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本期编辑/开鸿顺 KaiHongShun Studio ———————— 牌坊，一名“牌楼”，简称“坊”，一种中国特有的门洞式建筑物，为表彰功勋、科第、德政以及忠孝节义而立，具有表彰、纪念、装饰、标识和导向等作用。 The archway, a "archway", or "archway" for short, is a door-hole type building unique to China. It is built to honor meritorious deeds, codi, virtue, loyalty and filial piety, and has the functions of commendation, commemoration, decoration, identification and guidance. 牌坊历史 原本，牌坊与牌楼是有显著区别的，即：牌坊没有“楼”的构造，也没有斗栱和屋顶，而牌楼有屋顶和装饰性斗栱，因此可以更好地烘托气氛。 Originally, there was a significant difference between the archway and the archway, that is, the archway had no "building" structure, no dougong and roof, while the archway had a roof and decorative dougong, so it could better set off the atmosphere. 但因二者用途与外相似，且时常互通，又多建于宫苑、寺观、陵墓、祠堂、衙署和街道（乡间古道）路口、村头等比较显眼的地方，后来，牌坊与牌楼不再有区别，成了一个互通称谓。一般而言，北方人俗称牌楼的较多，南方人俗称牌坊的较多。 However, due to their similar purposes and frequent intercommunication, they were mostly built in prominent places such as palaces, temples, cemeteries, ancestral halls, government offices and street (ancient rural roads) intersections, village heads, etc. 牌坊的历史源远流长。滥觞于史前时代聚落外的衡门，继而融入汉阙因素；唐代，乌头门（里坊门），与灵星门、棂星门相叠加，牌坊已具雏形并逐步成熟；宋元时代，牌坊仍多被用作坊门；明清时代，牌坊的建造达到登峰造极的地步，同时被附加了许多功能，如美化环境、烘托气氛、旌表纪念等等。 The memorial archway has a long history. It originated from the Hengmen outside the settlement in prehistoric times, and then incorporated into the Han Que factor; In the Tang Dynasty, the Wutou Gate (Lifang Gate) was superimposed with the Lingxing Gate and Lingxing Gate, and the archway had taken shape and gradually matured... 随着功能性的不断增多，牌坊的名称也变得五花八门起来，如功德牌坊、忠正牌坊、贞节牌坊、学宫书院牌坊、衙署府第牌坊、陵墓祠庙牌坊、寺庙牌坊等等。 With the continuous increase of functionality, the names of memorial archways have also become diverse, such as merit memorial archways, loyalty memorial archways, chastity memorial archways, school academy memorial archways, government offices memorial archways, mausoleum ancestral temple memorial archways, temple memorial archways, and so on. 可以说，明清时代的每一座牌坊都承载着一段传奇。而牌坊，最终由以“标志地点”为主的实用性建筑，衍化为一种标志性、纪念性的礼制建筑。一座牌坊可以涉及中国社会的政治、文化、经济、生活的方方面面。说牌坊是中华文化的一个象征，一点儿也不夸张。 It can be said that every memorial archway in the Ming and Qing dynasties carries a legend. The memorial archway eventually evolved from a practical building based on "landmark place" into a symbolic and commemorative ceremonial building. A memorial archway can involve all aspects of politics, culture, economy and life in Chinese society. 牌坊文化 几千年的衍化发展，牌坊已遍及华夏城乡，但因各地民俗风情、经济发达程度以及受传统文化影响大小的不同，加之受气候情况、建筑材料等条件限制，牌坊的分布很不均衡，而且在具体形制上也多有差别。 After thousands of years of development, memorial archways have spread throughout China's urban and rural areas. However, due to the differences in folk customs, economic development and the impact of traditional culture, as well as the limitations of climate conditions, building materials and other conditions. 明清时代，立牌坊是件极为严肃的事，有着严格的规定。如立功名坊，只有进入国子监读书和获得举人以上功名者，经地方官府审核批准后，方可由官方出资兴建；立贞节牌坊、仁义慈善牌坊、功德牌坊等的要求更严。须经当地官府审查核实后逐级呈报，最后由皇帝审查恩准，或由皇帝直接封赠，方能建造。 In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the establishment of memorial archways was a very serious matter with strict regulations. For example, the meritorious workshop can only be built by the government after being examined and approved by the local government by those who have entered the Guozijian for study and obtained the meritorious reputation above the national level. 牌坊建筑 从建筑样式和风格上分，牌坊大体有南、北两大派。 