参考文献
1
2003
1.738
0.0
... 大风会对农作物和森林造成危害,随着全球变暖,未来大风发生的频率将增大[
1
1977
0.0
0.0
... 上世纪60-70年代,针对风对农业的危害,开展了大量研究,第一部有关植物风生态学方面的专著《Plant responses to wind》[
1
1995
0.0
0.0
... 学术讨论会于1993年在英国召开,参会论文以《Wind and trees》文集形式出版[
1
2011
0.0
0.0
... 第三阶段为近10多年,开始尝试把风造成的机械刺激和由风引起的其它作用分开考虑,有关生理响应的研究涉及植物的机械性感受和信号传导[
3
1997
0.0
0.0
... [
... Ca2 浓度的增加被触觉基因(TCHs)感知[
... 4 综合性适应策略综上所述,风对植物的作用包括直接的机械刺激及风引起的叶环境(尤其是气温和气体交换特性)变化而产生的间接作用,即,风的作用具有机械作用和干旱作用,植物的适应策略因植物种、植物的大小、构型甚至同一植物的不同部位及其所处的地理环境的不同而不同[
1
2009
6.736
0.0
... 风还会影响树木的发育,使植冠构型更紧凑,侧枝与主干的夹角减小,这样既不影响对光的捕获,又增加了对风的抵抗能力,欧洲赤松(Pinus sylvestris)[
1
2007
2.351
0.0
... 风还会影响树木的发育,使植冠构型更紧凑,侧枝与主干的夹角减小,这样既不影响对光的捕获,又增加了对风的抵抗能力,欧洲赤松(Pinus sylvestris)[
2
2012
0.0
0.0
... 风还会影响树木的发育,使植冠构型更紧凑,侧枝与主干的夹角减小,这样既不影响对光的捕获,又增加了对风的抵抗能力,欧洲赤松(Pinus sylvestris)[
... 向日葵(Helianthus annuus)的叶面积可减小60%[
3
2008
1.54
0.0
... 有些植物通过增大顺风向的基径来增大弯曲抵抗力,如,辐射松(Pinus radiata)、北美云杉(Picea sitchensis)等裸子植物和毛乌素沙地的羊柴(Hedysarum leave)[
... 有些植物通过增大顺风向的基径来增大弯曲抵抗力,如,辐射松(Pinus radiata)、北美云杉(Picea sitchensis)等裸子植物和毛乌素沙地的羊柴(Hedysarum leave)[
... 植物还可通过调整叶性特点来减小风的阻力,糖槭树、欧洲山杨 (Populus tremula)、塔落岩黄芪(Hedysarum leave)、黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)[
1
2010
1.925
0.0
Trees-struct Funct. 2010, 24(3):515 - 521 DOI:10.1007/s00468-010-0422-0
Shou-Li Li(124) Marinus J. A. Werger(2) Pieter A. Zuidema(2) Fei-Hai Yu(31) Ming Dong(1)
1.State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
2.Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands 3.College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China 4.Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China Sand movement is a common stress for plants in dune ecosystems. Seedlings in such an environment often experience various degrees of denudation or burial. A field experiment was conducted withArtemisia ordosica, a dominant semi-shrub species in Mu Us sandland, China, to test seedling survival and growth under different degrees of denudation and burial. Seedlings from two cohorts with height of 5.0 ± 0.02 cm (S1) and 9.3 ± 0.09 cm (S2) were selected and randomly subjected to three denudation treatments (2.5, 5, and 10 cm), five burial treatments (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 cm), or a control.S2 seedlings had a higher survivorship thanS1 seedlings, especially under severe denudation (10 cm) and complete burial (5 cm inS1; 10 cm inS2). Seedling survivorship was unaffected by moderate burial (<5 cm inS1;<10 cm inS2) or denudation (<10 cm), but it was significantly reduced under complete burial or severe denudation. Seedling growth in leaf area, height, and biomass only declined in severe denudation or complete burial. Seedling burial led to higher biomass investment in shoots, while the reverse was the case in denudation. The results indicateA. ordosica is highly tolerant to moderate burial and denudation, showing adaptive responses that likely increase survival. Differences in responses between seedling cohorts suggest that large seedling size is beneficial for successful establishment in sandy environments and measures to prevent severe denudation and burial of recently germinated seedlings are necessary in attempts to restore steppe vegetations.
