我国作为胃癌高发国家,其发病率与死亡率在各系统恶性肿瘤排行榜中“名列前茅”,分别位居第四位和第二位。众所周知,在胃癌发生发展过程中,幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染引起的胃炎及癌前病变起重要作用,根除Hp可阻断胃黏膜病变的进程,可能发挥治疗和预防作用。时隔五年,我国幽门螺杆菌感染处理报告再次更新,让我们跟随山东大学齐鲁医院左秀丽教授的脚步,一睹《第六次全国幽门螺杆菌感染诊治共识》Hp与胃癌部分的要点! 推荐意见1:Hp感染是胃癌最主要的可控危险因素。 (证据等级:高;推荐级别:强;共识水平:100%) Hp感染与胃癌关联的认识在不断加强:1994年,国际癌症研究机构(IARC)将Hp定为Ⅰ类致癌因子;2021年,美国卫生及公共服务部公布的第15版致癌物报告中,将Hp新增为明确致癌物。 该条意见还进一步补充了一些我国人群的相关数据,具体见循证学依据。 循证学依据
推荐意见2:根除Hp可有效降低胃癌发生风险。胃黏膜萎缩和(或)肠化生发生前实施Hp根除治疗更有效。 (证据等级:高;推荐级别:强;共识水平:100%) 研究证明,在胃黏膜萎缩和/或肠化生发生前的个体中根除Hp预防胃癌发生,其效果优于已有胃黏膜萎缩和/或肠化生的个体。此外,对于已发生胃黏膜萎缩、肠化生的人群,根除Hp也可实现部分逆转,但肠化生的逆转可能在Hp根除很长时间后发生。 循证学依据:
鉴于此,左秀丽教授提示,在选择Hp根除时机时,萎缩、肠化发生前根除更获益。 推荐意见3:在胃癌高发区人群中,筛查并根除Hp预防胃癌具有成本-效益比优势,推荐筛查并根除Hp。 (证据等级:中;推荐级别:强;共识水平:100%) 循证学依据:
推荐意见4:推荐胃癌高风险个体筛查并根除Hp。 (等级:中;推荐级别:强;共识水平:100%) 胃癌高风险个体的定义: 胃癌患者一级亲属、已证实有胃黏膜萎缩和/或肠化生、来自胃癌高发区或存在其他胃癌危险因素(包括摄入高盐/油炸/腌制饮食、吸烟、重度饮酒)、早期胃癌内镜切除术后等均属于胃癌高风险个体。 循证学依据:
推荐意见5:根除Hp预防胃癌,并未增加其他严重疾病的发生风险,而且通过预防相关胃十二指肠疾病带来了额外获益。 (证据等级:中;推荐级别:强;共识水平:95%) 循证学依据:
左秀丽教授提示,根除Hp不仅可以预防胃癌,还可以降低Hp相关消化性溃疡、消化不良等疾病的发生风险,且在年轻成人中根除Hp还可以降低向子代传播的风险;此外,根除Hp不增加胃食管反流病及代谢综合征等疾病的发生风险。 推荐意见6:血清胃蛋白酶原、胃泌素-17和Hp抗体联合检测可用于筛查胃癌高风险人群。 (证据等级:中;推荐级别:强;共识水平:86%) 血清学活检: 包括胃蛋白酶原I和II(PG I和II)、胃泌素-17(G-17)和Hp抗体在内的一组血清学试验已被证实可筛查胃黏膜萎缩,包括胃窦或胃体黏膜萎缩,被称为“血清学活检”。非侵入性血清学筛查可用于胃癌高风险人群的筛查。 循证学依据:
此外,左秀丽教授建议血清学筛查与内镜检查相结合,有助于提高胃癌预防水平。 推荐意见7:根除Hp后有胃黏膜萎缩和/或肠化生者需要随访。 (证据等级:低;推荐级别:强;共识水平:98%) 循证学依据:
因此,需要对其进行定期内镜随访,但左秀丽教授也提示:随访间隔应根据癌前病变的范围和程度、患者意愿共同决定。 推荐意见8:应提高公众对根除Hp预防胃癌的知晓度。 (证据等级:高;推荐级别:强;共识水平:97%) 循证学依据:
针对以上公众对Hp、胃癌认知不足的现状,左秀丽教授认为通过开展试点教育21与接种疫苗或可提升Hp感染的防控水平。 参考文献:(滑动查看) 1.Fujiao Duan, Chunhua Song, et al. Evaluation of the Epidemiologic Efficacy of Eradicating Helicobacter pylori on Development of Gastric Cancer. Epidemiol Rev. 2019;41(1):97-108. 2.Ling Yang, Christiana Kartsonaki, et al. The relative and attributable risks of cardia and non-cardia gastric cancer associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in China: a case-cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(12):e888-e896. 3.Tsung-Hsien Chiang, Wei-Jung Chang, et al. Mass eradication of Helicobacter pylori to reduce gastric cancer incidence and mortality: a long-term cohort study on Matsu Islands. Gut. 2021;70(2):243-250. 4.Kyosuke Kaji, Atsushi Hashiba, et al. Grading of Atrophic Gastritis is Useful for Risk Stratification in Endoscopic Screening for Gastric Cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019,114(1):71-79. 5.Hai-Ning Chen, Zhu Wang, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication cannot reduce the risk of gastric cancer in patients with intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia: evidence from a meta-analysis. Gastric Cancer. 2016;19(1):166-75. 6.Robertino M Mera, Luis E Bravo, et al. Dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection as a determinant of progression of gastric precancerous lesions: 16-year follow-up of an eradication trial. Gut. 2018;67(7): 1239-1246. 7.Y-J Hwang, N Kim, et al. Reversibility of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia after Helicobacter pylori eradication - a prospective study for up to 10 years. