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10 Most Influential Women in the World - Margaret Thatcher世界十大最有影响力的女性 - 撒切尔夫人    Margaret Thatcher (1925–2013) The first female prime minister of Britain, Margaret Thatcher was a controversial figurehead of conservative ideology during her time in office. 作为英国第一位女首相，玛格丽特·撒切尔在任期间是一位颇具争议的保守思想领袖。 Who Was Margaret Thatcher? 玛格丽特·撒切尔其人 Margaret Thatcher became Britain's Conservative Party leader and in 1979 was elected prime minister, the first woman to hold the position. During her three terms, she cut social welfare programs, reduced trade union power and privatized certain industries. Thatcher resigned in 1991 due to unpopular policy and power struggles in her party. She died on April 8, 2013, at age 87. 玛格丽特·撒切尔是英国保守党领袖，并于1979年当选为英国首相，成为首位担任首相职务的女性。在她三届任期内，她削减了社会福利计划，削减了工会权力，并将某些行业私有化。1991年，由于政策不受欢迎和党内权利斗争，撒切尔夫人辞去职务。她于2013年4月8日去世，享年87岁。 Early Life 早年生活 Thatcher was born as Margaret Hilda Roberts on October 13, 1925, in Grantham, England. Nicknamed the "Iron Lady," Thatcher served as the prime minister of England from 1979 to 1990. The daughter of a local businessman, she was educated at a local grammar school, Grantham Girls' High School. Her family operated a grocery store and they all lived in an apartment above the store. In her early years, Thatcher was introduced to conservative politics by her father, who was a member of the town's council. 撒切尔夫人于1925年10月13日出生于英格兰的格兰瑟姆，名叫玛格丽特·希尔达·罗伯茨。绰号“铁娘子”的撒切尔从1979年到1990年担任英国首相。她是当地一位商人的女儿，她是在当地一所文法学校格兰瑟姆女子高中接受教育。她的家人经营着一家杂货店，他们都住在商店楼上的公寓里。早年间，撒切尔夫人被作为城市议会成员的父亲介绍进入保守派政治中。 A good student, Thatcher was accepted to Oxford University, where she studied chemistry at Somerville College. One of her instructors was Dorothy Hodgkin, a Nobel Prize-winning scientist. Politically active in her youth, Thatcher served as president of the Conservative Association at the university. She earned a degree in chemistry in 1947 and went on to work as a research chemist in Colchester. Later, she worked as a research chemist in Dartford. 作为一个好学生，撒切尔被牛津大学录取，在那里的萨默维尔学院学习化学。她的导师之一是多萝西·霍奇金，是诺贝尔奖得主科学家。撒切尔年轻时政治活跃，曾担任大学保守党协会主席。1947年，她获得了化学学位，随后在科切斯特从事化学研究工作。后来，她在达特福德做化学研究。 Early Foray into Politics 早年的政治生活的尝试 Two years after graduating from college, Thatcher made her first bid for public office. She ran as the conservative candidate for a Dartford parliamentary seat in the 1950 elections. Thatcher knew from the start that it would be nearly impossible to win the position away from the liberal Labour Party. Still, she earned the respect of her political party peers with her speeches. Defeated, Thatcher remained undaunted, trying again the following year, but once more her efforts were unsuccessful. Two months after her loss, she married Denis Thatcher. 大学毕业两年后，撒切尔夫人首次竞选公职。她在1950年的选举中作为保守党候选人竞选达特福德议会席位。撒切尔从一开始就知道，要从自由工党手中夺得这个位置几乎是不可能的。尽管如此，她的演讲还是赢得了党内同僚的尊敬。失败后，撒切尔夫人仍然不屈不挠，第二年再次尝试，但她再尝败绩。在她竞选失败两个月后，她嫁给了丹尼斯·撒切尔。 In 1952, Thatcher put politics aside for a time to study law. She and her husband welcomed twins Carol and Mark the next year. After completing her training, Thatcher qualified as a barrister, a type of lawyer, in 1953. But she didn't stay away from the political arena for too long. Thatcher won a seat in the House of Commons in 1959, representing Finchley. 1952年，撒切尔撇开政治研究法律。第二年她和丈夫迎来了龙凤胎双胞胎卡罗尔和马克。在完成学习后，撒切尔于1953年获得了律师资格。但她并没有离开政治舞台太久。1959年，撒切尔代表芬奇利选区赢得了下议院席位。 Clearly a woman on the rise, Thatcher was appointed parliamentary under secretary for pensions and national insurance in 1961. When the Labour Party assumed control of the government, she became a member of what is called the Shadow Cabinet, a group of political leaders who would hold Cabinet-level posts if their party was in power. 显然，撒切尔夫人是一位正在崛起的女性，1961年她被任命为议会养老金和国家保险部副部长。工党接管政府后，她成为了所谓的影子内阁的成员。影子内阁是一个由政治领导人组成的团体，如果工党掌权，他们将担任内阁级别的职务。 