... 植物还可通过调整叶性特点来减小风的阻力,糖槭树、欧洲山杨 (Populus tremula)、塔落岩黄芪(Hedysarum leave)、黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)[
1
2003
5.242
0.0
... 向日葵(Helianthus annuus)的叶面积可减小60%[
1
2007
0.0
2.139
Acta Ecol Sin. 2007, 27(7):2756 - 2764
LIUYun
刘芸
生长在一个密集植物群中的植株由于相互遮蔽而不可能对风的影响做出反应,因为这样的环境条件(有限的光资源)对由风导致的矮小表型植株的生长是不利的.为弄清在密集植物群体中生长的植株对风的响应,利用藤本植物Potentilla reptans的10种基因型做实验材料,在温室条件下(光照强度为日光照的50%,红光/远红光=1.2)模拟冠层遮阴(相当于15%的日光照,红光/远红光=0.3),研究了藤本植物叶对风的响应.结果表明,Potentilla reptans的10种基因型植株在冠层遮阴下(低的红光/远红光)都表现出典型的避阴生长响应:较少的叶(叶生物量少),长而细但硬度系数高(higher Young's modulus)的叶柄;而受风影响的植株,无论遮阴或不遮阴,其植株的叶相对较多,叶柄短、粗且柔韧性强(lower Young's modulus),说明Potentilla reptans叶对风的响应并未因遮阴而被压抑,其可塑性变化不过是对复杂生境做出的一种生长权衡:尽可能增强抗风能力(矮壮)和获取最大光能(足够高而避免被遮光),即保证在存活下去的前提下获取最大的生长效率.
... 向日葵(Helianthus annuus)的叶面积可减小60%[
1
1989
5.242
0.0
... 另外,风胁迫下有些植物的叶柄更细,更短,柔韧性更好,如白橡树(Quercus alba)的[
1
2001
5.242
0.0
... 叶表面的蜡层具有防止水分蒸发、保护叶片免受机械刺激、紫外辐射以及昆虫和病原体侵害的功能[
1
2002
2.922
0.0
... 叶表面的蜡层具有防止水分蒸发、保护叶片免受机械刺激、紫外辐射以及昆虫和病原体侵害的功能[
1
1996
1.204
0.0
... 当然,有些植物具有自我修复的能力,如桉树(Juvenile Eucalyptus)的蜡层受磨损后,经过一定时间可自行恢复[
1
2010
6.736
0.0
... 大车前(plantago major)在短期风的作用下,栅栏组织即增厚[
4
0.0
0.0
... 大车前(plantago major)在短期风的作用下,栅栏组织即增厚[
... 短期的风作用下,叶片通过调节气孔的开合来调节蒸腾作用[
... 有关农作物的遮风实验表明,遮风后作物的温度可提高1-2℃[
... 而欧石楠(Calluna vulgaris)则以叶状芽来补偿80%的叶面积[
1
2012
0.0
1.321
... 大车前(plantago major)在短期风的作用下,栅栏组织即增厚[
1
2000
2.853
0.0
... 叶脉起着支持和输导的作用,大的中脉可提高叶片的强度,从而避免叶片因大风而变形[
1
1986
3.656
0.0
... 植物茎解剖结构对风的响应因植物种的不同而不同,草本植物表现为机械组织发达,而冷杉(Abies fraseri)和火炬松(Pinus taeda)等裸子植物表现为次生木质部发达,从而增加了茎的硬度[
1
1993
2.351
0.0
... 植物的能量分配必须在生长和固着之间进行权衡[
2
1995
5.242
0.0
... 欧洲落叶松(Larix decidua)迎风面和背风面的侧根数分别增加了57%和49%,北美云杉(Picea Sitchensis)迎风面的侧根长度约为背风面的两倍[
... 如,北美云杉(Picea Sitchensis)在成株阶段,背风面的根系生物量比迎风面的大[
2
2005
1.925
0.0
Trees-struct Funct. 2005, 19(4):374 - 384 DOI:10.1007/s00468-004-0396-x
Elisabetta Tamasi(12) Alexia Stokes(2) Bruno Lasserre(12) Fréderic Danjon(4) Stéphane Berthier(26) Thierry Fourcaud(3) Donato Chiatante(15)
1.Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l′Ambiente ed il Territorio Università degli Studi del Molise Via Mazzini 8 86170 Isernia Italy
2.Laboratoire de Rhéologie du Bois de Bordeaux Unit: CNRS/INRA/Université Bordeaux I Domaine de l′Hermitage, 69, Route d’Arcachon 33612 Cestas Cedex France 3.CIRAD Unité de Modélisation des Plantes Laboratoire de Rhéologie du Bois de Bordeaux Domaine de l′Hermitage, 69, Route d’Arcachon 33612 Cestas Cedex France 4.INRA Ephyse, Recherches Forestières 69, route d’Arcachon 33612 Cestas Cedex France 5.Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche ed Ambientali Università degli Studi dell’Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy 6.Forest Research Northern Research Station Roslin Midlothian EH25, 9SY UK The effect of wind loading on seedlings of English oak (Quercus robur L.) was investigated. Instead of using a traditional wind tunnel, an innovative ventilation system was designed. This device was set up in the field and composed of a rotating arm supporting an electrical fan, which emitted an air current similar to that of wind loading. Oaks were sown from seed in a circle around the device. A block of control plants was situated nearby, and was not subjected to artificial wind loading. After 7 months, 16 plants from each treatment were excavated, and root architecture and morphological characteristics measured using a 3D digitiser. The resulting geometrical and topological data were then analysed using AMAPmod software. Results showed that total lateral root number and length in wind stressed plants