【原】(Metro English - 122 - Art - The Scream - By Edward Munch

Art - The Scream - By Edward Munch

You’ve seen it on everything from socks to The Simpsons to cocktail napkins, but how much do you really know about Edvard Munch's The Scream?  从袜子到辛普森一家，再到鸡尾酒餐巾纸，你都看到过，但你对蒙克的《呐喊》究竟了解多少？

1. The Scream isn't one piece, but four.  《呐喊》不是一幅画，而是四幅画。

Munch created a quartet of executions of the familiar scene. In 1893, the Norwegian artist made a painted version as well as a crayon piece. Two years later, he created another pastel version. Then in 1910, he used tempera paints on board for his final Scream.  蒙克在这个熟悉的场景里，创造了一个四部曲。1893年，这位挪威艺术家创作了一个绘画版本和一个蜡笔版本。两年后，他又做了另一个粉笔版本。后来，在1910年，他在画板上用蛋彩画，完成了最后的一幅《呐喊》。

1893, pastel on cardboard. As possibly the earliest execution of The Scream, this appears to be the version in which Munch mapped out the essentials of the composition.

1893年，用蜡笔画在纸板上的这幅《呐喊》，可能是最早版本的《呐喊》了，其中蒙克做了这幅画重要的构图。

2. Munch also mass-produced the image.  也大批量地制作了这幅画。

Once his Scream caught on in the European art scene, Munch made a lithograph of the concept so that he could sell black-and-white prints at will. These prints got a second life of sorts in 1984, courtesy of Andy Warhol. In the wake of its Munch exhibition, the New York–based Galleri Bellman commissioned the pop art pioneer to recreate Munch's lithographs as a screen print. Warhol did the same for Munch's Madonna, The Brooch, and Self-Portrait with Skeleton's Arm.  一旦他的《呐喊》在欧洲艺术界流行起来，蒙克就为这个概念制作了一幅石版印刷的画，这样他就可以随意出售黑白照片了。1984年，在安迪·沃霍尔（Andy Warhol）的帮助下，这些印刷品获得了第二次生命。在蒙克展览之后，总部位于纽约的贝尔曼画廊委托这位流行艺术先驱将他的石版画制作成丝网印刷品。沃霍尔为蒙克的《麦当娜》、《胸针》和《骷髅臂自画像》等画作也同样做了丝网印刷版本。

1893, oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard. Perhaps the most recognizable version, it is located at the National Gallery in Oslo, Norway.

1893年，油画颜料、蛋彩画和蜡笔画在纸板上的版本。也许是也最知名的版本，它现在收藏在挪威奥斯陆国家美术馆。

3. The original name was not The Scream.  原来的名字不是《呐喊》。

Munch's intended name for these variants was The Scream of Nature. He shared the rationale for this title in a poem he painted on the frame of the 1895 pastel, "I was walking along the road with two Friends / the Sun was setting – The Sky turned a bloody red / And I felt a whiff of Melancholy – I stood / Still, deathly tired – over the blue-black / Fjord and City hung Blood and Tongues of Fire / My Friends walked on – I remained behind / – shivering with Anxiety – I felt the great Scream in Nature – EM.”  蒙克对的原意本是想命名这幅画为“大自然的尖叫”。他在1895年画粉笔版本时候，在一首诗中分享了对这个标题的最初的想法，“我和两个朋友在路上走着/太阳落山了-天空变成了血红色/我感到一丝忧郁-我站着/静一动不动，极度疲倦，周围一片黑兰/峡湾上，城市挂着血和火舌/我的朋友们继续走着—我留在后面—焦虑得发抖—我感觉到大自然的巨大的呐喊—EM。

1895, pastel on cardboard. It was sold for nearly US$120 million at Sotheby's in 2012 and is in the private collection of Leon Black.

