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Proprioception （PHYSIOLOGY ）perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body:（生理学）对身体位置和运动的感知或意识： What is proprioception? Proprioception is the ability of your muscles and joints to determine where they are in space. The proprioceptive nerve endings in the body provide us with the information of where our hands, arms, and legs are in space without having to look at them.什么是本体感觉？ 本体感觉是肌肉和关节确定它们在空间中位置的能力。体内的本体感觉神经末梢为我们提供了手、手臂和腿在空间中的位置信息，而无需查看它们。The specialized proprioception receptors in the body tell the brain about the movement and position of the body. For example, being able to touch your nose with your finger when your eyes are closed uses proprioception.体内专门的本体感觉受体告诉大脑身体的运动和位置。例如，闭上眼睛时能够用手指触摸鼻子使用本体感觉。 WHY IS PROPRIOCEPTION IMPORTANT?为什么本体感觉很重要？Proprioception allows the body to plan and react so that we position our movements correctly and smoothly without needing to rely on our vision sense. People use their sense of proprioception for most motor actions.本体感觉允许身体计划和做出反应，以便我们正确、平稳地定位我们的运动，而无需依赖我们的视觉。人们使用他们的本体感觉进行大多数运动动作。We need our sense of proprioception to look where we are going when we walk, to pick up a glass of water, to walk in the sand, to wave hello, to avoid knocking into other people and the list goes on and on.我们需要我们的本体感觉来观察我们走路时要去的地方，拿起一杯水，在沙滩上行走，挥手打招呼，避免撞到其他人，等等。A diminished sense of proprioception can result in clumsiness, poor coordination, improper posture, using too much or too little force, decreased body awareness, motor planning deficits and more.本体感觉减弱会导致笨拙、协调性差、姿势不当、用力过多或过少、身体意识下降、运动计划缺陷等。 HOW CAN YOU HELP A CHILD DEVELOP PROPRIOCEPTION?你怎么能帮助孩子发展本体感觉？The proprioceptive receptors in the body respond to stretching and compression of the muscles. Therefore, activities that encourage this resistance and movement help to stimulate these nerve endings.体内的本体感受器对肌肉的拉伸和压缩做出反应。因此，鼓励这种阻力和运动的活动有助于刺激这些神经末梢。 Proprioceptive input activities are usually calming, organizing to the body and help a child to be ready to work.本体感觉输入活动通常是平静的，组织身体并帮助孩子准备好工作。 EXAMPLES OF PROPRIOCEPTIVE ACTIVITIES本体感觉活动的例子Now that the question of what is proprioception has been answered, here are some examples of proprioceptive activities for childre既然已经回答了什么是本体感觉的问题，这里有一些儿童本体感觉活动的例子：
本体感觉是指肌、腱、关节等运动器官本身在不同状态(运动或静止)时产生的感觉(例如，人在闭眼时能感知身体各部的位置)。因位置较深，又称深部感觉。此外，在本体感觉传导通路中，还传导皮肤的精细触觉(如辨别两点距离和物体的纹理粗细等)。主要涉及躯干和四肢的本体感觉传导通路(属于顶叶功能)。Proprioception refers to the sensations produced by the muscles, tendons, joints, and other motor organs themselves in different states (movement or rest) (e.g., a person can perceive the position of various parts of the body when the eyes are closed). Because of its deep position, it is also known as deep feeling. In addition, in the proprioceptive pathway, fine tactile sensations of the skin (e.g., distinguishing the distance between two points and the texture thickness of an object) are also conducted. Mainly involved in the proprioceptive pathways of the trunk and extremities (which belong to the parietal function). 本体感觉可分为三个等级，一级:肌肉、肌腱、韧带及关节的位置感觉、运动感觉、负重感觉;二级:前庭的平衡感觉和小脑的运动协调感觉;三级:大脑皮质综合运动感觉。骨损伤病人的本体感觉缺失主要是一级缺失，运动损伤病人的本体感觉缺失主要是一级、二级缺失;神经损伤病人的本体感觉缺失主要是三级缺失。Proprioception can be divided into three levels: the first level: the position sensation of muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints, the sensation of movement, and the sensation of weight-bearing; Level 2: balance sensation in the vestibular and motor coordination sensation in the cerebellum; Level 3: cerebral cortex integrated motor sensation. The proprioception loss in patients with bone injury was mainly first-degree loss, and the proprioception loss in patients with sports injury was mainly first-level and second-degree loss. Proprioception loss in patients with nerve injury is predominantly tertiary deficit. 根据运动功能再获得的固有规律:感觉输入(外力协助)→本体感觉输入(无外力协助)→ 运动模式标准固定 →多次或超量标准重复运动 →在大脑皮质建立运动功能区→ 运动功能再获得!我们可以得知:没有本体感觉输入，就没有运动功能再获得! 折叠意识性1.意识性本体感觉传导通路 由3级神经元组成。第1级神经元为脊神经节细胞，其周围突分布于肌、腱、关节等处本体觉感受器和皮肤的精细触觉感受器，中枢突经脊神经后根的内侧部进入脊髓后索，分为长的升支和短的降支。其中。来自第5胸节以下的升支走在后索的内侧部，形成薄束;来自第4胸节以上的升支行于后索的外侧部，形成楔束。两束上行，分别止于延髓的薄束核和楔束核。第2级神经元的胞体在薄、楔束核内，由此二核发出的纤维向前绕过中央灰质的腹侧，在中线上与对侧的交叉，称内侧丘系交叉，交叉后的纤维呈前后排列行于延髓中线两侧、锥体束的背方，再转折向上，称内侧丘系。内侧丘系在脑桥居被盖的前缘，在中脑被盖则居红核的外侧，最后止于背侧丘脑的腹后外侧核。第3级神经元的胞体在腹后外侧核，发出纤维经内囊后肢主要投射至中央后回的中、上部和中央旁小叶后部，部分纤维投射至中央前回。此通路若在不同部位(脊髓或脑干)损伤，则患者在闭眼时不能确定相应部位各关节的位置和运动方向以及两点间的距离。