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练就一双慧眼 识别句段核心信息

 江湖留传说 2022-10-15 发布于广东

一、核心 = 主干 (用“_____”表示)

   主干 = 主语部分 + 语部分 + (宾语部分)

主语部分是句子描述的“对象”,必须由名词或相当于名词的东西来扮演;

谓语部分是对主语的“描述”,其中有且只有一个“谓语动词”;谓语动词=助动词 + 实义动词,实义动词是这个谓语动词的核心动作,而助动词主要表示时态、主被动、虚拟、情态这些东西。

【练习一】画出下列句子的主语: 

The fact is important.

It is important.

What I just said is important.

Learning English is important.

【练习二】画出下列句子的谓语:

I am eating an apple.

I will eat an apple in a minute.

I eat an apple every day. eat =do + eat

I ate an apple just now.  (ate = did + eat)

二、句子的修饰成分是什么?(用“( )”表示)

英语中一共只有两种修饰成分,修饰名词的叫“定语”,修饰其它词的叫“状语”,状语就是把句子“壮大”(时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、条件、目的、比较、方式)

定语修饰名词,可以由名词、形容词、介词短语、定语从句和非谓语动词结构扮演;

状语可以由表示时间等的名词、副词、介词短语、状语从句和非谓语动词结构扮演。

有些东西(比如介词短语)既能当定语,也能当状语,但要看被它修饰的东西是什么 —— 修饰名词的就是定语,修饰动词的就是状语。

图片

Do-Re-Mi

【练习二】用括号括出句子中的状语,并说明是什么词性或结构充当.

(1)Mr.To lives on the second floor.

(2)She put all those eggs into the basket with great care.

(3)With a book in his hand, Reiz walked into the Hall.

(4)If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.

(5)I really love you.

(6)I will remember you in my heart forever.

(7)He was so tired that he fell asleep when standing.

(8)Trying to break the silence, Tom talked about the weather.

(9)He was only a small child then.

(10)He got up early so that he could catch the early bus.

三、英语句法的核心法则:

一个单句有且只有一个谓语动词,就如人只能有一颗心脏。当需要使用第二个动词时,要么将其变为非谓语动词(doingdoneto do),抑或在其前面加连词(并列连词 or 从属连词)。

 He came, radiated confidence. 

 应该改为:__________________ __________________________

 I sat, read a book. 

 应该改为:________________________________________________

四、寻找句子“核心信息”的四个小窍门:

一般情况下,单句的“核心信息”就是“主干”。但是有一些“并列复句”或“从属复句”,它们的核心信息就是其中某一单句,另一单句不重要。所以,这里,杜老师提出“核心信息”这一概念。读句,乃至读篇,都要善于抓核心信息。抓核心信息,内在地要求“抓主干”,但不仅仅局限于“抓主干”。以下几个小窍门可以帮助您快速抓住“核心信息”。

(一)留心标点,略读次要

长难句中常见标点有以下四类:     ,   /     (  )     /         /      :  

而这些标点后的内容通常是解释说明的内容,不属于“主干”,我们可以略读,甚至不读。我们可以经常遇到“两个逗号”的情况,两个逗号之间的内容通常是次要内容,可以略读甚至不读。

【酷例1The German soldiers, completely unprepared for the Russia winter, froze in their light summer uniforms.

【解析】这一句子含有两个逗号,通过内容可得知中间部分为插入语,起到了解释说明作用,可省略不读。核心内容“The German soldiers froze in their light summer uniforms.” 俄国士兵身穿单薄的夏装,一个个被冻伤。

【酷例2The world’s longest sea bridge, the Hog Kng-Zhuhai-Mcau Bridge, links Hong Kong and Macau to mland China.    

【解析】这一句子含有两个逗号,中间部分基本可以不看。它是补充说明前面部分的。

【酷例3A pair of red shoes  whether they are for sports, dances or just fashion  is a must-have for every Chinese woman’s shoe collection.

【解析】连个破折号前后也是解释说明,可以略去不看。句意:一双红色的鞋子,无论是用于运动、跳舞还是时尚,都是中国女性的必备鞋品。

【酷例4】 Researchers in Canada just published a study in the journal Psychological Science that says trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply highlight how unhappy they are.  

【解析】effect冒号后是解释说明opposite含义,可以略看。句意:加拿大的研究人员刚刚在《心理科学》杂志上发表了一项研究,称试图让人们更积极地思考实际上会产生相反的效果:它只会突显他们有多不快乐。

(二)注意“表明指出类”动词,抓住主要信息

这一类也就是“宾从类”,即:I say (that) + X类。这里的X才是核心信息。类似say的词还有:

say,indicate,show,claim, suggest,propose, imply, prove,argue,point out 等。

【酷例5】Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget proposed that children’s cognitive abilities unfold naturally, like the blooming of a flower, almost independent of what else is happening in their lives.

