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  想要土壤健康，需要保持营养物覆盖 以模仿叶子自然掉落以及夏末植物的衰败 Mulching—applying a layer of material to the surface of the soil—can make a big difference in the success of your landscape. This is because mulch: 地面覆盖是在土壤表面覆盖一层材料，对植物的生长起到很大的作用，这是因为地面覆盖有以下作用： Mulching helps to retain soil moisture, so less amount of water is required during irrigation. Mulch directly conserves water. 覆盖物有助于保持土壤水分，因此灌溉时需要更少的水。覆盖直接节约用水。 conserves soil moisture by preventing the desiccating effects of sun and wind, 通过防止日晒和风干作用，保存土壤水分。 helps with weed suppression。 有助于抑制杂草生长。 can reduce runoff by building up the spongy organic material in the soil, 可以通过增加土壤中的海绵状有机质层，减少径流。 prevents raindrops from pounding the surface of the soil so hard and thus prevents erosion and compaction, 减轻雨滴对土壤表面的冲击，从而防止水土流失和压实板结。 insulates the soil surface, keeping your plant roots warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer, and can look attractive. 在土壤表面形成隔离层，使植物的根部在冬天保持温暖，在夏天保持凉爽，而且还美化环境。 In landscape gardening, the overall visual appeal of that area is improved due to ornamental mulching. 在景观园艺中，观赏性覆盖物改善了该地区的整体视觉吸引力。
There are many different kinds of mulches, each with its own benefits. Nonliving mulches such as gravel, rock, and black plastic do a great job of weed suppression, but they don’t add any organic material to the soil, so they are not often the best option. We prefer to use compost or mulches with more organic matter because they add nutrients to the soil. 有很多不同种类的地面覆盖物，每一种都有各自的好处。 砾石、石块和黑色塑料等非生物覆盖物，可以抑制杂草生长。 但它们不会向土壤中添加任何有机物质，所以它们往往不是最好的选择。 在永续农业中更喜欢使用堆肥或有机材质作为覆盖物，因为它们能给土壤增加养分。
Dead mulches—plant material that was once alive, such as wood chips, compost, and rice hulls—require occasional reapplication and do best as weed suppressants when they are layered 2 to 6 inches deep. Living mulches are plants that cover the ground such as clover, vetch, or orchard grass. Depending on your goals and the crops in question, you may cut back living mulch crops occasionally to allow them to renew themselves. 无生命覆盖物——曾经有生命的植物材料，如木屑、堆肥和稻壳等。 在需要适时进行适量的添加，保持在2到6英寸厚度，抑制杂草的效果最好。 有生命覆盖物，地面生长的植物，如三叶草、野豌豆或鸭茅草等。 根据目标和植物生长情况，可以偶尔修剪覆盖植物，让它们重新生长。
Sheet mulching is a technique that can be used during establishment to essentially hit the ecological reset button. Let’s say you want to convert your lawn into an annual garden. You can use a layer of biodegradable material such as cardboard or newspaper to smother the grass, while simultaneously enriching the soil by covering this barrier layer with organic material, such as wood chips or compost, to weigh it down. Once the vegetation underneath has died over time and the barrier has mostly broken down, you can plant in this rich new soil. In some cases you can also wait for a shorter period of time and perforate the barrier in places to plant directly. Just make sure you look carefully at what you are trying to smother as some weeds, such as morning glory and horsetail, can actually thrive under sheet mulch. 片状覆盖物是一种恢复土壤生态过程中常用技术，基本上是生态重置按钮。 比方说，如果想把草坪变成一个一年生的种植园。 可以覆盖一层生物降解的材料，如纸板或报纸，来压制草地。 同时在用有机材料（如木屑或堆肥）覆盖这层，促进土壤变得更加肥沃。 当下面的植物随着时间的推移死亡，覆盖材料几乎降解后，就可以在肥沃的新土壤中种植了。 当然，有时候也可以不用等那么长时间，可以在覆盖层上打孔，直接种植。 但确保杂草籽都被覆盖杀死，如牵牛花和马尾草生命力顽强，它们可以在片状覆盖层下存活。
Cover cropping is a practice for protecting your soil and helping to replenish its nutrients. It involves planting a living mulch that gets turned into the soil. We often call crops grown for this reason green manures. In temperate climates, crops are often harvested in the fall, leaving the soil bare. During the cold months, it’s ideal to grow soil-building ground covers to prevent erosion and to feed the soil. In any climate, you can also grow cover crops anytime you don’t have a vegetable crop on the land. This can help to break disease and pest cycles and recharge soils. If you garden year-round, one of the design challenges is to find space and time to do cover cropping. Fava beans and buckwheat are both interesting cover crop options because they do their job as cover crops and also provide food. 覆盖种植是一种保护土壤，并帮助土壤补充养分的做法。 它是指在土地上种植有生命的覆盖物，并将其转化为土壤。 我们通常称这种植物为——绿肥。 在温带气候中，农作物通常在秋季收获，然后土壤一直处于裸露状态。 因此常在冬季种植绿肥植物，既能防止土壤受侵蚀，又能为土壤补充养分。 在其他气候条件下，只要土地上没有蔬菜作物，也可以种植覆盖植物。 既能减少病虫害发生，又能使土壤得到补充。 如果一年四季都在种菜，那么设计一定要找对时间和地点种植绿肥。 蚕豆和荞麦是不错的选择，因为它们既可以作为覆盖作物，也可以作为食物。
The basics of cover cropping are simple: 覆盖种植的基础很简单： Select and plant your cover crop at an appropriate time based on your climate and needs. 根据所在地的气候和需要，在适当的时间，选择合适的覆盖作物种植。 Make sure the cover crop has proper care. This depends on the species selected, but some might need to be mowed or watered. For the most part, you should find that cover crops are very low maintenance 确保覆盖作物得到妥善照顾。这取决于所选的物种，有些可能需要修剪或浇水。 但在大多数情况下，你会发现覆盖作物的维护成本很低。 Have a plan to kill your cover crop before it goes to seed or the vegetative growth gets out of hand. Depending on the species, this could mean chopping it and letting it lie, tilling it under, or harvesting the seeds and letting it die on its own. 在播种或生长失控之前，制定及时清除覆盖作物的计划。 根据品种的不同，它可以被切碎、耕作，或者可以收获种子并任其死亡。
Common temperate cover crop plants are rye, legumes, buckwheat, oats, mustards, and sorghum. It’s important to plant the right crop or crops for your situation. Each has different attributes such as frost and heat tolerance, nitrogen fixing, and/or weed-suppressing effects; and different cover crops are good for certain times of the year or climates. One thing to note is that rye and sorghum certain times of the year or climates. One thing to note is that rye and sorghum are known to suppress the growth and germination of other plants, which is great for weed control but not for growing seeds. 常见的温带覆盖作物有黑麦、豆类、荞麦、燕麦、芥菜和高粱。 根据你的情况种植合适的作物是很重要的。 每种作物都有不同的特性，例如抗旱散热、固氮和抑制杂草生长。 此外，不同的覆盖作物还对应一年中的生长时节和气候条件。 需要注意的一点是，黑麦和高粱这两种植物擅长控制杂草，效果非常好，但它们也抑制其他植物的种子发芽。
Cover cropping can be used in conjunction with fallowing, or letting your land rest. By planting a cover crop and letting part of your land sit for one or more seasons, you can break pest and disease life cycles and help to build soil organic material. 覆盖种植可与休耕结合使用，以便土地得到修整。 通过种植覆盖作物并让部分土地休耕一个或多个季节，可以打破病虫害的生命周期，并增加土壤中的有机物含量。 |
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