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Most people who play video games just want to have fun. 大部分打游戏的人都是为了开心。 But is there the potential to do more than that? 但有没有可能不止于做到这一点呢？  This time，we're answering a question from Catina in Northern Virginia. 这一次，我们将回答来自北部弗吉利亚的卡蒂娜的问题。 She reached out to us because her son was trying to counter racist bullying in the games he played, and wandered into the tricky territory of appropriation: 她向我们伸出援手，是因为她的儿子试图在他玩的游戏中对抗种族主义欺凌，并误入了棘手的非法占有的领域。 My 11 year-old son loves playing online video games like Roblox and Minecraft where he can create his own avatar. 信中写道：我11岁的儿子喜欢玩像Roblox和《我的世界》这样的在线视频游戏，在那里他可以创建自己的化身。 Sometimes he will choose a black or brown skin for his character. 有时他会为他的角色选择黑色或棕色的皮肤。 We spend a lot of time talking about race, and when I discussed digital blackface with him, he told me that he is trying to fight underrepresentation, discrimination, and racists in the games he plays. 我们花了很多时间谈论种族问题，当我和他讨论虚拟的黑人皮肤时，他告诉我，他正在努力在他所玩的游戏中对抗代表性不足、歧视现象和种族主义者。  He's a good kid and really wants to be an ally. 他是个好孩子，也真心希望成为别人的盟友。 What advice would you give him? 你们会给他什么建议呢？ Hey Catina, 你好，卡蒂娜， In the time since you wrote this question, you say that your son found that making characters of color didn't help his cause, and that he stopped doing it. 在你写下问题之后，你又说你的儿子发现创立有色皮肤的角色并没有多少帮助，他已经不再这样做了。 But this is actually a question a lot of people have. 但其实很多人都有这个问题。 There's a lot to think about, especially when it comes to figuring out when it's acceptable to play a character you don't share a race with. 有很多事情需要考虑，尤其是当你要弄清楚什么时候可以接受扮演一个和你没有种族关系的角色时。 Like, can video games be a vehicle for allyship? 比如，电子游戏能成为盟友关系的载体吗?  In a video game, you can be anyone. 在电子游戏中，你可以化身成任何人。 Your avatar might be an ideal version of yourself, it might be a meme, it might be an original character (do not steal). 你的游戏形象是理想化后的自己，有可能是模拟你的形象，也可能是一个原创的角色（不是偷来的）。 In a medium that's all about imagined experiences, it would be absurd to be confined by your real-world identity (and impossible for many players of color). 在一个充满想象的体验的媒介中，被现实世界的身份所限制将是荒谬的(对许多有色人种玩家来说是不可能的)。 Video games have different norms than real life (for instance, in many online games, it's relatively acceptable to walk up to someone and like, kill them), but players and developers bring their real-world ideas and biases with them. 电子游戏与现实生活有着不同的规范(例如，在许多网络游戏中，走向某人然后杀死他们是相对可以接受的)，但玩家和开发者会带着他们在现实世界中的想法和偏见。  Unlike reality, the circumstances of your character's world were crafted by artists and programmers. 与现实不同的是，你的角色的世界是由艺术家和程序员创造的。 It might help to take a look at Rust, an online survival game that takes a unique approach to character creation. 让我们看看《铁锈世界》吧，这是一款在线生存游戏，它采用了一种独特的创造角色的方法。 In 2015, they implemented randomly generated and completely immutable faces and skin color to the default male character model. 2015年，他们将随机生成的、完全不变的人脸和肤色确定为默认的男性角色模型。 In 2016, they added the possibility of being a woman. 到了2016年，他们增加了可以作为女性的选项。  There was backlash, to say the least. 至少来说，有些人表示了反对。 Loudest were cries, largely from white cis men, that the "Social Justice Warrior" agenda of forced diversity was ruining gaming. 其中呼声最高的，主要来自独联体白人男性，他们认为强制多元化的“社会正义战士”设定正在破坏游戏。 Weird, though, because in earlier versions of the game everyone had no choice but to play as a bald white guy, and that didn't seem to ruin the experience for anyone. 不过，这很奇怪，因为在早期版本的游戏中，每个人都别无选择，只能扮演一个秃顶的白人角色，而这似乎并没有破坏任何人的游戏体验。  (In case you were curious, critics from the trans community were not wild about the idea of an unchangeable gendered body.) (如果你想知道的话，来自跨性别群体的批评人士并不热衷于“一个不变的有性别的身体”的想法。） The developer, Facepunch Studios, said that it was a utilitarian decision so players would have consistently identifiable features, and that within the Rust world, attributes were doled out in a random and even spread. 开发商Facepunch Studios表示，这是一个功利主义的决定，这样玩家就可以一直拥有可识别的功能，而在《铁锈世界》中，属性是随机分配的，甚至是分散的。 That's all well and good. 这是很好的。 But Rust strips race of context, making an attempt at neutrality. 但铁锈剥离了种族的背景，试图保持中立。 Everyone is born into the game an adult, naked and afraid, facing a vaguely post-apocalyptic death parade. 每个人生来就是一个成年人，赤身裸体，恐惧地面对着一个模糊的后世界末日的死亡游行。 The characters have very little personality outside of the player, and they all play exactly the same way. 这些角色在玩家之外几乎没有什么个性，他们都以完全相同的方式参与游戏。 It doesn't take place in a society where historical power dynamics affect everything. 它不会设定在某一个历史权力动态影响一切的社会。  What got weird was when they tried to claim another benefit: In an interview with the video game website Kotaku, Rust's lead developer, Garry Newman, said, "I would love nothing more than if playing a black guy in a game made a white guy appreciate what it was like to be a persecuted minority." 