【解析】句中 propose 前是人名并非重点内容,propose 后内容属于作者的观点,即为句子的核心,“children’s cognitive abilities unfold naturally”告知我们孩子们的认知能会自然地打开的。

(三)识别从句,略读次要信息

从句常干扰“主干”。常见的“干扰类从句”有:定从、状从。这类从句,我们同样可以略读。当然在必要情况下(如定位答题),我们也需要聚焦定从或状从。

【酷例6】As we get superior satellites into space, we’ll gain huge advantages in observing meteorological conditions in denied areas, where we don’t have people on the ground. 浏览句子时,发现该句中出现两个

【解析】引导词 as 和 where,遇到这种情况往往需要忽略引导词之后的内容,即从句部分(As 和 where 分别引导状语从句和定语从句)。此时,句子的核心就显而易见了。核心就是:we’ll gain huge advantages in observing meteorological conditions in denied areas.

(四)注意“让步转折类”词或短语,抓住重要信息

让步就是“不重要”,如:尽管风雨很大,他还是按时到校。(“风雨很大”不重要)。让步从句后的转折信息是核心。常见的让步连词有:although, though, despite等。

转折通常引出重要信息。如:他长得很帅,但是在学习上他很懒惰。常见的转折连词、转折副词和转折短语有 :but,yet, however, nevertheless, conversely,unfortunately, on the contrary,

【酷例7】In the past, falling oil prices have given a boost to the world economy, but recent forecasts for global growth have been toned down, even as oil prices sink lower and lower.

【解析】浏览该句,发现代表词 but,转折词 but 之前属于让步内容,可以略去不看,but 之后句子“but recent forecasts for global growth have been toned down”才是整个句子的核心。当然,句中还有 as 引导 的状语从句,可忽略不看。

(五)注意“结果表达类”词或短语,抓住核心信息

代表词有 so,such,accordingly, contribute to,consequently, result in,lead to,therefore, because,because of,as,on account of 等。比起原因来说,结果或结论更加重要。因此 原因作为次要内容可以不读,但结果作为句 子的核心要重点读懂。

【酷例8】Meals are the foundation of the family,” says Carole Counihan, a professor at Millersville University in Pennsylvania, “so there was a very important intercon nection between eating together” and strengthening family ties.

【解析】扫描整句,发现代表词 say 和 so, 通过代表词 say 可以确定双引号内为句子“”核心句,而代表词 so 又表结果, 可知 so 之后句子“so there was a very important interconnection between eating together”为句子核心信息。

四、慧眼识核心信息:用“_____”画主干,用“()”画修饰成分。

(1)The stories of his unconventional ideas and the exceptional patients he wrote about were so amazing to me and had such a big impact on how I saw life from then on. (2015 江苏卷)

(2)We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置)well after they go out of style.  2018年全国卷I

(3) However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities (名人) or more brillian friends online.  (2018 年江苏卷)

(4) By translating the rich and humourous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL(英式手语), Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.  (2017年全国)

(5)Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography. (2016年全国卷)

(6)First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.2013全国卷)

(7)While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and rightfully so), policy makers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.   2018年北京卷)

译文:

1)有关他那些非传统的想法他所描写的特殊病人的故事让我惊叹不已。这些故事对我从此看待人生的方式产生了巨大的影响。

2我们可能认为我们处在这样一种文化中。该文化(让人们)一看到闪亮的新产品就会抛弃旧科技产品但一项新的研究表明,即使旧产品过时了,我们仍然会很好地使用它们。

3然而,他们仍然不知道如何应对刻薄的笑话,也不知道如何处理那种无能感。如果他们把自己与名人或更聪明的网友相比,他们或许会感受到这种无能感。

4通过把《爱的徒劳》那丰富、幽默的文本翻译成手语,Deafinitely 剧院创造了一种对莎士比亚喜剧新的解释,通过向失聪人群和听力健全人群演出,旨在在失聪和有声世界之间搭建一座桥梁。

5Shackleton,一个曾经的英国船队军官,在1908年到达过距离南极点不足100英里的地方,在他1914年航海前开始做生意来从电影和摄影中赚钱。

6(这个定理)先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔·法蒙特提出。它曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难。这其中就包括一位法国女科学家。她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。

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