大疱型药疹(Bullous drug eruption,BDE)是一类药物诱导性以皮肤水疱、大疱等为主要临床表现的药疹类型。BDE给临床带来很多挑战:(1)病变早期阶段明确诊断困难;(2)各BDE亚型间鉴别难度大;(3)需与多种自身免疫性大疱病鉴别。所涉及发病机制包括药物直接细胞毒作用、药物诱导自身免疫等。1 SJS-TEN
SJS,即Stevens-Johnson综合征,由Stevens及Johnson于1922年首次描述。TEN,即中毒性表皮坏死松解症(toxic epidermal necrolysis),由Lyell于1956年首次描述。既往认为其均属于多形红斑范畴,后续研究认为SJS与TEN属于谱系病变,具有类似的临床表现模式、组织病理、病因学、危险因素及发病机制等,故亦有观点认为可将二者称为“表皮坏死松解症”(epidermal necrolysis)或“上皮坏死松解症”(epithelial necrolysis)。SJS与TEN主要鉴别点在于表皮剥脱比例,<10%者为SJS,10%-30%者为SJS-TEN,>10%者为TEN。2固定性药疹(Fixed drug eruption) 固定性药疹最初于1889年由Bourns首次描述,1894年由Brocq首次命名。典型皮损呈圆形或卵圆形、红色至紫罗兰色、硬币至手掌大小、水肿性斑块;皮损中央更重,可呈水疱、大疱,易破溃,破溃后遗留糜烂或浅溃疡;皮损消退后遗留色素沉着;每次用药后均在同一位置复发;好发部位各文献报道不一致。。有研究认为上肢最常见;亦有研究认为口唇最常见;还有研究认为女性四肢多发(手足),而男性生殖器多发。黏膜受累常见。皮损既可单发,亦可散发;偶可见皮损泛发者,即所谓“泛发性大疱性固定性药疹”(generalized bullous fixed drug eruption)3多形红斑型药疹(Erythema multiforme type drug eruption)
4药物诱导性自身免疫性大疱病
4.1线状IgA大疱性皮病(Linear IgA bullous dermatosis,LABD)
4.2大疱性类天疱疮(Bullous pemphigoid) 5出血性大疱性皮病(Haemorrhagic bullous dermatosis)
6大疱性苔藓样药疹(Bullous lichenoid drug eruptions)
7其他
参考文献
[1] Anderson, H.J. and J.B. Lee, A Review of Fixed Drug Eruption with a Special Focus on Generalized Bullous Fixed Drug Eruption. Medicina (Kaunas)[J], 2021. 57(9).DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090925.[2] Bakke, J.R., A. Chantara, J. Cash, et al., Vancomycin-induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis presenting as generalized fixed drug eruption. J Cutan Pathol[J], 2019. 46(12): 979-981.DOI: 10.1111/cup.13563.[3] Kanahara, S.M. and A. Agrawal, Drug-induced bullous pemphigoid. J Gen Intern Med[J], 2016. 31(11): 1393-1394.DOI: 10.1007/s11606-016-3679-1.[4] Ke, C.L., C.C. Chen, C.T. Lin, et al., Fluvoxamine-induced bullous eruption mimicking hand-foot syndrome and intertrigo-like eruption: rare cutaneous presentations and elusive pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol[J], 2006. 55(2): 355-6.DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.012.[5] Lammer, J., R. Hein, S. Roenneberg, et al., Drug-induced Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Acta Derm Venereol[J], 2019. 99(6): 508-515.DOI: 10.2340/00015555-3154.[6] Mockenhaupt, M., Bullous Drug Reactions. Acta Derm Venereol[J], 2020. 100(5): adv00057.DOI: 10.2340/00015555-3408.[7] Nakajima, H., K. Fukuchi and S. Baba, [A bullous erythema multiforme type drug eruption induced by tiopronin showed pemphigus like eruption]. Nihon Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi[J], 1988. 98(8): 803-8.[8] Patel, S., A.M. John, M.Z. Handler, et al., Fixed Drug Eruptions: An Update, Emphasizing the Potentially Lethal Generalized Bullous Fixed Drug Eruption. Am J Clin Dermatol[J], 2020. 21(3): 393-399.DOI: 10.1007/s40257-020-00505-3.[9] Reschke, R., M. Mockenhaupt, J.C. Simon, et al., Severe bullous skin eruptions on checkpoint inhibitor therapy - in most cases severe bullous lichenoid drug eruptions. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges[J], 2019. 17(9): 942-948.DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13876.[10] Snow, S.C., D.R. Pearson, R. Fathi, et al., Heparin-induced haemorrhagic bullous dermatosis. Clin Exp Dermatol[J], 2018. 43(4): 393-398.DOI: 10.1111/ced.13327.[11] Temiz, S.A., İ. Özer, A. Ataseven, et al., A case of entecavir-associated bullous fixed drug eruption and a review of literature. Turk J Gastroenterol[J], 2019. 30(3): 299-302.DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.17887.(本文仅作为科普,增进了解,引起重视,有相关临床症状者,建议及时就医!!!)
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