In terms of architectural style and style, the memorial archways are generally divided into two schools: the south and the north. 南派牌坊，秀丽精巧，尤其是徽式、苏式、桂式牌楼，檐角高挑，色调典雅，显得含蓄而端庄；北派牌坊，特别是北京的牌坊，受皇家气派影响，色彩明艳，装饰繁复，显得凝重而奢华。 The southern style archway is beautiful and exquisite, especially the Hui-style, Soviet-style and Gui-style archways, with high eaves and elegant colors, which appear implicit and dignified; Affected by the royal style, the northern archways, especially those in Beijing, are dignified and luxurious with bright colors and complicated decoration. 依建筑材质不同，牌坊可分为四大类：石坊、砖坊（外饰琉璃砖的也称琉璃坊）、木坊、混合坊（南方潮湿多雨，多石柱木楼坊），进入近现代又出现了水泥坊、金属坊等。 According to the different building materials, the memorial archways can be divided into four categories: stone, brick (also known as glazed brick), wood, and mixing (wet and rainy in the south, stone pillar wooden building). In modern times, cement, metal, and so on have emerged. 明清时代，牌坊的用途进一步扩展，除了原有的标识引导等作用外，还加化了褒奖教育、纪念追思作用，增加了炫耀标榜、风俗展示、装饰美化等作用。 In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the use of the memorial archway was further expanded. In addition to the original role of logo guidance, it also added the role of commendation education, commemoration and reflection, and added the role of flaunting, custom display, decoration and beautification. 按用途不同，牌坊可细分为： 1 用作空间标识和界定的门坊、里坊、村坊、地名坊、会馆商肆坊等； 1. Gate square, Li square, village square, place name square, guild hall business square, etc. used for space identification and definition; 2 用作装饰美化，具有点题、框景、借景作用，有的同时具有礼制作用，如学宫书院坊、文武庙坊、寺观坊、名胜古迹坊等，多用于文庙、宫殿、佛寺、道观、祠庙、园林前； 2. It is used for decoration and beautification, and has the functions of topic, frame and borrowing scenery, and some also have the function of etiquette, such as Xuegong Academy Square, Wenwu Temple Square, Temple Square, and Historic Sites Square, which are mostly used in Confucian temples, palaces, Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, ancestral temples, and gardens. 3 用于纪念一件事或旌表一位人物，在表彰其人其事的同时，在群众中树立榜样，宣扬忠孝仁义的道德的一类牌坊，汉时称“榜其闾里”，唐宋称“树阙门闾”，元明清统称“旌表建坊”。这类旌表坊，细分起来名目很多。 3. A kind of memorial archway used to commemorate an event or honor a person, set an example among the masses, and promote the morality of loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness, which was called "Bang Qi Lu Li" in the Han Dynasty, "Shu Que Men Lu" in the Tang and Song Dynasties. 如专为旌表妇女而立的牌坊，有贞节坊、贞烈坊、节孝坊、贞寿坊等，统称“贞节牌坊”；专为褒扬男子而立牌坊，有各种纪功坊、科举坊、乐善好施坊、仕义慈善坊、孝子坊等，统称“纪功铭德坊”；专为高寿老人（一般为男子）而立的牌坊，称百岁寿庆坊、昇平人瑞坊等。 For example, the memorial archways set up to honor women include the chastity memorial archway, the chastity memorial archway, the filial piety memorial archway, and the chastity memorial archway, which are collectively called "chastity memorial archway". 4 用途较为特殊的一类坊，如立于官署大门前或署内正厅前，用于旌表、提示官员的平政坊、亲民坊、贞肃坊、风纪坊等；专门立于高官显宦墓道前的墓道坊和立于名人纪念祠堂前的祠庙坊等。此外还有专立于宗祠前，用于旌表一个家族仁孝事迹的牌坊等。 4. A class of workshops with special uses, such as Pingzheng Square, Qinmin Square, Zhensu Square, Fengji Square, etc., which stand in front of the official office gate or in front of the main hall of the office and are used to honor and remind officials. 北京是牌坊最多的城市，曾建有各式牌坊300多座，现仍有百余座古牌楼傲然屹立。建国后，北京又新建了各式牌楼不下百座。北京的牌坊是北派牌坊风格的代表。 Beijing is the city with the largest number of archways. There were more than 300 archways of all kinds, but now there are still more than 100 ancient archways standing proudly. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, more than 100 new archways of all kinds were built in Beijing.
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