|
一、概念 连词(conjunction.)是用来连接单词,短语,从句或句子的词。连词是虚词，所以不作成分。 二、连词的分类： 1.连词按其构成分为： 1)简单连词, 如: and, or, but, if, because ect. 2)关联连词, 如:both…and, not only…but also ect. 3)分词连词, 如: supposing, considering, provided ect. 4)短语连词, 如:as if, as long as, in order that ect. 2.连词按其性质分为 1)并列连词, 如: and, or, but, for ect. 用来连接并列的单词、短语、从句或分句。 2)从属连词, 如: that, whether, when, although, because ect. 用来连接名词性从句或状语从句。 三、连词的用法： 并列连词: 1.表示并列关系的连词有: and, both…and…, not only… but also…,neither…nor…和as well as等。 1) and: 和,并且 A:基本用法: 'and'表示 '和','并且'的意思,用来连接对等关系的字和字,片语和片语,句子和句子. eg.①I enjoy basketball , football and table tennis. ②The weather becomes colder and colder. ③He didn’t go and she didn’t go either. 他没去，她也没去。 B:特别用法: 祁使句后连接and,有条件句作用,此时and=if you…, you'll… eg.Go straight on, and you'll see the library.=If you go straight on, you will see the library. 2) both…and… : 既…也…,(两者)都… A.Both A and B + 谓语 (构成的词组作主语时,谓语动词用复数)。 eg.① Both Jim and Kate are from England. ② He both speaks and writes Spanish. ③ A man should have both courage and perseverance. 一个人即应有勇气也要有毅力。 ④ Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。 B.both…and…否定句表示部分否定. eg.①You can't speak both German and English. ②Both my father and my mother aren't doctors. 3) neither…nor… :既不…也不… ** Neither A nor B + 谓语( 与B相一致, 即连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词即采取就近原则。) eg.①Neither I nor he has seen the play before. ② She couldn’t speak the language, nor could she write it. ③She could neither speak the langauge nor write it. ④ He moved steadily, looking neither left nor right. ⑤The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。 4) not only…but also… :不但…而且… Not only A but also B + 谓语 ( 与B 相一致, 即连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则。) eg.①Not only the mother but also the children are ill. ②It was noy only unkind but also untrue. 5) as well as: 也; 还有 A.基本用法: 常可连接两个并列的成分。 A as well as B + 谓语( 与A 相一致) +…. 。 eg.①Lily as well as Betty was in the room. ②It is important for you as well as for me. ③It is important for you as well as for me. 这对你和对我都很重要。 B.特殊用法: as well as + 动名词, 有时可译为“(不仅)而且”, “除了……还”。 eg.① Smoking is dangerous, as well as making you smell bad. 1. ② As well as breaking his leg, he broke his arm. ③ She sings as well as playing the piano. 2.表示转折关系的连词有:but, however, yet, still,while等. 1) but : conj. 而; 相反; 然而; 除……外；只有 A. 基本用法: 连接两个并列成分、并列分句。 eg.① Not you but I am to blame. ② They see the trees but not the forest. ③ Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming. ④ She pretended to be angry, but she was not. ⑤Someone borrowed my pen, but I don’t remember who. 有人借了我的钢笔，但我不记得是谁了。 B. 特殊用法: 用在某些否语后, 表示 “ 只……”。 eg.① He eats nothing but hamburgers. ② She knows no one but you. ③No one but me saw her. ④ I had no choice but to sign the contract. ⑤ You have nobody but yourself to blame. 2) however : adv. (连接副词) (1) 但是; 不过 eg.①He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however. ②Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement. (2)不管……怎样（如何） eg.① They will never succeed, however much they try. ② However cold it is, she always goes swimming. ③ He wanted to take no risk, however small. ④ However carefully I explained, she still didn’t understand. ⑤He knew what he wanted; however he didn’t know how to get it. (3) however: adv. (疑问副词)怎样 eg. However did you know that? / However did you find it? 3) yet: conj. 但是; 却; 尽管; 然而 A.基本用法: 连接词、短语、并列句等。 eg.①It is strange yet true. ② They are the same, yet not the same. ③Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train. ④ I have failed, yet I shall try again. ⑤He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us. 他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。 B.特殊用法: (1)and yet : 然而; 可是 eg. ① He’s pleasant enough, and yet I don’t like him. ② He has a good job, and yet he never seems to have any money. (2) yet 可与although/though 连用 eg. Although it was dark, yet he still went on his trip on foot. yet : adv. (1) 还 (多用于否定句) eg. ①The moon had not yet risen. ②I haven’t enough time yet. (2)已经 (疑问句) eg.① Has he come yet?” “No, not yet.” ② Did you eat yet? (3)早晚;总有一天 (与could; might; may ect.连用, 表示将来还可能发生某事) eg.① He may come yet. ② The plan may yet succeed. ③ We may win yet. ④ She could yet surprise us all. 4) still : adv.仍然; 仍旧;还 (连接副词) eg.① He was very tired, still he kept on walking. ② He tried hard to look for it,still he couldn’t find it. 5) while : conj. 然而; 而 (对比两件事物,意思接近whereas) eg.①Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite lazy. ②I like tea while she likes coffee. ③Some people waste food while others haven’t enough. 3.表示选择关系的并列连词有:or, either…or…,whether… or…等。 1) or: 或,否则 A:基本用法: or 表示 '或' 的意思,使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。 (a)连接两个名词: eg.① Would you like coffee or tes? ②----Is your friend English or American? ----American. ③He doesn't like dumplings or noodles. (b)连接两个形容词或数词:eg. ① Is it green or blue? ② There’s one or two things I’d like to know about. 2. (c)连接两个动词: eg. She may do some work in the fields or help in the house. (d)连接两个副词: eg.①Are you coming today or tomorrow? ② It’s now or never. 要么现在干,要么永远别干。 (e)连接两个介词短语: eg. Are you going to water the garden before or after supper? (f) 连接两个分句: eg. Do you want a bath at once, or shall I have mine first? (g)连接更多: eg. The sea can be blue or green or grey. B:特别用法: 祁使句后连接or ,表 '如果…,否则…',有转折的意思, 此时 or =if you don't … , you'll …。 eg.①Hurry up, or you'll be late.=If you don't hurry up, you'll be late. ②He had to have a job or go hungry. C. or else : 否则 eg. ①Hurry up or else you’ll be late. ②Be quick, or else it’ll be too late. 2) either…or…: 或者…或者… ; 不是…就是… ; 要么…要么… Either A. or B. + 谓语 (连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词跟 B. '人称'和 '数'的一致,即就近原则。) eg.① Either you or I am right. ② Does either she or they like English? ③ People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 年龄不到或者超龄的人 注意: 由either…or…引导的否定句是完全否定。eg. She isn't either a student or a teacher. 3) whether…or…:不管…还是… eg.①She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school. ② Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same. ③ He seemed undecided whether to go or to stay. whether or not/no: 是否 eg. ① Can you tell me whether or not the train has left? ②He could not decide whether or no to return home. 4.表示因果关系的并列连词有:for(因为),so(所以). 1) for: conj. 因为;由于 (一般用逗号把它和前面分句隔开,它是对前面情况的解释。) eg.①He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold. ②He shook his head, for he thought differently. ③He decided to leave at dawn, for he had many miles to cover.。 ④You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你们一定要克服粗枝大叶，因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。 注意：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。 2) so: conj. 因此; 所以 eg.①It was late, so I went home. ② It was still painful so I went to see a doctor. ③The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生 从属连词:从属连词是用来连接名词性从句或状语从句的连词。 1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有: before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon as等. eg.①After they had planted their crops, they took a rest. ②We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us. ③As soon as he gets to Beijing, he'll call me. A.基本用法: 1) when, while, as 都表示'当……时',when从句谓语动词既可以是瞬间动词也可以是延续性动词,可用于主从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作；while从句谓语动词只能是延续性动词,侧重主从句动作同时发生；as引导一个持续性动作,多用于主从句动作同时发生,强调'一边……一边'。 eg.①When I came in, my father was cooking. ②I came in when/while my father was cooking. ③He sang as he walked. 注意： 表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。 eg.① Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。 ② Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。 ③ He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。 3. 2) until用法:当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时,主从句都用肯定式,译为'直到……为止';当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时,主句用否定式,从句用肯定式,即not…..until, 译为'直到……才'。 eg.①Mr. Green waited until his children came back.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来。) ②Mr. Green didn't go to bed until his children came back. (格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡觉。) B.特殊用法: (1) when : conj. (a) although 虽然; 然而;可是 eg.She claimed to be 18, when I know she’s only 16. (b)considering that 考虑到; 既然 eg. How can they expect to learn anything when they never listen? (c) 刚…就； 一…… 就 eg. He had just been in bed when the phone rang. (2) while : conj. (必须用于句首) although; in spite of the fact that… 虽然;尽管 eg.①While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available. ②While they are my neighbours, I don’t know them well. (3) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。 eg.① Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。 ② After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。 注意： after与before可用作连词,又可作介词用。但是，在省略句中, after与before 须作介词用。表示被动时，介词之后不可用过去分词。 eg.①After being painted green, the house looked more beautiful. After painted green (╳),… ② Before being invited to the party, he had been looking forward to it. Before invited…(╳) (4) 时间连词 + 分词的用法: eg.① When ( I was) walking in the street, I met Mr. Smith. ② While ( I was) waiting for the bus, I read a book. ③ Don’t speak until (you are) told to. ④ He has changed a lot since ( he was) being in the army. ⑤ He didn’t go to the party until (he was) invited a second time. 3)当表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的: as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。 eg. ①I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。 ②The moment I have finished, I’ll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。 ③I want to see him the minute/ the moment he he arrives. 他一到我就要见他。 ④I came immediately I heard the news. 我一听到这个消息，马上就来了。 ⑤Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦开始, 便不可停下来。 ⑥I went home directly I had finished work. ⑦I recognized her instantly = the instant (that) (=as soon as) I saw her. ⑧No soon had I gor home than I smelt something burnt. ⑨Hardly had we sat down at the table when the telephone rang. 4) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。 eg.①She’s been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。 ②Hold on until I fetch help. 坚持一下，等我找人来帮忙。 ③Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (谚)不要无事惹事。 