中国古代建筑特别是木结构建筑，以其独特的取材、巧妙的结构和别具风格的造型艺术占有重要地位，被誉为凝固的诗、立体的画。Ancient Chinese architecture, especially wood structure architecture, occupies an important position with its unique materials, ingenious structure and unique style of plastic arts, and is known as a solid poem and three-dimensional painting.历经千年风霜，饱经岁月侵袭，其中对于木结构古建筑防火防水防虫防腐的保护，尤为重要。本期我们就一起来看看古代木结构建筑如何防虫、防腐？After thousands of years of wind and frost, it is particularly important to protect the ancient wooden structures from fire, water, insects and corrosion. In this issue, we will take a look at how to prevent insects and corrosion in ancient wooden structures?晋代以前人们就注意到选取耐腐的木材。从民间流传“水浸千年松，搁起百年杉”的俗语，可知古代工匠很早即已懂得不同的木材有着不同的防腐性能。Before the Jin Dynasty, people had noticed the selection of decay resistant wood. From the folk saying that "a thousand year old pine trees are soaked in water, and a hundred year old fir trees are put up", it can be seen that ancient craftsmen have known for a long time that different woods have different preservative properties.通过长期的实践他们知道杉木暴露在空气中是不易腐朽的，而柳木、柏木、红松埋在水土之中是较难腐朽的。根据各种构件位置，性能的异同，选择性能不同的木材。Through long-term practice, they know that Chinese fir is not easy to decay when exposed to the air, while willow, cypress and red pine are more difficult to decay when buried in the water and soil. Wood with different properties shall be selected according to the location and performance of various components.在建筑施工中，古代工匠还采取了一些相应的防腐措施。我国古建筑为防止雨水淋湿版筑墙，很早以来屋顶上就采用了较大的出檐。In building construction, ancient craftsmen also took some corresponding anti-corrosion measures. In order to prevent rainwater from wetting the walls of ancient buildings in China, large eaves have been used on roofs for a long time.对于木材本身的防腐处理，创造了药剂法、浸渍法、涂刷和油漆法、烟熏和焦灸表皮法等。For the antiseptic treatment of wood itself, pharmaceutical method, immersion method, brushing and painting method, smoke and coke moxibustion skin method, etc. were created.①药剂法：明周履在《群物奇制》中提出“活湿松木段柱顶上凿一窝洞，以桐油注入，搁起一夜则水自下流，干又不生白蚁”。此法现代科学已得证实。1. Potion method: Ming Zhoulu put forward in the "Wonderful System of Group Things" that "a hole should be cut on the top of the column of the live wet pine section, and tung oil should be injected. After putting it up overnight, the water will flow down and dry without termites". This method has been proved by modern science.②浸渍法：公元四世纪(晋)葛洪所著的《抱朴子》中有“铜青涂木，入水不腐”的记载，现代科学证明把材料泡在铜青(醋酸铜)溶液中处理，确有良好的防腐效果。南方一-些地区还有采用石灰水、海水、盐水、明矾水来浸渍防腐要求高的木材，这些实质上都是灭菌处理。2. Immersion method: Baopuzi, written by Ge Hong in the fourth century (Jin Dynasty), recorded that "bronze is coated with wood, and does not rot in water". Modern science has proved that the material soaked in bronze (copper acetate) solution has a good anti-corrosion effect. ③涂刷和油漆法：在殷商时期就有采用矿物颜料涂饰木材表面和使用漆器了，其中矿物颜料有一定的覆盖力和杀菌性，而油漆则有一定的隔绝空气和水分的性能。
3. Brushing and painting methods: In the Yin and Shang Dynasties, mineral pigments were used to paint wood surfaces and lacquerware. Mineral pigments have a certain covering power and bactericidal property, while paint has a certain ability to isolate air and water.④烟熏和焦灸表皮法：烟熏房间客观上即起控制木材表面菌虫繁殖生长的作用。4. Smoke and coke moxibustion skin method: smoke room objectively controls the reproduction and growth of bacteria and insects on the surface of wood.古代诸多行之有效的防腐保护措施使得许多木结构建筑得以留存至今。现如今又有哪些古代木结构建筑防虫、防腐的具体措施呢？Many effective anti-corrosion protection measures in ancient times have enabled many wooden structures to survive today. Now what are the specific measures for insect prevention and anti-corrosion of ancient wooden structures?为防止古建筑木结构受潮腐朽或遭受虫蛀，维修时应采取下列措施：一、从构造上改善通风防潮条件，使木结构经常保持干燥。一. Improve the ventilation and damp proof conditions from the structure to keep the wood structure dry.二、对易受潮腐朽或遭虫蛀的木结构用防腐防虫药剂进行处理。二. Wood structures that are prone to damp, decay or moth eaten shall be treated with anti-corrosion and insect proofing agents.