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2022高考英语语法考情分析及真题感悟02:构词法(下)

 江湖留传说 2021-11-28

派生法



派生法通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词的方法,用派生法构成的词叫做派生词。如:happy — unhappy,like — dislike, success — successful,home — homeless
常用前缀
1.表否定 
un-: unhappy, uncomfortable, unconscious, undoubtedly(毋庸置疑地), unlock(开··...·锁), undress(脱衣),  unpack(打开行李),unsay(收回说过的话) 
in-: incorrect, informal, indifferent(漠不关心的), invaluable(极有价值的;极宝贵的) 
im-: impossible,impolite,imperfect,impatient,immoral(不道德的)
il-: illegal(违法的),illogical(不合逻辑的) 
ir-: irregular(不规则的), irresistible(不可抗拒的),irrelevant(不相关的) 
dis-: discover, disagree, disappear, dislike, disbelief, dishonest, dishonorable(不体面的) 
mis-: misunderstand,misjudge, misread,mislead(误导), misfortune (不幸)
non-: non-smoker, nonstop, nonsense(胡说),  non-drinker不喝酒的人
2.表重复
re-: retell, reconsider,rearrange,react(作出反应),renew(更新),reusable(可再用的),refresh(使恢复精力)
3.表中间
mid-: midnight,midpoint(中点),midway(中途),mid-July(七月中旬) 
4.表超出
extra- : extraordinary,extracurricular(课外的),extra-official(非官方的) 
5.表超级
super- : supermarket,superstar(超级明星),superpower(超级大国) 
6.表微小
micro-: microscope(显微镜),microcomputer(微机)
7.表小的
mini- : miniskirt,minibus(小型巴士:面包车)
8.表远
tele-: telescope,telephone,television,telephotograph(传真照片) 
9.表千
kilo- : kilometer(千米),kilogram(千克),kilowatt(千瓦) 
10.表变化
trans- : translate,transform,transport,transformer(变压器)
11.表后于
post-: postpone(延迟),postgraduate(研究生),postwar(战后的) 
12.先于
pre-: pre-school(学龄前的),pre-war(战前的),prehistoric(史前的) 
13.相互
inter- : international,interview,interchange(互换)
14.前部; 预先
fore-: forehead,foreword(序言),foreman(领班),forearm(前臂),foresee,forecast,foretell(预言;预料) 
15.自动
auto- : automatic,automobile(汽车),autopilot(自动驾驶仪) 
16.半
semi-: semicircle,semisolid(半固体的),semiconductor(半导体) 
17.副 
vice-: vice-chairman,vice-manager,vice-president(副总统) 
18.过多
over- :overeat(吃得过多),overexcited,overpopulated(人口过多的) 
19.使成为; 把...放入 
en- : encourage(鼓励),endanger(危及),enable(使能够),enrich(使富裕),empower(授权), encase(把······装入箱),encage(把······关在笼)
20.构成形容词或副词
a-: asleep, alive, alike, awake, alone, apart, aloud, ahead 

常用名词后缀
1.表示行为者 
-er: worker, teacher, painter,waiter, performer, winner,  Londoner(伦敦人), northerner(北方人),container(容器),cooker(炊具),opener(开启的人或工具),heater(取热器),timer(计时员;计时器),cutter(切割者;切割工具) 
-or : visitor, actor, sailor, inventor, conductor, director, translator, operator,survivor(幸存者)
-ar: liar(说谎者),beggar(乞丐),scholar(学者) 
-ist: scientist, physicist, artist, tourist, novelist,specialist,medalist(奖牌获得者) 
-ant/ent: assistant, accountant, president
-(i)an: librarian(图书管理员), historian(史学家), politician(政治家), musician(音乐家),African,American 
-ee : employee(受雇者),trainee(受训者),interviewee(被面试者)
2.表过程性质状态结果等抽象概念 
-ation: information, invitation, education, explanation, motivation, hesitation(犹豫) 
-(t)ion: action, construction, direction, introduction, invention, collection, attraction, connection
-sion : conclusion, division, discussion, expression, possession 
-ssion: permission, admission
-ance : allowance, importance, appearance, assistance, performance, resistance 
-ence: existence, preference, reference, difference, existence, absence, independence
-ment: advertisement, agreement, amusement, argument, arrangement, development
-ness: illness, sickness,happiness, kindness, sadness, goodness(善良;美德)
-hood : childhood,neighbourhood(邻居关系),brotherhood(兄弟关系;手足之情) 
-th : truth,strength,depth,length,growth,warmth,width(宽度) 
-ship: friendship, relationship, scholarship, membership, citizenship(国籍;公民的身份) 
-(a)bility : possibility,disability,responsibility,flexibility(灵活性;柔韧性)
-y: difficulty, recovery 
-(i)ty : reality,nationality,safety,cruelty(残酷行为), certainty(确实的事情) 
-ery: bravery,bakery(面包房),cookery(烹调法) 
-al : approval,arrival,survival,refusal(拒绝) 
-age: marriage, shortage(不足;短缺 ), storage(储存)
-ing : feeling,hearing, building,meeting,opening,suffering,cooling(冷却) 
-ful :handful,spoonful,mouthful(一口),glassful(一杯的容量)plateful(满盘;一盘) 
-cy: fluency, accuracy(准确性)
-dom: freedom; wisdom, kingdom(王国)