The conscious proprioceptive pathway consists of 3 levels of neurons. The first-level neurons are spinal ganglion cells, and their peripheral processes are distributed in proprioceptive receptors in muscles, tendons, joints, etc., and fine tactile receptors in the skin, and the central process enters the posterior cord of the spinal cord through the medial part of the posterior root of the spinal nerve, and is divided into long ascending and short descending branches. Thereinto. The ascending ramus from below the 5th thoracic segment runs medial to the posterior cord, forming a thin bundle; The ascending branch from above the 4th thoracic segment is lateral to the posterior cord, forming a wedge bundle. Two bundles ascend, terminating at the nucleus of the thin and cuneiform nuclei of the medulla oblongata. The cell body of the second-order neuron is in the thin, wedge-bundle nucleus, and the fibers emitted from this nucleus bypass the ventral side of the central gray matter forward, and cross with the opposite side on the midline, called the medial thalamic cross, and the crossed fibers are arranged anteriorly and backward on both sides of the midline of the medulla, dorsal to the pyramidal tract, and then turn upward, called the medial thalamus. The medial thalamus is located at the anterior border of the pontine tegmentum, lateral to the red nucleus in the tegmental midbrain tegmentum, and terminates at the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the dorsal thalamus. The cell body of the third-order neuron is located in the posterolateral ventral nucleus, and the fibers project mainly to the media, superior, and posterior paracentral lobules of the postcentral gyrus through the hind limbs of the internal capsule, and some fibers project to the precentral gyrus. If this pathway is damaged in a different part (spinal cord or brainstem), the patient cannot determine the position and direction of movement of the joints in that area and the distance between the two points when the eyes are closed. 折叠非意识性2.非意识性本体感觉传导通路 非意识性本体感觉传导通路实际上是反射通路的上行部分，为传入小脑的本体感觉，由两级神经元组成。第1级神经元为脊神经节细胞，其周围突分布于肌、腱、关节的本体感受器，中枢突经脊神经后根的内侧部进入脊髓，终止于C8~L2的胸核和腰骶膨大第V-VII层外侧部。由胸核发出的2级纤维在同侧侧素组成脊髓小脑后束，向上经小脑下脚进入旧小脑皮质;由腰骶膨大第V~VII层外侧部发出的第2级纤维组成对侧和同侧的脊髓小脑前束，经小脑上脚止于旧小脑皮质。以上第2级神经元传导躯干(除颈部外)和下肢的本体感觉。传导上肢和颈部的本体感觉的第2级神经元胞体在颈膨大部第VI、VII层和延髓的楔束副核，这两处神经元发出的第2级纤维也经小脑下脚进入归小脑皮质。Non-Conscious Proprioceptive Pathway The non-conscious proprioceptive pathway is actually the ascending part of the reflex pathway, which is the proprioception afferent to the cerebellum and consists of two levels of neurons. The first-level neurons are spinal ganglion cells, and their peripheral processes are distributed in the proprioceptors of muscles, tendons, and joints, and the central process enters the spinal cord through the medial part of the posterior root of the spinal nerve, and terminates at the thoracic nucleus of C8~L2 and the lateral part of the V-VII layer of lumbosacral enlargement. The second-order fibers emanating from the thoracic nucleus form the posterior cerebellar tract of the spinolateral tract in the ipsilateral lateral element, and ascend through the inferior cerebellar foot into the old cerebellar cortex; The anterior spinocerebellar tract of the contralateral and ipsilateral spinocerebellar tracts is composed of the second level fibers emanating from the lateral part of the V~VII layer of lumbosacral enlargement, and terminates in the old cerebellar cortex through the superior foot of the cerebellum. Above level 2 neurons conduct proprioception in the trunk (except the neck) and lower extremities. The second-order neuronal cell bodies, which conduct proprioception in the upper limbs and neck, are located in the folded cervical bulge in layers VI and VII and in the medulla oblongata, and the second-order fibers emitted by these two neurons also enter the cerebellar cortex through the inferior cerebellar feet. 管理系统Management system本体感觉通过三个级别进行管理:Proprioception is managed through three levels: 一级管理是指条件反射运动模式运动管理，是最低级的管理;The first-level management refers to the movement management of the conditioned reflex movement mode, which is the lowest level of management; 二级管理是指小脑+前庭，是中级管理;Secondary management refers to cerebellum + vestibule, which is intermediate management; 三级管理是指视觉+中枢神经系统，是高级管理。没有视觉的参与，本体感觉的输入会很慢。Level 3 management refers to the visual + central nervous system, which is high-level management. Without visual involvement, proprioceptive input will be slow. 三级感觉管理示意:Level 3 Sensory Management Schematic: 一级管理 关节位置感觉(JPS) 肌肉运动感觉 负重感觉 二级管理 小脑 前庭 三级管理 CNS(中枢)的综合信息收集与处理 视觉反馈 传输速度本体感觉运动的信号传输分三个速度: 一级管理的神经感觉传输速度为20-30毫秒(骨关节+肌肉) 二级管理的神经感觉传输速度为50毫秒(小脑+前庭) 三级管理的神经感觉传输速度为100毫秒(中枢+视觉) 感受器 |
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