一、应能防腐，又能杀虫，或对害虫有驱避作用，且药效高而持久；一. It should be able to prevent corrosion, kill insects, or repel pests with high and lasting efficacy;二. It is harmless to humans and animals and does not pollute the environment;三. No combustion supporting, frosting or corrosion effect on wood;四. Colorless or light colored, and has no effect on paint and color painting.一. Local treatment of non dropping works1.柱脚表层腐朽处理：剔除朽木后，用高含量水溶性浆膏敷于柱脚周边，并围以绷带密封，使药剂向内渗透扩散。1. Decay treatment of column base surface: after removing dead wood, apply high content water-soluble paste around the column base and seal it with bandage to make the agent penetrate and diffuse inward.2.柱脚心腐处理：可采用氯化苦熏蒸。施药时，柱脚周边须密封，药剂应能达柱脚的中心部位。一次施药，其药效可保持3~5年，需要时可定期换药；2. Treatment of column foot core corrosion: fumigation with chloropicrin can be used. When spraying, the periphery of the column base must be sealed, and the agent should reach the center of the column base. Once applied, the efficacy can be maintained for 3-5 years, and the dressing can be changed regularly if necessary;3.柱头及其卯口处的处理；可将浓缩的药液用注射法注入柱头和卯口部位，让其自然渗透扩散。3. Treatment of column head and its socket; Concentrated liquid medicine can be injected into the column head and socket by injection method to allow natural infiltration and diffusion.不论继续使用旧柱或更换新柱，均宜采用浸注法进行处理一次处理的有效期，应按50年考虑。Whether the old column is used continuously or the new column is replaced, the immersion method should be used to treat the column. The period of validity should be considered as 50 years.古建筑中檩、椽和斗的防腐或防虫，宜在重新油漆或彩画前，采用全面喷涂方法进行处理。对于梁枋的榫头和埋入墙内的构件端部，尚应用刺孔压注法进行局部处理。The anti-corrosion or insect prevention of purlins, rafters and buckets in ancient buildings should be treated by comprehensive spraying before repainting or painting. For the tenon of the beam brace and the end of the component embedded in the wall, the piercing and grouting method is still used for local treatment.三、屋面木基层的防腐和防虫，应以木材与灰背接触的部位和易受雨水浸湿的构件为重点，并按下列方法进行处理：三. The anti-corrosion and insect prevention of the roof wood base shall focus on the parts where the wood contacts with the ash back and the components that are easy to be wetted by rain, and shall be treated according to the following methods:1、对望板、扶脊木、角梁及由戗等的上表面，宜用喷涂法处理；1. The upper surface of the watchboard, ridge timbers, corner beams and berms should be treated by spraying;2. Diagonal beams, eaves rafters, eaves sheathing and other components should be treated with pressure injection method;3、不得采用含氟化钠和五氯酚钠的药剂处理灰青屋顶。3. Reagents containing sodium fluoride and sodium pentachlorophenol shall not be used to treat grey roofs.四、古建筑中小木作部分的防腐或防虫，应采用速效、无害、无臭、无刺激性的药剂。处理时可采用下列方法：四.The antisepsis or insect prevention of the small and medium-sized wooden parts of the ancient buildings should use quick acting, harmless, odorless and non irritating agents. The following methods can be used:1、门窗：可采用针注法重点处理其榫头部位。必要时，还可用喷涂法处理其余部位。新配门窗材，若为易虫腐的树种，可采用压注法处理。1. Doors and windows: the mortise can be treated with needle injection method. If necessary, other parts can also be treated by spraying. For newly equipped door and window materials, if they are tree species prone to insect decay, they can be treated by pressure injection method.2、天花、藻井：其下表面易受粉蠹危害，宜采用熏蒸法处理；其上表面易受菌腐，宜采用压注喷雾法处理。2. Ceiling and caisson: the lower surface is vulnerable to the damage of the beetle, and should be treated by fumigation; Its upper surface is susceptible to fungus corrosion, so it should be treated by pressure injection spray method.3、对其他做工精致的小木作，宜用菊酯或加有防腐香料的微量药剂以针注或喷涂的方法进行处理。3. For other small wood works with exquisite workmanship, it is better to treat them with pyrethroid or micro medicament with antiseptic spice by needle injection or spraying.古建筑木结构易因潮湿等原因而逐渐腐蚀损坏，需要人为进行保护与修复才能延长其使用寿命。古建筑的修缮有多种方法，应根据损坏状况采取不同的方法。The wooden structure of ancient buildings is easy to be gradually corroded and damaged due to moisture and other reasons, which requires artificial protection and repair to extend its service life. There are many ways to repair ancient buildings, and different methods should be adopted according to the damage conditions.
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