were over two times greater than that in control trees. However, total lateral root volume did not differ significantly between treatments. In comparing lateral root characters between the two populations, it was found that mean root length, diameter and volume were similar between the two treatments. In trees subjected to wind loading, an accentuated asymmetry of root distribution and mean root length was found between the windward and leeward sides of the root system, with windward roots being significantly more numerous and longer than leeward roots. However, no differences were found when the two sectors perpendicular to the wind direction were compared. Mean tap root length was significantly higher in control samples compared to wind stressed plants, whilst mean diameter was greater in the latter. Wind loading appears to result in increased growth of lateral roots at the expense of the tap root. Development of the lateral root system may therefore ensure better anchorage of young trees subjected to wind loading under certain conditions.
... 9倍[
... 夏橡(Quercus robur)在风胁迫下迎风面分支增多[
1
2005
6.736
0.0
... 52倍[
1
2008
0.0
0.95
Chin Sci Bull. 2008, 53(zkII):147 - 150
刘国军①②③, 张希明①③, 李晓荣④, 魏疆①⑤, 单立山①②
采用全根挖掘的方法对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的成年塔克拉玛干柽柳根系分布的范围、垂直深度和特征分别进行了测量和研究. 塔克拉玛干柽柳浅层侧根根系的形态分布与沙漠腹地的主导风向有着密切的关系; 同时, 垂直根分布深度受地下水水位的抑制. 植株迎风面根系重量和长度的分布远远小于背风面. 与此同时, 柽柳背风面根径厚度相对于迎风面有明显增加. 因此, 塔克拉玛干柽柳对沙漠腹地多风生境的适应性响应是通过增加其背风面根系的分布和根径的厚度来实现的. ... 44倍[
1
2007
2.586
0.0
... 侧根的直径与根系的抗拉能力密切相关,松杉类的根系在背风面的直径较大,美洲黑杨(Populus deltoides)与毛果杨(Populus trichocarpa)直径大的侧根更有利于固着[
1
2007
2.638
0.0
Plant Soil. 2007, 294(1-2):87 - 102 DOI:10.1007/s11104-007-9232-6
Hayfa Khuder(1) Alexia Stokes(23) Frédéric Danjon(4) Kyriaki Gouskou(45) Frédéric Lagane(4)
1.Université Bordeaux I, INRA, CNRS, UMR US2B Talence 33405 France
2.INRA, LIAMA-CASIA P.O. Box 2728 Haidian District 100080 Beijing China 3.INRA, Botanique et Bioinformatique de l’Architecture des Plantes (AMAP) TA A-51/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde Montpellier Cedex 5 34398 France 4.INRA, UR1263 EPHYSE 69 route d’Arcachon F-33612 Cestas France 5.NAGREF, Forest Research Institute Vassilika, Thessaloniki 57006 Greece The optimal root system architecture for increased tree anchorage has not yet been determined and in particular, the role of the tap root remains elusive. In Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.), tap roots may play an important role in anchoring young trees, but in adult trees, their growth is often impeded by the presence of a hard pan layer in the soil and the tap root becomes a minor component of tree anchorage. To understand better the role of the tap root in young trees, we grew cuttings (no tap root present) and seedlings where the tap root had (−) or had not ( ) been pruned, in the field for 7 years. The force (F) necessary to deflect the stem sideways was then measured and divided by stem cross-sectional area (CSA), giving a parameter analogous to stress during bending. Root systems were extracted and root architecture and wood mechanical properties (density and longitudinal modulus of elasticity,EL) determined. In seedlings (−) tap roots, new roots had regenerated where the tap root had been pruned, whereas in cuttings, one or two lateral roots had grown downwards and acted as tap roots. Cuttings had significantly less lateral roots than the other treatments, but those near the soil surface were 14% and 23% thicker than plants ( ) and (−) tap roots, respectively. Cuttings