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(3):380-390. 8.Alexander Charles Ford, Yuhong Yuan, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2020;69(12):2113-2121. 9.Qi Chen, Xiao Liang, Xiaohua Long, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of screen-and-treat strategy in asymptomatic Chinese for preventing Helicobacter pylori-associated diseases. Helicobacter, 2019, 24: e12563. 10.Wai K Leung, Irene O L Wong. Effects of Helicobacter pylori Treatment on Incidence of Gastric Cancer in Older Individuals. Gastroenterology. 2018 Jul;155(1):67-75. 11.Il Ju Choi, Chan Gyoo Kim, et al. Family History of Gastric Cancer and Helicobacter pylori Treatment. Choi Il Ju et al. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382: 427-436. 12.Shria Kumar, David C Metz, et al. Risk Factors and Incidence of Gastric Cancer After Detection of Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Large Cohort Study. Kumar S et al. Gastroenterology, 2020, 158: 527-536.e7. 13.Fangfang Fan, Zhe Wang. Effects of eradicating Helicobacter pylori on metachronous gastric cancer prevention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eval Clin Pract. 2020 Feb;26(1):308-315. 14.Hyun Ju Kim, Yun Jin Kim, et al. Impact of the timing of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the risk of development of metachronous lesions after treatment of early gastric cancer: a population-based cohort study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 Sep;92(3):613-622.e1. 15.Yang Guo, Yang Zhang, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastrointestinal microbiota: a population-based study in Linqu, a high-risk area of gastric cancer.Gut. 2020;69(9):1598-1607. 16.Quancai Cai, Chunping Zhu, et al. Development and validation of a prediction rule for estimating gastric cancer risk in the Chinese high-risk population: a nationwide multicentre study. Gut. 2019 Sep;68(9):1576-1587. 17.Susumu Take, Motowo Mizuno, et al. Risk of gastric cancer in the second decade of follow-up after Helicobacter pylori eradication. J Gastroenterol. 2020 Mar;55(3):281-288. 18.Kyosuke Kaji, Atsushi Hashiba, et al. Grading of Atrophic Gastritis is Useful for Risk Stratification in Endoscopic Screening for Gastric Cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Jan;114(1):71-79. 19.Do-Youn Oh et al. Public awareness of gastric cancer risk factors and disease screening in a high risk region: a population-based study. Cancer Res Treat. 2009:41(2):59-66. 20.Wu Y et al. Awareness and attitudes regarding Helicobacter pylori infection in Chinese physicians and public population: A national cross-sectional survey. Helicobacter. 2020, 25: e12705. 21.Shah S C et al. Low baseline awareness of gastric cancer risk factors amongst at-risk multiracial/ethnic populations in New York City: results of a targeted, culturally sensitive pilot gastric cancer community outreach program. Ethn Health. 2017, 25: 189-205. |
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