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Those who had studied in Bologna returned to their nations and established universities where they also taught and studied the law of the Corpus Juris Civilis according to the style of the Glossators and Commentators. In this way, the Roman civil law and the works of the Glossators and the Commentators became the basis of a common law of Europe, which is actually called the jus commune by legal historians. ——John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition (4th edition), 2018, Stanford University Press p10.
在博洛尼亚学习了法律的人们重回故里后，建立了本国的大学，他们按照注释法学家的方法，也来讲授和研究《国法大全》。就这样，罗马私法和注释法学派的著作成了一种欧洲共同的法律基础，法制史学家将之称为“共同法”（Jus commune）。——（美）约翰·亨利·梅利曼 （委）罗格里奥·佩雷斯·佩尔多莫 著，《大陆法系》（第四版），第10页。Jus commune 是拉丁文，就字面意义而言，等同于英语的“common law”，但不能将之与我们常说的英美普通法相混淆。Jus commune指的是罗马法复兴运动中发展起来的欧洲大陆普遍接受的共同法律原则和法律规范，我们称为“欧洲共同法”。There was a common body of law and of writing about law, a common legal language, and a common method of teaching and scholarship.共同法有着共同的法律体系和法律作品，有着共同的法律语言（拉丁文），而且还有共同的法律教学和著述的方式。共同法的主要基础是罗马法，特别是查士丁尼的《国法大全》。'Jus commune' is heavily influenced by Roman law, particularly the Corpus Juris Civilis. Roman law provided a rich and complex set of legal concepts and principles that were adapted and interpreted by medieval scholars.共同法是统一的普遍的法律制度，不仅欧洲大陆，连英国也受到其影响。'Jus commune' was viewed as a universal legal system that could be applied across different regions and countries. It was seen as a common legal heritage of Europe, in contrast to local customs and laws.In England, the Corpus Juris Civilis was taught at Oxford and Cambridge, and the lawyers educated there were called civil lawyers. They had the exclusive privilege of litigation in the Court of Chancery (or court of equity), which had the mission of correcting the rigidity and limitation of the English common law. In this way, the common law received the influence of Roman law.
在英国，牛津大学和剑桥大学教授《国法大全》，在那里受教育的律师被称为民法律师。他们拥有在大法官法院即衡平法院（其使命是纠正英国普通法的僵化和局限）进行诉讼的独家特权。于是，普通法以这样的方式受到了罗马法的影响。特别值得注意的是，共同法不是哪个国家立法机构或国际组织制定的成文法典，而是学者在研究、解释和运用罗马法和教会法的过程中发展出来的法律制度。在法律的实际运作中，西欧多数国家都正式或非正式地继受了共同法，各种法院（皇家法院、教会法院、领主法院等）都将之作为裁判依据，是广泛适用的带有强制性的法律。在19世纪各民族国家制定各自的民法典以前，这种Jus commune 起到了事实上的民法的作用。The rise of nation-states and the growing power of kings provided a significant opportunity for university-educated jurists. They were the intellectuals who staffed the royal bureaucracies that were the kings’ instruments of power. To those officials, the true law resided in the ancient texts that they had studied in the universities. They did not consider royal legislation constitutive of law but treated it rather as a kind of interpretation. Thus, ironically, Roman law and the jus commune grew and thrived during the rise of the nation-state.
民族国家的兴起和国王权力的增长，为受过大学教育的法学家们提供了重要的机会。他们是效力于皇家机构的知识分子，这些皇家机构是国王的权力工具。对这些官员来说，真正的法律存在于他们在大学中研习的古老文本中。他们并不认为国王的立法构成了法律，而只是将之当作对法律的某种解释。因此，具有讽刺意味的是，在民族国家兴起之时，罗马法和共同法是随之而兴旺发达。In some parts of Europe (e.g., Germany), the Roman civil law and the writings of the Bolognese scholars were formally “received ” as binding law. (Civil lawyers use the term “reception” to sum up the process by which the nation-states of the civil law world came to include the jus commune in their national legal systems.) In other parts of Europe the reception was less formal; the Corpus Juris Civilis and the works of the Glossators and Commentators were recognized as authoritative because of their appeal as an intellectually superior system. But, by one means or another, the Roman civil law was received throughout a large part of Western Europe, in the nations that are now the home of the civil law tradition.
在欧洲部分地区（比如德国），罗马私法和博洛尼亚学者们的著作被正式“接受”（received）为有约束力的法律（大陆法系法学家用“继受”（reception）一词来概括大陆法系各国把共同法纳入民族国家法律之中的过程）。在欧洲其他地方，“继受”没有这么正式。《国法大全》和注释法学派的著作因其作为智识上更优越的制度所产生的吸引力，而被认为具有权威。然而，不管采取正式或非正式的方法，罗马法被西欧的多数国家所继受，这些国家现在是大陆法系的发源地。教会法对共同法的影响主要在家庭法、继承法（这也是罗马私法中的两个部分）、刑法和程序法方面。Canon law influenced the jus commune mainly in the areas of family law and succession (both parts of the Roman civil law), criminal law and the law of procedure.最后，我们如果从自发秩序角度来看jus commune, 会发现一个有趣的现象。欧洲共同法的发展固然是自发秩序的产物，但其基础《国法大全》却是罗马皇帝的有意识行动的成果。如本系列文章之4 “the Corpus Juris Civilis”中谈到的，《国法大全》最突出的意义在于查士丁尼将法律由实践中的习惯转变成为了由政治权力批准的书面规则，由此改变了罗马人对法律的观念。这显然与自发秩序背道而驰，也为大陆法系后期理性建构的立法产生了深远的影响。
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