来说做某事是……”（句中形容词是easy, difficult, hard, important, impossible, necessary之类，表示客观情况）。

例如：

It’s not easy for me to write such an article.对我来说，写出这样一篇文章并不容易。

4) It takes (sb.) some time to do sth. 做某事花费（某人）某段时间。

例如：

It took me half an hour to finish the job.我花了半个小时把这活干完了。

5）It seems/appears + adj. + to do sth.

例如：

It seems hard to learn English.学英语似乎很难。

考点3：动词不定式（短语）作表语

不定式作表语时，表示主语的内容，可以和主语调换位置。当主语是aim, dream, idea, purpose, step, task, way, wish等时，表语常用不定式。

例如：

Her wish is to live a happy life.

她的愿望是过幸福生活。

注意：

1）当主语部分含有do时，作表语的不定式要省去to。

例如：

The last thing I want to do is hurt you.

我最不想做的事就是伤害你。

2）当to let, to blame作表语时，用主动形式表示被动含义。

例如：

The room is to let.

这个房间要出租。

考点4：动词不定式（短语）作宾语

1）只跟不定式作宾语的21个常用动词有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, beg, care, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, help, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, want, would like, wish。不及物动词aim, fail, happen, hesitate, seem, struggle等，习惯上也和不定式搭配。

例如：

We managed to get to the airport in time. 我们设法及时赶到了机场。

I happened to have read the book.

我碰巧读过那本书。

注意：在“疑问词+不定式”结构中，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。

例如：

I don’t know what to do next.

我不知道接下来该做什么。

注意：当but前面有do时，but后面的不定式要省去to。

例如：

I had nothing to do but give up.=I could do nothing but give up.我只好放弃。

2）既可跟不定式又可跟动名词，但意义完全不同的7个动词：

例如：

You mean to go to college, but you must know that going to college means working hard.

你想上大学，但是你必须知道上大学就意味着要努力学习。

考点5：动词不定式（短语）作宾语补足语

后跟不定式作宾语作宾语补足语的25个常用动词：advice, allow, ask, bear, beg, cause, command, drive, elect, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, intend, invite, leave, like, mean, need, order, permit, persuade。

例如：

The children asked their parents to take them to the park.

孩子们要求父母带他们去公园。

注意：

1）后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的11个动词：see, watch, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, have, make, let。但把这种结构变成被动语态是，不定式省去的to要添上。

例如：

①The teacher made her stand at the back of the classroom for an hour.

老师让她在教室后站了一个小时。

②She was made to stand at the back of the classroom for an hour.

她被要求在教室后站了一个小时。

2）在“主语+谓语动词（consider, find, feel, make, regard, think）+宾语+宾语补足语（adj.）+to do”结构中，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。

例如：

Some students feel English hard to learn.

有些学生觉得英语难学。

3）介词with的复合结构中，作宾语补足语的不定式表示将来的动作，且不定式常常用主动形式表示被动意义。

例如：

①With such a good teacher to teach us, we are sure to learn English well.

有这么优秀的老师教我们，我们一定会把英语学好。

②With so many things to settle, I can’t go on holidays.

有这么多事要处理，我不能去度假。

考点6：动词不定式（短语）作定语

1)不定式作定语时,常修饰不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot,序数词、被序数词修饰的词，形容词最高级、被形容词最高级修饰的词，last、被last修饰的词，被only, not a修饰的词以及一些抽象名词，如：ability, answer, attempt, belief, chance, excuse, fact, idea, promise, way等。

例如：

①He was the first to hand in his homework.他是第一个交作业的人。

②I have a lot to do.我有很多事要做。

③I have no chance to go abroad.我没有机会出国。

④He has strong ability to organize.他有很强的组织能力。

2)动词不定式作定语时，如果和所修饰的名词是动宾关系，但和句子的主语是主谓关系时，用主动形式表示被动含义。

例如：

She has nothing to worry about.

她无忧无虑。

考点7：动词不定式（短语）作状语

不定式作状语可表示目的、结果和原因，常见的结构有：

1）“too +adj.+动词不定式”结构，意思是“太……而不能……”，动词不定式做结果状语。

例如：

He was too nervous to speak.

他紧张得说不出话。

2） “adj./adv. + enough + 动词不定式” 结构，意思是“足以……”，动词不定式做结果状语。

例如：

The water is warm enough for the children to swim in.

这水足够暖，小孩可以在里面游泳。

3） “only/never +不定式”结构，动词不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。

例如：

He hurried to the station only to be told that the train had left.

他匆忙赶到火车站，结果被告知火车已开走。

4） “in order +动词不定式”结构，动词不定式作目的状语，既可置于句尾，也可置于句首。如：

We turned off the light in order to save electricity.=In order to save electricity, we turned off the light.为了省电，我们把灯关了。

5） “so as to+动词不定式”结构，动词不定式作目的状语，只可置于句尾。

例如：

Check your composition so as to avoid mistakes.

为了避免出错，请检查一下你的作文。

6）be sorry/ sad/ happy/ glad/ surprised/ disappointed…to do sth. 结构中，动词不定式作原因状语。

例如：

I’m sorry to hear the news.

听到这个消息，我很难过。

注意：

1）在“主系表+不定式”结构中，作状语的不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。

例如：

The book is difficult to understand.

这本书很难看懂。

2）有些不定式结构常用作插入语。常用来作插入语，表示说话人的态度、观点和立场的不定式有：to be exact 确切地说；to be sure毫无疑问；to cut a long story short长话短说；to put it straight直截了当地说；to tell the truth说实话；to be honest 老实说；to be brief简言之；to start/begin with首先；to sum up总之；to make things/matters worse更糟糕的是。

例如：

To begin with, he is honest.

首先，他很诚实。

三、对点训练完美突破

（一）用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空。

1. If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely (bring) your work home.

2. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal (create) special designs.

3. When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough (cool) the house during the hot day; at the same time, they warm up again for the night.

4. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only (find) it didn’t fit.

5. (catch) the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.

6. I can’t attend the party (hold) at Tom’s home tomorrow.

7. The boy managed (survive) Wenchuan earthquake.

8. There is nothing more I can try (persuade) you to stay, so I wish you good luck.

9. I think it my duty (clean) the room.

10. She seems (be) angry with me.

（二）下面每小题都有一处错误，请找出并改正。

1. Energy drinks are not allowed be made in Australia.

2. I haven’t decided whether to going abroad for further study.

3. What you have to do is to obey these rules.

4. Who would you rather have to take charge of the job?