Britain's First Female Premier 英国第一位女首相 When Conservatives returned to office in June 1970, Thatcher was appointed secretary of state for education and science, and dubbed "Thatcher, milk snatcher," after her abolition of the universal free school milk scheme. She found her position frustrating, not because of all the bad press around her actions, but because she had difficulty getting Prime Minister Edward Heath to listen to her ideas. Seemingly disenchanted on the future of women in politics, Thatcher was quoted as saying, "I don't think there will be a woman prime minister in my lifetime," during a 1973 television appearance. 1970年6月，当保守党重新执政时，撒切尔夫人被任命为教育和科学大臣，并被称为“撒切尔，抢奶者”，因为她废除了全民免费学校牛奶计划。她觉得自己的处境令人沮丧，这并不是因为她的行为带来的那些坏消息，而是因为她很难让首相爱德华希思倾听她的想法。在1973年的一次电视露面中，撒切尔夫人似乎对女性从政的未来不再抱有幻想，她说：“我认为我有生之年不会出现女首相。”。 Thatcher soon proved herself wrong. While the Conservative Party lost power in 1974, Thatcher became a dominant force in her political party. She was elected leader of the Conservative Party in 1975, beating out Heath for the position. With this victory, Thatcher became the first woman to serve as the opposition leader in the House of Commons. England was in a time of economic and political turmoil, with the government nearly bankrupt, employment on the rise and conflicts with labor unions. This instability helped return Conservatives to power in 1979. As party leader, Thatcher made history in May 1979, when she was appointed Britain's first female prime minister. 很快，撒切尔夫人就证明自己错了。虽然保守党在1974年失去了掌权，撒切尔夫人却成为其政党的主导力量。1975年，她击败希思，当选为保守党领袖。随着这场胜利，撒切尔成为第一位在下议院担任反对党领袖的女性。当时英格栏正处于经济和政治动荡时期，政府几乎破产，就业率上升，工会发生冲突。这种不稳定帮助保守党在1979年重新掌权。作为党的领袖，撒切尔夫人在1979年5月创造了历史，当时她被任命为英国第一位女首相。 Conservative Leadership 保守党领袖 As prime minister, Thatcher battled the country's recession by initially raising interest rates to control inflation. She was best known for her destruction of Britain's traditional industries through her attacks on labor organizations such as the miner's union, and for the massive privatization of social housing and public transport. One of her staunchest allies was U.S. President Ronald Reagan, a fellow conservative. The two shared similar right-wing, pro-corporate political philosophies. 作为首相，撒切尔夫人最初通过提高利率来控制通货膨胀，以此对抗国家经济衰退。她最为人所知的是，她通过攻击矿工工会等劳工组织，摧毁了英国的传统产业，并对社会福利住房和公共交通进行了大规模私有化。她最坚定的盟友之一是同为保守派的美国总统罗纳德 里根。两人有着相似的右翼、亲企业的政治理念。 Thatcher faced a military challenge during her first term. In April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands. This British territory had long been a source of conflict between the two nations, as the islands are located off the coast of Argentina. Taking swift action, Thatcher sent British troops to the territory to retake the islands in what became known as the Falklands War. Argentina surrendered in June 1982. 撒切尔夫人在第一个任期内面临了军事挑战。1982年4月，阿根廷入侵福克兰群岛。这片英国领土长期以来一直是两国冲突的根源，因为这些岛屿位于阿根廷海岸附近。撒切尔迅速采取行动，派遣英国军队到领土上，重新夺回这些岛屿，这就是所谓的福克兰战争。阿根廷于1982年6月投降。 In her second term, from 1983 to 1987, Thatcher handled a number of conflicts and crises, the most jarring of which may have been the assassination attempt against her in 1984. In a plot by the Irish Republic Army, she was meant to be killed by a bomb planted at the Conservative Conference in Brighton in October. Undaunted and unharmed, Thatcher insisted that the conference continue, and gave a speech the following day. 在1983年至1987年的第二个任期内，撒切尔夫人处理了一系列的冲突和危机，其中最令人不安的可能是1984年针对她的暗杀企图。在爱尔兰共和军的一次阴谋中，她本应被10月在布莱顿举行的保守党会议上安放的炸弹炸死。撒切尔夫人毫不气馁，未受伤害，并坚持会议继续进行，并于次日发表讲话。 As for foreign policy, Thatcher met with Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet leader, in 1984. That same year, she signed an agreement with the Chinese government regarding the future of Hong Kong. Publicly, Thatcher voiced her support for Reagan's air raids on Libya in 1986 and allowed U.S. forces to use British bases to help carry out the attack. 关于外交政策，撒切尔在1984年会见了前苏联领导人戈尔巴乔夫。同年，她与中国政府就香港的未来签署了一项协议。在公开场合，撒切尔表示支持里根1986年空袭利比亚，并允许协助美军利用英国基地发动袭击。 Resignation 辞职 Returning for a third term in 1987, Thatcher sought to implement a standard educational curriculum across the nation and make changes to the country's socialized medical system. However, she lost a lot of support due to her efforts to implement a fixed rate local tax—labeled a poll tax by many since she sought to disenfranchise those who did not pay it. Hugely unpopular, this policy led to public protests and caused dissension within her party. 