1895年，画在纸板上的版本。2012年，它在苏富比拍卖行以接近1.2亿美元的价格售出，并被列昂·布莱克私人收藏。

4. The Scream might also be about suicide.  《呐喊》或许也与自杀有关。

Munch scholar Sue Prideaux places the creation of the first Scream in a time when the Norwegian painter was broke, fresh off a failed love affair, and fearful of developing the mental illness that ran in his family. To Prideaux, it's no coincidence that the bridge depicted in The Scream was a popular spot for jumpers. Tellingly, it sat within earshot of a slaughterhouse and an insane asylum where Munch's schizophrenic sister resided.  蒙克学者苏·普里迪厄斯将第一幅《呐喊》的创作放在了挪威画家破产的时候，他刚从失败的爱情事件中解脱出来，害怕也会罹患他家族中的精神疾病。对普里迪厄斯来说，《呐喊》中描绘的桥是最受跳伞者喜爱的地方，这绝非巧合。很明显，它就在一个屠宰场和一个精神病院的耳边，芒奇的精神分裂症姐姐就住在那里。

1910, tempera on cardboard. This version was stolen from the Munch Museum in 2004, but recovered in 2006.

1910年，纸板蛋彩画。这个版本在2004年从芒奇博物馆被盗，但在2006年被发现。

5. THE screamer may have been based on a Peruvian mummy.  呐喊的人也可能是基于一具秘鲁木乃伊。

Around the time of The Scream's creation, the mummified figure of a Chachapoyas warrior was discovered near the Utcubamba River in Peru's Amazonas Region. With hands cemented in place on either side of a mouth open in an apparent shriek, the mummy bears a striking resemblance to Munch's screamer. Art historian Robert Rosenblum posited Munch found inspiration in the mummy while it was on display at an exhibition in Paris. 在尖叫声形成的时候，在秘鲁亚马逊地区的乌特库班巴河附近发现了查查波亚战士的木乃伊。当双手固定在嘴角两侧，以明显的尖叫声张开时，这具木乃伊与蒙克的尖叫声有着惊人的相似之处。艺术历史学家罗伯特罗森布卢姆认为，当这具木乃伊在巴黎的一个展览上展出时，芒奇从中获得了灵感。

6. It inspired the mask of Wes Craven's Scream killer.  它激发了韦斯·克雷文的尖叫杀手的面具。

The director of the hit slasher franchise counts Munch's Scream as one of his favorite works of art, and has said, "It's a classic reference to just the pure horror of parts of the 20th century, or perhaps just human existence."  该片的导演将蒙克的《呐喊》视为他最喜爱的艺术作品之一，他说：“这是一部经典作品，是20世纪的纯粹的恐怖，仅仅是因为人类的存在。”

7. The Scream also influenced Doctor Who. 《呐喊》还激发了《神秘博士》

In the re-launched sci-fi series, the beloved Doctor faces off against universe threatening aliens known as the Silence. Executive producer Steven Moffat confessed the look of these terrifying creators was inspired in part by Munch's Scream.  在重新上映的科幻系列片中，这位深受喜爱的博士对峙被称为“沉默”的威胁宇宙的外星人。执行制片人史蒂文·莫法特承认，这些恐怖的创造者的表情部分是受到蒙克的作品《呐喊》的启发。

8. Thieves left a mocking note when The Scream was first stolen.  当这幅画《呐喊》第一次被偷走时，小偷留下了一张嘲弄的纸条。

On the same day the 1994 Winter Olympics opened in Lillehammer, bandits placed a ladder up to the window of the National Gallery in Oslo, slunk inside, and made off with The Scream. They were so pleased with the ease of this crime that they added insult to robbery, leaving a note that read, "Thanks for the poor security." Thankfully, the painting was recovered within three months.  1994年冬奥会在利勒哈默尔开幕的那一天，盗贼们把梯子放在奥斯陆国家美术馆的窗户前，偷偷溜进里面，把《呐喊》偷走了。他们为这次行窃如此轻松感到非常高兴，因此他们还想侮辱一下被盗人，他们留下了一张便条，上面写着：“感谢糟糕的安保系统。”谢天谢地，这幅画在三个月内就被找回来了。

9. Armed gunmen stole The Scream in 2004.  2004年持枪歹徒偷走了《呐喊》。

In a daring daylight heist, two masked men rushed into Oslo's Munch Museum and made off with The Scream and Madonna. By May of 2006, three men had been convicted for the theft. But despite the city of Oslo offering a 2 million krone (about $313,000 U.S.) reward, the paintings remained missing.  一次，在光天化日之下，两个大胆的蒙面人冲进奥斯陆的蒙克博物馆，带着《呐喊》和《麦当娜》就逃走了。到2006年5月，三名男子因盗窃罪被定罪。尽管奥斯陆市提供200万克朗（约合313000美元）的奖励，但是这些画作仍然下落不明。