常用形容词后缀
-ful: successful, careful, hopeful, helpful, useful, harmful, beautiful, wonderful,colourful
-y: guilty, stormy, healthy, wealthy, dirty, noisy, sleepy,foggy,muddy 
-less : breathless, tasteless, useless, hopeless, helpless, endless, stainless, meaningless
-able: comfortable, reasonable, suitable, admirable, knowledgeable, remarkable(不寻常的)
-al:  personal, national, traditional, natural, cultural, agricultural, fictional, additional, musical 
-ical: political,physical,practical,grammatical,historical(历史上的) 
-ly: friendly(友好的), monthly(每月的),daily(日常的), timely(及时的) 
-en: golden,woollen,wooden,earthen(泥土做的) 
-ous : dangerous, anxious, famous, poisonous, religious, mountainous,nervous,ambitious
-ive: active, expensive, attractive, subjective, representative, creative, impressive
-ish : foolish, selfish, childish, British
-some: troublesome,fearsome(可怕的),burdensome(难于负担的) 
-ed: interested, ashamed, disappointed, furnished, talented, aged,strong-minded(意志坚强的)
-ing :amazing, boring, interesting, surprising, disturbing, freezing(冰冷的), shocking 
常用动词后缀
-en: deepen,sharpen,shorten,lessen(变少),worsen(使恶化),strengthen,weaken 
-ize: realize, apologize, recognize, modernize, legalize, commercialize,popularize
-(i)fy : satisfy,beautify,simplify,signify(表示;意味),terrify(使害怕)
常用副词后缀
-ly: quickly, simply, angrily, stupidly,hopefully,hopelessly,truly,smilingly,decidedly(坚決地;断然地),namely(即;就是), scientifically
-ward(s): upward(s), downward(s), forward (s), backward(s), Southward(s),inward(s)outward(s),homeward(s)(向家:在归途上)

2

合成法



合成名词:bookmark (书签);guidebook (指南手册);workshop (研讨会;车间);sunset (日落) 
合成形容词 :lifelong (终身的;毕生的);heartbreaking (令人心碎的);absent-minded (心不在焉的) 
合成动词:whitewash (用石灰水刷白);overcome (战胜);overthrow (推翻) 
合成副词:anyway (无论如何);everywhere (到处);however (尽管如此);forever (永远) 
合成介词:inside (在......里);outside (在......外);throughout (遍及);within (在......之内) 

3

转化法



动词→名词:change 改变;找零 →变化 ;walk 步行→散步;stop 停止→车站 ;record 录音 →记录
名词→动词:place 地点 → 放置;taste 味道→ 尝起来;hand 手 → 传递;递交;seat 座位 → 使……坐下          
形容词→动词:clean 干净→使干净,打扫;clear 清楚→清理;dirty 脏→弄脏;dry 干燥→烘干,晒干;empty 空的→倒空

4

截短法缩略法



截短法:telephone→phone, aeroplane→plane, advertisement→ad. , laboratory→lab, influenza→flu , smog (smoke + fog) 烟雾;brunch (breakfast +lunch) 早午餐;newscast (news + broadcast) 新闻广播;sci-fi (science + fiction) 科幻小说
缩略法:television→ TV (读字母音)电视;very important person→ VIP (读字母音)要人;Testing of English as a Foreign Language→ TOEFL(作为一个单词读音)托福

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