5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next Time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。 eg.① I’ll tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次见到他时，我就把这个情况告诉他。 ②We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每当我们洗手的时候，我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。 4. ③You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 注意：every time, each time, any time前不用冠词，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略, 而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。 2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if(如果), unless(除非,如果……不)等。 eg. ①If you don't go soon, you'll be late.=Unless you go soon, you'll be late. ②Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧? ③Don’t come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话，否则你别来。 ④As long as you’re happy，it doesn’t matter what you do. 只要你高兴，你做什么都没关系。 ⑤In case it rains they will stay at home. 万一下雨，他们就呆在家里。 注意:在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表 示条件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。 eg. If you will sit down for a few moments, I’ll tell the manager you’re here. 请稍坐, 我这就通知经理说您来了。 3.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有 because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)等。 eg.①He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我，因为我是新来的。 ②He didn't go to school because he was ill. ③As it was raining, we went there by bus. ⑤Since everybody is here, let's begin. ⑥It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. ⑦As you are sorry，I’ll forgive you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。 ⑧Since we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我们没钱，我们无法购买它。 注意: because'因为'语气最强,回答why提问时只能用because,其引导的从句可放在句首或句末;as'由 于',since'既然'语气不如because强,引导的从句常置于句首;for是并列连词,语气最弱,对前面分 句加以解释或补充说明,其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。because与 so不能同时使用. eg.①Seeing that he’s been off sick all week he’s unlikely to come ②Now that the kids have left home we’ve got a lot of extra space. ③Considering (that) he’s only just started, he knows quite a loy about it. ④Seeing that he’s ill he’s unlikely to come. 因为他病了，他大概不会来了。 ⑤Now that she has apologized, I am content. 既然她已经道了歉, 我也就满意了。 4.引导让步状语从句的从属连词有:although/though(虽然,尽管),even though/if (即使), while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。 eg.①Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich. ②Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldn't help him. ③I like her even though she can be annoying. 尽管她有时很恼人, 但我还是喜欢她。 ④You won’t move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力气多大, 也休想搬动那块石头。 ⑤Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。 ⑥Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁，你都不能从这里通过。 ⑦Whenever I see him, I speak to him. 每当我见到他，我都和他讲话。 注意:although/though 引导的从句不能与but连用,但可与yet, still连用. 5.引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so that和in order that(以便,为了), in case, for fear等。 eg.①The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly. ②He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音，以便每个人都能听见。 ③Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 带上雨伞，以防下雨。 ④She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand. 她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。 5. 6.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so that(结果是)和so/such…that…(如此…以至于)等。 eg.①I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早, 所以找个好座位。 ②I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤，以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。 ③He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大, 结果玻璃震破了。 ④It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze. ⑤It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it. 7.引导比较状语从句的从属连词有: as…as…(与……一样),not as/so… as…(不及,赶不 上),和than(比)等。 eg.①She was now happier than she had ever been. 现在她比过去任何时候都快活。 ②I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了看表，时间比我想像的早。 ③He doesn’t work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那样努力。 ④I know you better than she does. ⑤He works as carefully as she. ⑥I can't run as/so fast as you. 8.引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等。 eg.①Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢? ②He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber. 他将铁棍折弯，仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。 ③Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 9. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。 eg.①The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。 ②I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。 ③Everywhere I go，I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。 10.引导名词性从句的从属连词有:that和 if/whether(是否)等,它们用于引导主语从句、 表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that 不仅没不充当句子成分，而且没有词义，在句子中只起连接作用； 而 if, whether 虽不充当句子成分，但有词义，即表示“是否”。 eg.①We know that the earth goes around the sun.(宾语从句) ②I wonder if he has received my e-mail. (宾语从句) ③Whether he'll go there hasn't been decided.(主语从句) ④He replied that he was going by train. 他回答说他将坐火车去。 ⑤I wonder if it’s large enough. 我不知道它是否够大。 ⑥I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我为是否伤了她的感情而担心。 