【原】中华豪门—古建筑凭啥可以冬暖夏凉？

本期编辑/上海雅舍辛乙堂

Yashe  Studio

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炎炎夏日，最令人上瘾的，莫过于满屋的凉气。无论在家里、办公室，还是商场里，空调、风扇，简直一刻都不能停。

In hot summer, the most addictive thing is the cool air in the house. No matter at home, in the office or in the shopping mall, the air conditioner and the fan can hardly stop for a moment.

面对高温天气，一些城市别出心裁，开放防空洞，“让洞于民，避暑纳凉”，供人们在里面读书、上网。有经验的老人，会提起窑洞，说着从前住在窑洞里的种种优点、洞里如何“冬暖夏凉”。

In the face of high-temperature weather, some cities have opened air raid shelters in a creative way to "let the people live in the shelter and enjoy the cool in the summer", so that people can read books and surf the Internet inside. 

常去旅行的人，则对古建筑的妙处深有体会。无论宫阁殿宇，还是老宅民居，一脚踏进去，仿佛瞬间就能将燥热甩出身体，进入另一番清幽凉快的世界，令人神清气爽、心明眼亮。

Those who often travel have a deep understanding of the beauty of ancient buildings. Whether it is a palace, a palace or an old residence, it seems that you can immediately throw the heat out of your body and enter another quiet and cool world with one step. It makes you feel refreshed and bright.

畅快之余，也会有疑问：为什么那些古老的建筑能在如此高温的天气里，充当着“天然空调房”？我们的祖先，又在哪些意想不到的地方，安放了令人叹为观止的智慧？

In addition to the pleasure, there will also be questions: why can those ancient buildings act as "natural air-conditioning rooms" in such hot weather? In what unexpected places did our ancestors place amazing wisdom?

木构：与阳光不即不离

在中国的古建筑中，屋檐是一大特色层层叠叠的挑檐营造出恢宏的气势，尤其在宫殿屋顶   转角处，四角翘伸的挑檐如凤鸟展翅，既显雍容又轻盈飘逸。

In Chinese ancient architecture, the eaves are a major feature. The layers of overhanging eaves create a magnificent momentum. Especially at the corner of the palace roof, the overhanging eaves at the four corners are like a phoenix spreading its wings, showing both grace and lightness.

其实，挑檐不仅造型美观，还有一项非常实用的功能——夏季，它能避免阳光在正午照入室内；冬季，正午的阳光又恰好能够进入建筑的最深处——小小的屋檐体现了古人的智慧。由于中国大部分地区位于北温带，四季阳光照射的角度有所变化。

In fact, the overhanging eaves are not only beautiful in shape, but also have a very practical function - in summer, it can prevent sunlight from entering the room at noon; In winter, the noon sun can just enter the deepest part of the building - the small eaves reflect the wisdom of the ancients. 

以北京地区为例，夏季的正午太阳高度约76度，冬季约27度。在这样的条件下，把屋檐向外挑出一定尺寸就可以调节阳光的照射效果：

Taking Beijing as an example, the height of the sun at noon in summer is about 76 degrees and that in winter is about 27 degrees. Under such conditions, the effect of sunlight can be adjusted by projecting the eaves outward by a certain size:

夏季，当早晨气温较低时，阳光可以照进建筑内部；到了正午太阳位于正上方时，就只能照到檐柱外侧，热量被隔绝在了建筑外部，室内自然凉爽。冬季，随着太阳升起，建筑内部逐渐接受光照，正午时分阳光则正好照到室内最内侧墙的位置，让屋内暖意洋洋。

In summer, when the temperature is low in the morning, the sun can shine into the interior of the building...In winter, with the rise of the sun, the interior of the building gradually receives light. At noon, the sun shines on the innermost wall of the room, making the room warm.

中国古建筑具有独特的梁架结构。高级建筑常用抬梁式，即通过在立柱上架梁并层层上抬而形成坡屋顶。多层的木构件比现代建筑的钢筋混凝土墙面隔热性能要好得多。

Chinese ancient architecture has a unique beam frame structure. High grade buildings often use the lifting beam type, that is, the sloping roof is formed by erecting beams on the columns and lifting them layer by layer. 

坡屋顶的形式使得古建筑的顶部出现了一个架空层，太阳辐射的热量必须经两次缓冲与降温：先通过屋顶泥背层进入屋顶，再经过天花板之上架空层的过渡才能继续往下传至地面。在冬季，架空层的存在也使得室外的寒气不能直接传入室内，保证了古建筑冬暖夏凉。

The form of sloping roof makes an overhead layer appear on the top of the ancient building. The heat radiated by the sun must be buffered and cooled twice: first, it enters the roof through the mud back layer of the roof, and then it can continue to be transmitted to the ground through the transition of the empty layer above the ceiling. 