were smaller than seedlings, but were not relatively less resistant to stem deflection, probably because the thicker lateral roots compensated for their lower number. Apart from stem volume which was greater in trees ( ) tap roots, no significant differences with regard to size or any root system variable were found in plants (−) or ( ) tap roots. In all treatments, lateral roots were structurally reinforced through extra growth along the direction of the prevailing wind, which also improved tap root anchorage. Predictors of log F/CSA differed depending on treatment: in trees (−) tap roots, a combination of the predictors stem taper and %volume allocated to deep roots was highly regressed with log F/CSA (R2 = 0.83), unlike plants ( ) tap roots where the combined predictors of lateral root number and root depth were best regressed with log F/CSA (R2 = 0.80). In cuttings, no clear relationships between log F/CSA and any parameter could be found. Wood density andEL did not differ between roots, but did diminish with increasing distance from the stem in lateral roots.EL was significantly lower in lateral roots from cuttings. Results showed that nursery techniques influence plant development but that the architectural pattern of Maritime pine root systems is stable, developing a sinker root system even when grown from cuttings. Anchorage is affected but the consequences for the long-term are still not known. Numerical modelling may be the only viable method to investigate the function that each root plays in adult tree anchorage.
... 夏橡(Quercus robur)在风胁迫下迎风面分支增多[
1
1996
2.853
0.0
... 如,北美云杉(Picea Sitchensis)在成株阶段,背风面的根系生物量比迎风面的大[
1
2003
0.0
1.989
Chin J Plant Ecol. 2003, 27(1):53 - 58
YU Yun-Jiang, SHI Pei-Jun, LU Chun-Xia and LIU Jia-Qiong
于云江,史培军,鲁春霞,刘家琼
Blown sand is very common in nature. In areas with frequent blown sand, especially arid and semi-arid areas, blown sand not only buries highways and railways but also poses a threat to the sustainable use and development of plant resources. In the past, researchers have conducted many studies of sand-burying and wind erosion, but there are few studies on the effect of blown sand on plant eco-physiology. The nature of the influence of blown sand on the eco-physiological characteristics of plants is an important question. Though scientists have observed and studied some effects of wind on morphological characters and transpiration ratios the effects of blown sand on the net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency etc. of plants are unknown. In this paper, based on experimental methods we showed relations between different blown sand conditions and some ecophysiological characteristics in plants, and revealed adaptability of experimental plants to blown sand by observing the change of hotosynthesis and water use efficiency in plants. In this paper, using a field wind tunnel, the effects of blown sand on the growth characteristics of some sand-fixing plants (Eragrostis poaeoides Beauv.,Agriophyllum squarrosum, Bassia dasyphylla Kuntze,Caragana korshinskii Kom., Artemisia ordosica Krasch,Reaumuria soongorica Maxim, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Cheng f., Hedysarum scoparium L.,Robinia pseudoacacia L.) were studied under different wind conditions including different wind velocities (5.9, 7.9, 9.9, 14 m·s-1 etc.) and blowing intervals (2 d, 4 d, 9 d), and some eco-physiological parameters were measured. The results showed: 1) Both wind and wind-sand current made net photosynthetic ratio (Pn) decrease and transpiration ratio (E) rise, and thus made water use efficiency (WUE) decrease. 