注意：whether， if引导从句的用法区别： (1)引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，用whether，不用if。 eg.①Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known. ②The question is whether we can finish the task on time. ③The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided. (2) whether可接不定式，而if则不可。eg. I haven't decided whether to leave or not. (3) whether可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调，而if则不可。 eg.①Everything depends on whether we have enough money. ②Whether he will come, I am not sure. (4) whether和if均可引导宾语从句， whether引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句，if引导的宾语从句可以是肯 定的，也可以是否定的（此时不能用whether）。 eg. ①Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia？ ②I wonder if it doesn't rain. eg. ①Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia？ ②I wonder if it doesn't rain. (5) 引导宾语从句的whether和if常可与or not连用。连用时要注意or not的位置，它一般与 whether、if 分开使用，有时它可与whether合起来使用，但不能与if合起来使用。 6. eg.①I don't know whether/ if they will come or not. ②I don't know whether or not they will come. (6) if可用来引导条件状语从句，译'如果'，whether则不行。eg. If you work hard, you are sure to succeed. 四、某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别 1.当while， when， as引导时间状语从句时的区别： (1) while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while 的这些用 法可用when代替，等于 'at the time that'， 'during the time that'。 eg.Please keep quiet while (when)others are studying. (2)when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于 'at the time'，也就是说when引出的时间状语从句 中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。 eg.①When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.（when不能换成while） ②He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when可换成while） (3)as常可与when，while通用，但强调'一边、一边'。 eg.As (when / while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37. (4)when引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致，主、谓是'主语+系动词'结构时，这时主语和系动词可以省略。 eg.①When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man. ②She'll be here to give you help when (if it is) necessary. (5)when有时代替if，引导条件句，意为'如果'、'假如'。eg. I'll come when (if) I'm free. 2. before作连词一般表示时间，意为'在…之前'，但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的翻译： eg.①He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他几乎把我撞倒才看见我。 ②Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我还没来得及插话，他已经给我量好了尺寸。 3. till, until作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句, 用于否定句时，结构为not …until (till), 主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为'直到…才…'。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示'到…为止'。 eg.①They played volleyball until (till) it got dark. ②They didn't talk (延续性动词) until (till) the interpreter(译员) came. ③He didn't go to bed(非延续性动词)until (till) the his father came back. Until可以放在句首，till则不行: eg.①Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing. ②Not until he finished his work did he go home.（倒装） till, until只用于时间, 以下句子是错误的：eg.We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用as far as或to） 4. because, since, as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别： (1) 如果原因构成句子的最主要部分, 一般用because, 因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。 用why提问的句子，一定用because回答。eg.He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill. (2)如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或 since。since比as更正式些。 As和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。 eg.①As you are tired, you had better rest. ②Since everyone is here, now let's begin. 5. although和though引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别： (1) although用于各种文体, 而though则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由although, though引导的 从句后，主句不能用but, 但可用副词yet, still。 eg.①Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working.（或yet they went on working） (2)though常与even连用，even though表示强调，意为'即使'，但不能说even although。 eg.Even though I didn't understand a word, I dept smiling. (3)though可用作副词，意为'然而'，常用逗号与句子分开。although则不能这样使用，它只作连词。 eg.It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though. 7. 6. once作副词译'曾经'，作为连词译'一旦'，引导条件状语从句。相当于if的加强形式。 eg.①I don't believe he was once a thief. (once这里是副词) ②Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students. （once连词） 7.unless引导条件状语从句等于if … not …。 eg.He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low. (= He'll accept the job if the salary is not too low.) 8.在用as if引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中，根据情况要使用虚拟语气。 eg.He talks as if he knew all about it. 但有时也可用直陈语气。eg.It looks as if it is going to rain. 10. as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。 (1)as引导时间状语从句，意为'当…时'。 eg.①As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster. ②He sang as he worked. (2)as引导方式状语从句，意为'象…一样'。eg.We must do as the Party teaches us. (3)as引导原因状语从句。意为'由于'。 eg.As you are tired， you had better rest. (4)as引导让步状语从句。意为'虽然'、'尽管'。 eg.Child as he is, he can do it well. (= Although he is a child, he can do it well.) (5) as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句。 eg.I have the same book as you. As作连词的用法深度剖析: 1.as...as意为'和……一样'，表示同级的比较。使用时要注意第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词。其基本结 构为：as+ adj./ adv. +as。其否定式为not as/so +adj./ adv. +as。 