此外，在紫禁城古建筑屋顶的木板基层上还分层铺墁各种泥背，如护板灰、青灰、麻刀泥等。泥背材质本身不利于导热，再加上厚度可达30厘米，犹如给古建筑穿上了厚厚的防护服，使外界的温度变化很难影响到建筑内部。

In addition, the wooden base course of the roof of the ancient buildings in the Forbidden City is also paved with various kinds of mud backs, such as guard board ash, bluish grey and machete mud. The mud back material itself is not conducive to heat conduction. 

优秀的建筑如同优秀的人，是内外兼修的。对居住者的体贴既来自一道道华丽的飞檐、一层层精致的梁架，也源于一堵堵敦厚而不起眼的墙。古建筑的墙体通常很厚。紫禁城太和殿的墙体厚1.45米，不仅可以稳固木构件，而且延长了外界热量传递至建筑内部的距离，具有保温隔热的性能。

Excellent buildings, like excellent people, are both internal and external. The consideration for the residents comes not only from the gorgeous cornices and layers of exquisite beams, but also from the thick and inconspicuous walls. 

另外，古建工程会在墙内采用“填馅”的做法：墙的两侧为整砖砌筑，中间用碎砖、碎石填充，并留有一些空隙，不仅节省了材料，还有利于阻隔外部热量传递。既低耗又高效，既绿色环保又讲究实用，中国古建筑处处彰显着工匠精益求精的智慧。

In addition, the ancient construction project will adopt the method of "filling" in the wall: the two sides of the wall are built with whole bricks, and the middle is filled with broken bricks and crushed stones, and some gaps are left, which not only saves materials, but also helps to block external heat transfer.

布局：坐北朝南，背山面水

紫禁城是中国现存规模最大的古建筑群。明清皇帝在这里问政、生活，工匠们既要成全皇家威严的仪态，又要保证他们能在夏日里舒服惬意地纳凉，大局观与小心思缺一不可。

The Forbidden City is the largest existing ancient architectural complex in China. The emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties asked about politics and life here. Craftsmen should not only improve the Royal dignified appearance, but also ensure that they can enjoy the cool in the summer. 

中国皇宫的布局大多是坐北朝南。《易经》记载，“圣人南面而听天下，向明而治”。意思是圣明的先王坐北朝南，面向阳光治理国家。紫禁城的宫殿沿用传统的古建筑朝向，在南侧大量开设门窗。

The layout of Chinese imperial palaces is mostly facing south. According to the book of changes, "the sage listens to the world from the South and governs to the Ming Dynasty". It means that the emperor of Shengming sits facing south, facing the sun to govern the country. 

太和殿南立面有11个开间，每个开间均设有隔扇门或窗，这种做法也很符合中国的地理和气候特点。夏季，高气压中心位于东南太平洋，来自南方致雨的季风使得气温上升、暑气逼人；到了冬天，高气压转向亚洲大陆西北部，有长达数月的偏北寒风。

There are 11 bays on the south facade of Taihe hall, and each bay is equipped with a partition door or window, which is also in line with the geographical and climatic characteristics of China. In summer, the high-pressure center is located in the Southeast Pacific Ocean. 

在这种地理条件下，故宫对建筑朝向的设计最为适宜：面朝南侧、开设窗户有利于夏季通风，北侧封闭则有利于冬季御寒。

Under such geographical conditions, the design of the orientation of the Palace Museum is most suitable: facing the south, opening windows is conducive to ventilation in summer, and closing the north side is conducive to cold protection in winter.

除了坐北朝南外，紫禁城还有一个布局特点是背山面水。“山”指的是位于紫禁城北侧的景山，“水”指的是位于城南的内金水河。内金水河由紫禁城西北角进入，沿着西侧城墙内侧向南流动，再向东贯穿位于城南的太和门广场，最后从东南角流出。内金水河补充了紫禁城内的水汽，在夏天还可以调节局部小气候，有利于收到避暑的效果。

In addition to facing south, the Forbidden City also has a layout feature of facing the water behind the mountain. "Mountain" refers to the Jingshan mountain on the north side of the Forbidden City, and "water" refers to the neijinshui River in the south of the city. 

从气流组织的角度来看，紫禁城北部有景山遮挡，所以与山垂直的气流不会很顺畅，而与山平行的气流则顺畅无比。同时，该建筑群侧面的挡风面积较小，所以整个紫禁城内气流都较为顺畅，即使在夏天也非常凉爽。

From the point of view of air distribution, the north of the Forbidden City is blocked by Jingshan mountain, so the air flow perpendicular to the mountain will not be very smooth, while the air flow parallel to the mountain will be extremely smooth.