2) The larger the wind velocity was or the shorter the blowing interval by wind-sand was, the larger the reduction in Pn; the effect of wind-sand current on the above index was greater than the effect of pure wind. The more fierce the wind-sand menace to the plants was, the less the substance accumulation was, and thus the more slowly the plant grew in height; 3) Wind-sand current aggravated desiccation of plants, due to the reduction in WUE. Meanwhile sand-fixing plants have adaptability to wind-sand current. The shrubs showed more adaptability to wind-sand current than the grasses. According to the change of WUE in experimental plants under blown sand conditions, the adaptability of experimental shrubs to blown sand ranks as follows: Reaumuria soongorica >Ammopiptanthus mongolicus > Caragana korshinskii>Artemisia ordosica >Hedysarum scoparium > Robinia pseudoacacia. This ranking corresponds with the order in their capability of resisting drought. (4) The affecting capability of the blown sand on different plants is different. In this experiment, the change in Pn and WUE for grasses is more than shrubs, and the change for Artemisia ordosica is less than for Agriophyllum squarrosum under higher velocity.
在野外风洞条件下，就不同风况的风沙胁迫对几种固沙植物生态生理特征的影响进行了实验研究。实验采用了沙坡头地区的野外植物和盆栽植物。在不同风速(5.9 m·s-1， 7.9 m·s-1， 9.9 m·s-1，14 m·s-1， 10 m·s-1，15 m·s-1， 20 m·s-1)和吹袭时间间隔(2 d, 4 d, 9 d)下测定了植物3个生理生态参数的变化。实验结果表明：1）净风和风沙流胁迫均可使植物的净光合速率（Pn）降低，蒸腾速率（E）升高，从而导致水分利用效率（WUE）下降。净风和风沙流对植物生理生态特征的影响显著不同。同样为14 m·s-1的风速时，风沙流使植物的Pn降低40.7%，而净风使其降低了35.88%。2）吹袭的时间间隔越短，植物的净光合速率降幅越大；风沙流比净风的影响更大。在2 d, 4 d, 9 d为间隔的风沙流吹袭下，油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）的Pn分别下降了20.13%、 11.76%、 7.72%。风沙胁迫强度越大，物质积累越少，植物的高生长越慢。3）由于风沙流降低了水分利用率，从而增加了对植物的干燥作用。从总体来看，沙生植物对风沙流胁迫有一定的适应响应，实验所用灌木较草本植物有更强的抗风性。
... 小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)等沙生植物在短期的和风和劲风作用下其蒸腾速率和净光合速率增加[
1
2009
0.0
2.099
J Desert Res. 2009, 29(4):668 - 673
QU Hao1,2, ZHAO Xue-yong1, YUE Guang-yang1,2, WANG Shao-kun1,2
曲 浩1,2, 赵学勇1, 岳广阳1,2, 王少昆1,2
1.Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; 2.Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Wind exerts influence on plant, especially in arid and semiarid regions. In the portable wind tunnel, the net photosynthetic ratio(Pn), stomata conductance(Gs) and transpiration ratio(Ts) of four kinds common plants (Agriophyllum squarrosum, Corispermum macrocarpum, Lespedeza davurica and Digitaria cilliaris) in Horqin Sand Land were measured with a Li-6400 under different air velocities (4 and 8 m·s-1) and blowing duration (20 to 120 min). The results showed that wind made Pn, Gs and Ts decreased significantly with elevated wind levels and blowing duration. At the air velocity of 4 m·s-1, the Pn, Gs and Ts of plants inside the wind tunnel were 47.2%~89.3%, 49.4%~90.1% and 45.7%~86.5% lower than the beginning, respectively. Similarly, Pn, Gs and Ts remained lower as a result of 8 m·s-1 air current, and the decreasing extent was 59.2%~91.3%, 47.3%~93.5% and 69.5%~91.8% respectively. All the indices measured at the air velocity of 8 m·s-1 decreased more than that at the air velocity of 4 m·s-1 except the Gs of Lespedeza davurica. Furthermore, the water use efficiency (WUE) presented evident uptrend at the beginning of wind treatment, suggesting that sand-fixing plants have adaptability to the wind current in short time. However, continuous strong wind current more than 60 min would cause the WUE turning to drop.
