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1 介词+which 在定语从句当中，有一种结构，很多同学一直看不懂，那就是【介词+which】的结构。 有些人，可能之前学过一些技巧，比如：in which = where; for which = why 等等。每当他们看到【介词+which】结构时，都会想要把它们替换成where 或者why。 但是，这些同学经常会发现：在替换完之后，句子意思依然很难理解。或者，除了in which, for which 以外，竟然还有 from which; off which; over which 这样的结构！ 这可愁煞人了呢~ 比如，今天有同学问我这个问题，我们一起来看一下：
这个句子是这样的： Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world. 这句话当中，有一个for which 的表达。在这里，如果将其翻译为“why”的话，意思就完全讲不通了！ 所以，从上面这个例子，我们就能看出：用where或者why 替代【介词+which】结构的方法，已经过时了。现在，我们需要一个全新的思路，更好的思路！ 这个新思路的关键，就是“关系从句”。 2 关系从句 什么叫关系从句？其实很简单，就是定语从句的另一个说法。 定语从句，就是整个从句作定语，修饰前面的名词。 比如： I love the book which was written by Hemingway. 我喜欢海明威写的这本书。 这里，which was written by Hemingway, 是一个定语从句，修饰前面的book，这就是定语从句的概念。 而关系从句，是从另一个角度描述定语从句，它体现出了定语从句的形成过程。 比如，I love the book which was written by Hemingway. 这句话是怎么样形成的呢？ 其实，就是由两个句子组合而成的。 1) I love the book. 2) The book was written by Hemingway. 这两句话中，都有the book，显得非常累赘。因此，我们可以去掉后面的 “the book”, 并且用一个代词 which 或者 that 来替代，这样就形成了定语从句。 I love the book which was written by Hemingway. 于是，我们就把这两个有关系的两句话结合到一起了，这样形成的句子就是关系从句。 总结：定语从句就是关系从句，是由两个有关系的句子组成的。那么，在处理定语从句的时候，我们是不是也能够将其还原为两个句子呢？ 3 句子分析 明白关系从句的概念之后，我们再来看这个长难句： Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world. 这是1986年翻译文章中的一句话，我们详细来看一下。 首先，我们从头往后看： Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world. 一看到only in this way 在句子最前面，我们就要意识到，这是一个倒装句。 举例： Only in this way can we win. 只有这样我们才能赢。 Only in this way can you get to your destination. 只有这样你才能到达目的地。 这里，Only in this way can we be sure that 只有这样，我们才能确保： 后面，是一个 that 引导的宾语从句，介绍确保的内容。 继续往后看： Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, (名词1) and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.（名词2） 后面的内容，其实很简单。 that we are not to have, 我们不会拥有。。。 拥有什么？ 两个东西： (1) on the one hand... (名词1) (2) on the other hand... (名词2) 所以，这句话的完整结构是： Only in this way can we be sure (主干) that we（宾从主语） are not to have（宾从谓语） （宾从宾语1）on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, (名词1) （宾从宾语2）and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.（名词2） 接下来，再来看 名词1 和名词2 到底是什么？ 名词1 a band of specialists ( ignorant of anything outside of their own subject), a band of specialists: 一群专家 ignorant of anything outside of their own subject：这是一个形容词短语，作后置定语，修饰前面的specialists。对自己专业以外一窍不通的专家。 注意：ignorant，很多人只知道它是“无知的”，“愚蠢的” 。其实 ignorant 除了贬义以外，还可以作 “中性词”，单纯表示不知道而已。 比如这里的ignorant of... 就是一个中性词，意思是“不知道”；“不懂...”。 举例： We are quite ignorant of what they intend to do. 我们的确不知道他们打算干什么。 这里可不要翻译为愚昧无知哦，正常情况下，没有人会用这样的词形容自己吧。所以这里的ignorant 是一个中性词。 名词2 an ever-increasing number of graduates (名词) qualified in subjects（过去分词短语，后置定语） for which there is little or no demand in the working world.（定语从句，修饰 前面的 subjects） 名词2，虽然总体只是相当于一个名词，但是其内部结构还是比较复杂的。 an ever-increasing number of graduates 越来越多的毕业生 qualified in subjects 过去分词短语，作后置定语，修饰graduates，在某个专业合格的毕业生。 for which there is little or no demand in the working world. 这是一个for which 引导的定语从句，我们需要将其作为关系从句处理！ 这里的重点要搞清楚：for which 当中的which指代的是谁呢？ 指代前面的subjects！ 所以，这句话独立开之后就是：There is little or no demand in the working world for the subjects. 职场里面对这类专业没有或者很少有需求。 所以，我们不需要将for which 替换成why，而是直接拆分开去理解。并且，这里一定要找准which到底指代什么！ 所以，搞清楚所有的细节之后，这句话就能够顺利翻译出来了！ Only in this way can we be sure (主干) that we（宾从主语） are not to have（宾从谓语） （宾从宾语1）on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, (名词1) （宾从宾语2）and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.（名词2） 只有这样，我们才能确保：一方面，我们不会培养出一群对自己专业以外的事情一无所知的专家；而另一方面，也不会有越来越多的毕业生，学习在职场中基本没有或者很少有需求的专业。 以上，就是今天的【日拱一句】。
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