1987年，撒切尔夫人第三次连任，试图在全国范围内实施标准的教育课程，并对国家的社会化医疗体系进行改革。然而，她失去了很多支持，因为她努力实施一个固定税率的地方税，许多人认为这是人头税，因为她试图剥夺一部分人的权利。这项政策极不受欢迎，引起了公众抗议，并在她的党内引起了分歧。 Thatcher initially pressed on for party leadership in 1990, but eventually yielded to pressure from party members and announced her intentions to resign on November 22, 1990. In a statement, she said, "Having consulted widely among colleagues, I have concluded that the unity of the Party and the prospects of victory in a General Election would be better served if I stood down to enable Cabinet colleagues to enter the ballot for the leadership. I should like to thank all those in Cabinet and outside who have given me such dedicated support." On November 28, 1990, Thatcher departed from 10 Downing Street, the prime minister's official residence, for the last time. 撒切尔夫人最初在1990年以党的领导权利施压，但最终让步于党员的压力，并于1990年11月22日宣布辞职意向。她在一份声明中说，“经过同事们的广泛磋商，我得出结论，如果我下台，使内阁同事能够进入领导层的竞选，党的团结和大选胜利的前景将得到更好的体现。我要感谢内阁内外所有给予我如此热情支持的人。”1990年11月28日，撒切尔夫人最后一次离开首相官邸唐宁街10号。 Life After Politics Not long after leaving office, Thatcher was appointed to the House of Lords, as Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven, in 1992. She wrote about her experiences as a world leader and a pioneering woman in the field of politics in two books: The Downing Street Years (1993) and The Path to Power (1995). In 2002, she published the book Statecraft, in which she offered her views on international politics. 卸任后不久，撒切尔夫人于1992年被上议院任命为凯斯特文的撒切尔女男爵。她在《唐宁街岁月》（1993）和《权力之路》（1995）两本书中讲述了自己作为世界领袖和政治领域先锋女性的经历。2002年，她出版了《治国理政》一书，对国际政治发表了自己的看法。 Around this time, Thatcher suffered a series of small strokes. She then suffered a great personal loss in 2003, when her husband of more than 50 years, Denis, died. The following year, Thatcher had to say goodbye to an old friend and ally, Ronald Reagan. In fragile health, Thatcher gave a eulogy at his funeral via video link, praising Reagan as a man who "sought to mend America's wounded spirit, to restore the strength of the free world, and to free the slaves of communism." 大约在这个时候，撒切尔夫人遭受了一系列的小中风。2003年，当她50多年的丈夫丹尼斯去世时，使她遭受了巨大的个人损失。第二年，撒切尔不得不向他的老朋友兼盟友罗纳德·里根告别。在脆弱的健康状况下，撒切尔在他的葬礼上通过视频链接致悼词，称赞里根是一个“试图修补美国受伤的精神，恢复自由世界的力量”的人。 In 2005, Thatcher celebrated her 80th birthday. A huge event was held in her honor and was attended by Queen Elizabeth II, Tony Blair and nearly 600 other friends, family members and former colleagues. Two years later, a sculpture of the strong conservative leader was unveiled in the House of Commons. 2005年，撒切尔夫人庆祝了她的80岁生日。为了庆祝，英国女王伊丽莎白二世、托尼布莱尔以及近600名朋友、家人和前同事参加了一个大型活动。两年后，这位坚强的保守党领袖的雕像在下议院揭幕。 Final Years and Legacy Thatcher's health made headlines in 2010, when she missed a celebration at 10 Downing Street, held in honor of her 85th birthday by David Cameron. Later, in November 2010, Thatcher spent two weeks in the hospital for a condition that was later revealed to cause painful muscle inflammation. In 2011, she sat out such a number of major events, including the wedding of Prince William in April, and the unveiling of the Ronald Reagan sculpture in London in July. Additionally, in July 2011, Thatcher's office in the House of Lords was permanently closed. The closure has been seen by some to mark the end of her public life. Battling memory problems in her later years due to her strokes, Thatcher retreated from the spotlight, living in near seclusion at her home in London's Belgravia neighborhood. 由于中风，撒切尔晚年的记忆问题一直困扰着她，她隐居在伦敦贝尔格拉维亚区的家中，远离了聚光灯。 Thatcher died on April 8, 2013, at the age of 87. She was survived by her two children, daughter Carol and son Sir Mark. Thatcher's policies and actions continue to be debated by detractors and supporters alike, illustrating the indelible impression that she has left on Britain and nations worldwide. 撒切尔夫人于2013年4月8日去世，享年87岁。她有两个孩子，女儿卡罗尔和儿子马克爵士。撒切尔夫人的政策和行动继续受到批评者和支持者的争论，这说明她给英国和世界各国留下了不可磨灭的印象。  detractor 诋毁者 indelible 不可磨灭的 |
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