eg.①This film is as interesting as that one.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。 ②Your pen writes as smoothly as mine.你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。 ③This dictionary is not as/so useful as you think.这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。 若有修饰成分，如twice, three times, half, a quarter等，则须置于第一个as之前。 eg. Your bag is twice as expensive as mine.你的袋子比我的贵一倍。 几个关于as...as的常见句型： (1)as...as possible eg. Please answer my question as soon as possible.请尽快回答我的问题。 (2)as...as usual/before eg. She looks as pretty as before.她看起来和以前一样漂亮。 (3)as long as... (引导条件状语从句) eg. It took us as long as three years to carry out the plan.我们花了长达三年的时间才完成这项计划。 (4)as far as eg. He walked as far as the railway station yesterday evening.昨天傍晚，他一直散步到火车站。 (5)as well as eg. She cooks as well as her mother does.她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。 一些带有as...as结构的常见短语归纳： (1) as busy as a bee像蜜蜂一样忙碌 (2) as easy as ABC像ABC一样容易 (3) as deep as a well像井一样深 (4) as light as a feather像羽毛一样轻 (5) as soft as butter像黄油一样软 (6) as rich as a Jew像犹太人一样富裕 2. as用作连词引导时间状语从句: as与when，while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是'当……的时候'。但它们有区别：用when 时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生;用while时，从句的动作为一过程， 主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生;用as时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义。 eg.①It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.他到达工地时，天正在下雪。 ②He was watching TV while his mother was cooking.他母亲做饭时他在看电视。 ③You will grow wiser as you grow older.你会随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。 3. as用作连词引导原因状语从句: as，because，since都可以表示因果关系，连接原因状语从句，含义是'因为，由于'，但它们有区别： 8. because表示的语气最强;as一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化;since常常用在书面语中，表示多为对 方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作'既然'。 eg.①He will succeed because he is in earnest.他一定会成功，因为他很认真。 ②Since you are so sure of it he”ll believe you.既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。 ③As rain has fallen, the air is cooler.因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。 4. as作连词引导让步状语从句: As与although (或though)，however (或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是 “虽然 “尽管”，但它们有区别：although语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不能再用 but，但 用yet;as所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序;however引导让步状语从句时，它的后面 可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。 eg.①Although he is quite old, he still jogs every day.他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。 ②Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident. 这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议，却没有人受伤。 ③However hard he may try, he will not attain his goal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。 五、并列连词与并列结构： 1. 并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。 1) and 与or： 判断 正误: ①They sat down and talk about something.( ) ②They started to dance and sang. ( ) ③I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. ( ) 注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法） eg.①Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance. = If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance. ②One more effort, and you'll succeed. = If you make one more effort, you'll succeed. 2) both…and 两者都: eg. She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. 3) not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且。eg. She plays not only the piano, but (also)the guitar. 注意：not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。 eg.Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 4) neithe…nor 意思为'既不……也不……'谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。 eg. Neither you nor he is to blame. 2. 比较and和or : 1)并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点： eg.①There is no air or water in the moon. ②There is no air and no water on the moon. 在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。 典型例题: eg.---I don't like chicken ______fish. ---I don't like chicken, ______I like fish very much. A. and; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or; and 判断并改错: We will die without air and water. ( ) We can't live without air or water. ( ) 3) 表示选择的并列结构: (1) or意思为'否则'。翻译：我要努力学习，否则考试要不及格了。 (2) either…or 意思为'或者……或者……'。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。 eg.Either you or I am right. 不是你对，就是我对。 3. 表示转折或对比 1) but表示转折，while表示对比。eg.Some people love cats,_____others hate them.有些人喜欢猫，而有些人不喜欢。 典型例题: --- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? --- I'd like to, _______I'm too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but 答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and，结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。 2) not…but…意思为'不是…而是…'，后面的用词要遵循一致原则。 eg.They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being. 9. 4. 表原因关系: 1) for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。 判断改错:(错) For he is ill, he is absent today. (对)He is absent today, for he is ill. 2) so为连词, therefore一般为副词。 eg.①He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game. 他的腿受伤了，不能上场。 ②I think; therefore I exist. 我思故我在。 |
|
|
