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本期编辑/开鸿顺 中华文化博大精深，自古以来中华民族的文化就是一个非常有韵味的文化，它包含的韵律特别多，而中国的汉字也是非常有文化的，所以中国人骨子里就追求琴棋书画，而且琴棋书画这些都是从中国古代就流传出来的。 The Chinese culture is broad and profound. Since ancient times, the culture of the Chinese nation has been a culture of great charm. It contains a lot of rhythms, and Chinese characters are also very cultural.
我们常用精通琴棋书画称赞-一个人多才多艺，很有文化素养。琴棋书画指弹琴、下棋、书法、绘画这四种活动,合称“雅人四好”，它是古代文人通习的四种基本技能和修养。 We often praise people who are proficient in music, chess, calligraphy and painting - a person who is versatile and has cultural literacy. Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting refer to the four activities of playing the piano, playing chess, calligraphy and painting. Together, they are called "four virtues of refined people". 早在西周学校的“六艺”教育里面,就有了“乐”的内容。乐是古代官员的基本技能之一,乐里面就包括弹琴。历史上孔子曾“学琴于师襄",师襄是春秋时期鲁国著名的乐官,孔子就曾向他学习弹琴。在古代，文人学弹琴既是一项基本技能,同时还包含着深层的含义。 As early as in the "Six Arts" education of the Western Zhou School, there was a content of "music". Music is one of the basic skills of ancient officials, which includes playing the piano. In history, Confucius once "learned to play the piano in Shixiang". Shixiang was a famous music official of the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Confucius learned to play the piano from him.
琴作为雅乐，“贯众乐之长，统大雅之尊”。儒家注重社会伦理的“教化”,推崇中和之美,平稳节制，含蓄淡雅，排斥媚惑喧闹的溺音淫乐，所以古代的文人逸士常常是以琴会友,觅知音,远离名利纷扰，清修自娱。 As an elegant music, Qin is "the best of all music and the most elegant music". Confucianism pays attention to the "enlightenment" of social ethics, advocates the beauty of neutralization, is stable and moderate, subtle and elegant, and rejects the obsequious and noisy music. 棋是指围棋,下棋也是修身养性的一种方式。《论语》记载孔子曾说过这样的话:“饱食终日，无所用心，难矣哉!不有博弈者乎?为之,犹贤乎已。”博弈就是下棋,这句话是说整天吃饱了饭,不用-一点心思，这种人是很难成才的呀!不是有下棋的游戏吗?干干这个，也比什么都不干强呀!在这里,孔子把下棋视作修身养性的一种方式。 Chess refers to go, and playing chess is also a way to cultivate one's moral character. The Analects of Confucius records that Confucius once said, "It's hard to eat all day without thinking! Is there no player? It's wise to play chess." This saying means that if you have enough to eat all day long, you don't need to have a little mind.
北宋时期,一个叫潘慎修的官员曾经围绕儒家所倡导的仁义礼智信与围棋的关系，作了深刻阐述，并专门上书当时的皇帝宋太宗，得到了皇帝的充分肯定。《宋史》这样记载:“棋之道在乎恬默，而取舍为急。仁则能全,义则能守,礼则能变，智则能兼,信则能克。 During the Northern Song Dynasty, an official named Pan Shenxiu once made a profound exposition on the relationship between benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom and trust advocated by Confucianism and Go, and specifically wrote to the then emperor, Song Taizong, which was fully affirmed by the emperor. 君子知斯五者，庶几可以言棋矣。”是说下棋可以修身养性，体现出了儒家所倡导的仁义礼智信五种美德。 The gentleman knows these five people, and the common people can talk about chess. " It means playing chess can cultivate one's moral character, reflecting the five virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust advocated by Confucianism. “书”也是“六艺”之一,在科举考试时代，书法甚至可以决定一个人最终的考试名次，因此读书人都十分重视书法学习。 "Calligraphy" is also one of the "six arts". In the era of imperial examination, calligraphy can even determine a person's final place in the exam. Therefore, scholars attach great importance to calligraphy learning.
同样，书法也是修身养性的一种方式。练习书法时必须排除杂念、全神贯注，达到入静专一的状态，才能把字写好,也就是欧阳询所讲的，练书法时要“澄神定虑，端己正容”,所以练习书法能调神修心。平时人们也常说“字如其人”,从一个人的字，可以看出这个人的内在修养。 Similarly, calligraphy is also a way of self-cultivation. When practicing calligraphy, one must eliminate distractions and concentrate to achieve a state of tranquility and concentration, so that one can write well. That is what Ouyang Xun said. When practicing calligraphy, one should "clear the mind and set the mind, and be upright", so practicing calligraphy can regulate the mind and cultivate the mind. 画,指的是中国画，简称国画，别称“丹青”。我国的传统绘画具有悠久的历史传统，春秋战国时期，人物画就已经相当成熟了。孔子曾用“绘事后素”来阐述礼、义之间的关系。素是指白色的底子，绘事后素,是说绘画要以白色底子为基础。 Paintings refer to Chinese paintings, which are called Chinese paintings for short, and are also called "Danqing". China's traditional painting has a long historical tradition. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, figure painting has become quite mature.
在孔子看来，外在的礼仪是与人的内心情操相统一的,就像绘画一样,没有白色底子为基础，就绘不出优美的图案，也就形不成美丽的画。古人认为一幅好画,能让人杂念顿消,洗尘净心，这对画家个人素养提出了很高的要求，所以绘画也是修身养性的一种方式。 In Confucius' view, external etiquette is consistent with people's inner feelings, just like painting. Without a white background as the basis, you can't draw beautiful patterns, and you can't form a beautiful painting... |
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