编者按:糖尿病足是糖尿病最严重的并发症。糖尿病足是指糖尿病患者由于长期慢性高血糖导致下肢神经病变和(或)外周动脉病变引起足踝部以远组织溃疡或破坏,伴或不伴有感染。糖尿病足是糖尿病最严重的并发症,而糖尿病足溃疡是导致患者生活质量显著下降甚至过早死亡的主要原因之一。糖尿病足溃疡的愈合和预后是临床关注的重点。四川大学华西医院内分泌代谢科、糖尿病足诊治中心的冉兴无教授和王椿医生基于最新的临床指南和研究为我们梳理了国内外在糖尿病足管理方面的最新进展。 糖尿病足国内外指南陆续公布 临床常用DFU分类系统 目前临床常用的DFU分类系统包括Wagner分级、TEXAS分级、ISDA/IWGDF分级、SINBAD分类、WIFI分级和DIAFORA分类系统。法国一项多中心、回顾性临床研究发现SINBAD评分高低与糖尿病足溃疡患者足部主要不良事件密切相关[13]。一项真实世界观察性临床研究发现SINBAD评分和TEXAS分级系统预测包括糖尿病足溃疡是否愈合在内的足溃疡结局有相似的准确性[14],但目前尚无一种足溃疡分级分类系统可以准确预测糖尿病足溃疡的预后。2023年IWGDF指南推荐首选SINBAD分类,即通过足溃疡部位(Site)、缺血(Ischemia)、神经病变(Neuropathy)、感染(Bacteria infection)、面积(Area)和深度(Depth)评分高低而评估足溃疡;建议首选ISDA/IWGDF分级评估足溃疡感染,即0级(无感染)、1级(轻度感染)、2级(中度感染)和3级(全身重度感染)。此外,WIFI分级系统,包括创面(Wound)、缺血程度(Ischemia)和感染(Foot infection),亦被推荐用于临床分类、感染性足溃疡和缺血性足溃疡评估。 糖尿病足溃疡的诊治 糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变的治疗 糖尿病患者足溃疡预防 临床研究提示75%的足部溃疡是可以预防的[29],但目前缺乏预防第一次足溃疡发生的高质量干预证据。2023IWGDF关于《糖尿病患者足溃疡预防》指南更新内容不多,仅增加了包括健康相关生活质量、费用、自我效能、死亡率、不良反应、福利等重要结局;更强调糖尿病足筛查及风险分层、足部自我护理、足畸形患者穿合适的鞋和结构化教育。评估糖尿病患者保护性感觉和足背动脉、胫后动脉搏动,并结合患者是否合并终末期肾病、足畸形、足踝关节活动受限、胼胝和既往足溃疡、截肢史进行糖尿病足风险分层。中危(2级)及高危(3级)患者需3~6月和1~3月随访一次。1~2级风险的糖尿病患者可通过足踝运动和适当的负重活动预防糖尿病足溃疡发生。若双足皮温超过2.2℃,则应主动减少行走并及时就诊。一项开放、前瞻性、随机对照临床研究显示,使用由带有温度传感器的鞋垫和照片记录组成的远程医疗系统监测患者足底异常共2年,干预组无足溃疡发生,而对照组5例患者出现足溃疡,两组患者生活治疗均改善[30]。 Charcot神经骨关节病(CNO)的诊治 活动性CNO是指足部红肿伴皮温升高,且影像学检查显示足部骨异常。0级CNO是指有活动性CNO体征,负重位足踝X-线摄片正常,但MRI显示异常。减压治疗对于足溃疡和CNO至关重要。对于前中足底溃疡和CNO,首选不可拆卸及膝的减压装置(Non-removable knee-high offloading device),例如全接触石膏(Total contact cast,TCC)。不推荐使用二膦酸盐、PTH、地舒单抗及甲强龙治疗活动性CNO。对足部结构不稳定、畸形、高危足等患者可考虑手术治疗。 影像学检查在糖足评估中的应用 影像学检查可直观评估糖尿病足病严重程度和疗效。除了传统的X-线摄片、高分辨率超声、CT、MRI、正电子发射断层扫描、单光子发射计算机断层扫描用于糖尿病足感染、骨软组织及动脉血流显像外,经皮氧分压是评估糖尿病足创面灌注的金标准。高分辨率超声和MRI可快速诊断深部组织损伤。此外,超频成像、多频成像、漫反射光谱、近红外光谱、激光多普勒流式或成像以及空间频率域成像等光学成像方式可评估伤口内部及周围组织氧合变化。成像技术未来将逐渐向低成本、便携式、多模态成像发展,为伤口评估提供更为快速、客观的平台[31]。 结语 糖尿病足病发生的病理生理机制复杂,危险因素多,预防及治疗难度大,风险高,预后欠佳,需要多学科协作诊治。糖尿病足病异质性明显,因此,无论是诊治还是预防领域,尚需多中心、前瞻性、随机、对照临床研究提供高质量证据。 参考文献 2. 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