风在自然界很常见,对植物也有很大影响,尤其在多风沙的干旱、半干旱地区。本研究以科尔沁沙地4种常见植物:沙米、大果虫实、胡枝子和马唐为对象,采用便携式风洞对以上4种植物进行不同吹风强度(4 m·s-1和8 m·s-1)和吹风时间(20~120 min)的处理,同时利用Li-6400光合作用测定仪对植物的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Ts)的变化进行测定,以研究这4种植物对风胁迫的生理响应。结果表明:4种植物的Pn、Gs和Ts均随着风速的增大和吹风时间的加长而显著降低。在4 m·s-1风速下,4种植物的Pn、Gs和Ts在吹风结束时分别降低了47.2%~89.3%,49.4%~90.1%,45.7%~86.5%。同样,在8 m·s-1风速下,4种植物Pn、Gs和Ts的降幅分别为59.2%~91.3%,47.3%~93.5%,69.5%~91.8%。除了胡枝子的Gs外,其他所测指标在8 m·s-1风速下的降幅均大于在4 m·s-1风速下。4种植物的水分利用效率(WUE)在吹风的初期均有所升高,但当吹风时间超过60 min后则普遍开始下降,这说明固沙植物对短时风胁迫具有一定的适应性。
... 小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)等沙生植物在短期的和风和劲风作用下其蒸腾速率和净光合速率增加[
1
2010
0.0
1.729
Chin J Ecol. 2010, 29(3):413 - 419
DIAO Ha-Lin1**;HE Yu-Hui1;YUE An-Yang1;ZHOU Rui-Lian2;
赵哈林1**;何玉惠1;岳广阳1;周瑞莲2
1Cold and Arid Regions Environment and Engineering Institute, Chinese Aca
demy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China|2Faculty of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong, China Aimed to understand the effects of wind blow and sand burial on the ph 为了掌握风吹、沙埋对沙地植物一些生理生态学特性的影响，2006—2007年在科尔 ... 小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)等沙生植物在短期的和风和劲风作用下其蒸腾速率和净光合速率增加[
1
2000
2.853
0.0
... 短期的风作用下,叶片通过调节气孔的开合来调节蒸腾作用[
1
1996
3.449
0.0
... 短期的风作用下,叶片通过调节气孔的开合来调节蒸腾作用[
1
2009
0.0
0.0
... 风也会影响植物周围的相对湿度和温度,并通过叶片遮挡影响太阳辐射[
2
2010
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... 可见,至少从某种意义上来说,风引起的干旱作用可抵消风的机械作用[
1
1994
5.431
0.0
... 对欧洲赤松的研究表明,风引起树冠旗形,光合面积减小,但是风会引起枝叶稀疏,以及气体交换的增加,因而光合作用速率增加[
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1966
6.736
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... 而欧石楠(Calluna vulgaris)则以叶状芽来补偿80%的叶面积[
1
2010
2.922
0.0
... 植物对机械刺激的感应是通过具有伸缩性激活通道的膜带或与细胞壁、PLASMA膜及CY相联的一些连接分子[
1
2005
6.736
0.0
... Ca2 浓度的增加被触觉基因(TCHs)感知[
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