当他们试图表明另一个优点时，事情就有点奇怪了：在接受视频游戏网站Kotaku的采访时，《铁锈世界》的首席开发者加里·纽曼说，“如果在游戏中扮演一个黑人能让一个白人体会到作为一个受迫害的少数族裔的感觉，那我就太开心了。” It's easy, almost comforting, to think that embodying a video game character that looks different from you gives you an elevated understanding of those people. 很容易，也很欣慰去想象一个与你不同的电子游戏角色会让你对这些人有更深的理解。 But Lisa Nakamura, director of the Digital Studies Institute at the University of Michigan, says for a white kid to experience racism while playing a video game "does not actually improve the suffering of other people who he's aligning himself with, because he still is benefiting from his whiteness in other parts of his life." 但是密歇根大学数字研究所所长中村丽莎说对于一个白人孩子来说，在玩电子游戏时经历种族歧视“实际上并没有改善他所支持的其他人的痛苦，因为他仍然在生活的其他方面受益于自己的白人身份。”  Rust is also a unique example; not every game is able to depoliticize itself as much. 《铁锈世界》也是一个独特的例子;并不是每一款游戏都能将自己去政治化。 Red Dead Redemption, with its old timey spaghetti western setting, tried to skirt around issues of race. 《荒野大镖客》以古老的西部片为背景设定，试图回避种族问题。  So while the character customization in its online mode allowed players to choose from a wide range of skin tones, the computer controlled KKK treated everyone the same. 因此，尽管在线模式下的角色定制允许玩家从多种肤色中进行选择，但电脑控制的3k党对所有人都一视同仁。 Some players, though, thought the setting gave them permission to carry out virtual lynchings of black characters and unrepentantly use the N-word. 不过，一些玩家认为，这个场景允许他们对黑人角色进行虚拟私刑，并毫无悔意地使用了“黑鬼”这个词。 Players on the receiving end were not getting a window into life as a black person or the stresses of everyday racism; they were witnessing over-the-top expressions of white supremacy. 终端的玩家并没有打开一面看到黑人的生活或者日常的种族歧视压力的窗口；而是见证了白人至上主义的过度表达。 "I would call it toxic empathy, " says Nakamura. 中村说:“我认为这是一种有毒的同理心。”  She says that because you don't actually live in the body of the character you're playing, the abuse you experience as that character becomes much easier to dismiss. 她说，因为你并没有真正生活在你所扮演的角色的身体里，所以当你扮演这个角色时，所以你很容易忽视这个角色所经历的虐待。 "So if somebody comes up to you, and you're playing a black character and they call you the N-word and ... it doesn't bother you, then you feel like, 'Well it isn't that big of a deal.'" “所以如果你扮演一个黑人角色，有人朝你走来，叫你'黑鬼’...这并不会让你感觉很痛苦，你会觉得'也没什么大不了。’” Namakura says that choosing a character outside of your own identity can risk turning into what she calls "identity tourism." 中村说，在你自己的身份之外选择一个角色有可能变成她所说的“身份旅游”。 "I coined that term in the late '90s to describe why I saw so many white men creating female Asian avatars that were half naked," she says. 她说:“我在90年代末创造了这个词，用来描述为什么我看到这么多白人男性创作半裸的亚洲女性形象。”  "I mean, they were just obsessed with samurai, and with Asia, you know? We would call them people who have 'yellow fever' today, but they didn't understand what it was like to have somebody 'ching-chong' you, or they didn't really know any of the difficulties of being a racial minority. They were just interested in the exotic part." “我的意思是，他们只是痴迷于武士和亚洲，你知道吗?今天我们称他们为“黄热病患者”，但他们不理解有一个叫你“清朝佬”的人是什么感觉，或者他们真的不知道作为少数族裔有什么困难。他们只是对新奇的部分感兴趣。” There's a 2009 study that examined representations of race in video games. 2009年有一项研究调查了电子游戏中的种族形象代表。 It found that, "With the exception of African Americans, the representation in games bears a strong resemblance to the game developer workforce itself," i.e. white men. 研究发现，“除了非洲裔美国人，游戏中的表现与游戏开发人员本身有着很强的相似性”，也就是大多为白人男性。 Black men were only well-represented in games that replicated real-life sports leagues. 黑人男性只有在模拟真实体育联赛的比赛中才有很好的表现。 The study states that, "outside of sports games, the representation of African Americans drops precipitously, with many of the remaining featured as gangsters and street people." 研究指出，“在体育比赛之外，非洲裔美国人的游戏形象比例急剧下降，剩下的许多人则以黑帮和街头混混的身份出现。” Kishonna Gray is an assistant professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago and the editor of Woke Gaming: Digital Challenges to Oppression and Social Injustice. 吉肖娜·格雷是伊利诺斯大学芝加哥分校的助理教授，也是《唤醒游戏:对压迫和社会不公的数字挑战》的编辑： She says the way non-black people approach playing as or writing characters who are black men often comes with dangerous assumptions about physical power and aggression. 她说，非黑人的人创作出来的黑人男性角色往往带有对身体力量和攻击性的危险假设。 "They've been conditioned to see black men in particular as being this larger-than-life, physically capable body. ... That conditioning goes back to the plantation," says Gray. “他们已经习惯于把黑人男性看作是比实际上更强大、身体更有能力的人。...这种设定感觉又回到了种植园时期一般，”格雷说道。 Through a digital avatar, you can play out racist fantasies about black bodies, all without an actual black person involved. 通过虚拟的形象，你可以对黑人进行虚拟的歧视对待，而不用涉及真正的黑人。 It gets very Get Out. 所以情况就愈演愈烈了。 问题 文中提到了哪个游戏存在歧视黑人的现象？ 留言回复正确答案，前十名朋友可以获得红包奖励哦，赶快来试试吧！ 感谢关注 跟amber一起看世界 |
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