10. Two million M&M's were offered as a reward for its return…  200万M&M作为回报被给予奖励…

In August 2006, Mars, Inc. became involved in the recovery efforts as a marketing ploy to promote the brand's new dark chocolate M&Ms. Along with an ad that featured the red M&M playing hopscotch within the iconic painting, Mars offered up the sweet reward.  2006年8月，马氏巧克力公司参与了找寻的工作，作为推广马氏的新品黑巧克的营销策略。此外，Mars还发布了一则广告，在标志性的绘画中，红色M&M在这幅标志性作品里玩着跳房子，并提供丰厚的奖赏。

11. …AND IT KIND OF WORKED. 而且好像起作用了。

Just a few days after the promotion started, a convict gave up the whereabouts of the missing paintings during a plea deal, asking for conjugal visits and the 2.2 tons of candy. However, Mars decided if anyone would get the prize, it should be the Norwegian authorities who collared the guy in the first place. The police decided it would be best if the cash value ($26,000) went to the Munch Museum.  就在促销活动开始后的几天，一名罪犯在认罪协议中告知了失踪画作的下落，要求用夫妻探访和2.2吨糖果做回报。然而，还是马氏公司才有决定谁可以获得这个奖金，首先应该是抓住了这个家伙的挪威警察局。而警方认为，把价值（26000美元）奖金捐给蒙克博物馆才是最好的安排。

12. Gambling men bet on The Scream being stolen again.  赌徒打赌《呐喊》又被偷走。

Specifically, London bookies were offering 20/1 odds that the only Scream to be in private hands would be snatched before it hit the auction block at a highly anticipated Sotheby's sale on May 2, 2012. Published estimates put the piece's value at $80 million. Ultimately, the second pastel Scream sold for $119.9 million, making it, at the time, "the world’s most expensive work of art ever to sell at auction."  具体说，就是伦敦博彩公司提供了20/1的赔率，在2012年5月2日的苏富比拍卖会之前，唯一的《呐喊》会被私人抢先得到。据说，这件作品的估值为8000万美元。最终，第二幅蜡笔版《呐喊》以1.119亿美元的价格售出，使之成为当时拍卖会上成交的“有史以来最昂贵的艺术品”。

13. We may be scientifically wired to respond to The Scream.  我们可以通过科学连线来回应《呐喊》。

Studies performed by Harvard neurobiology professor Margaret Livingstone on macaque monkeys show that the brain is more likely to respond to faces that are exaggerated, like The Scream's distended mouth. Livingstone offers, "That's why I think a caricature of an emotion works so well. It's what our nerve cells are tuned to."  哈佛大学神经生物学教授玛格丽特·利文斯通（Margaret Livingstone）对猕猴进行的研究表明，大脑更容易对被夸大的脸做出反应，比如尖叫时长大的嘴。利文斯通说：“这就是为什么我认为对一种情绪的漫画效果很好的原因。这就是我们神经细胞的功能。”

14. The Scream is in the public domain. 《呐喊》现在是属于大众的。

Well, more specifically, The Scream--and all other works by Munch--are in the public domain in nations that embrace the “life plus 70 years” copyright term. As Munch died in 1944, January 1, 2015 marked the issuing of his works into the public domain in countries like Brazil, Israel, Nigeria, Russia, Turkey, and those within the European Union. It was already public domain in the United States because it was created before 1923.  嗯，更具体地说，《呐喊》— 以及芒奇的所有其他作品 — 在那些接受“生命加70年”版权的国家，都属于公共领域。蒙克于1944年去世，2015年1月1日标志着他的作品在巴西、以色列、尼日利亚、俄罗斯、土耳其和欧盟内的国家被公开发行。它在美国已经是公共领域，因为它是在1923年之前创建的。

quartet  四部曲

pastel  蜡笔

lithograph  平版印刷画

melancholy 忧郁

schizophrenic  精神分裂症

bandits 土匪

hopscotch 跳房子

以上就是今天的内容。欢迎继续关注Metro English。

六月份，Metro English的主题是Art-Famous Paintings，我们将跟大家分享20幅世界名画，通过六月份的学习，你会了解世界上最负盛名的这些画作的英文名称，画家的名字，画作的年代，背景故事，以及相关的趣闻等等。希望通过六月份，你不仅可以和英语继续保持亲密接触，还可以穿越时空，在作品中，与大师们进行更多的交流。最重要的是，这些你都可以大声用英语说出来。

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