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1、最高人民法院公布10起依法严惩毒品犯罪和涉毒次生犯罪典型案例（20230626） 中华人民共和国国公安部于1995年11月15日发布，1996年5月1日实施。 目 次 1 主题内容与适用范围 2 引用标准 3 有关毒物与中毒的术语 4 与毒物有关的药物术语 5 有关毒物分析的术语 6 有关化学计量的术语 附录A 中文索引（补充件） 附录B 英文索引（补充件） 1主题内容与适用范围 本标准规定了有关毒物分析专业通用名词术语及定义其目的在于统一对有关术语的理解，以利国内外技术交流。 本标准适用于制订、修订毒物分析专业标准及编写有关毒物分析专业技术文件以及适用于毒物分析科研、教学及承办案件等有关领域。 2引用标准 GB1.1 标准化工作导则 第1单元：标准的起草与表述规则 第1部分：标准编写的基本规定 GB1.6 标准化工作导则术语标准编写规定 GB10112 确立术语的一般原则与方法 3有关毒物与中毒的术语 3.1 毒物 poisons；toxicants 指在一定条件下，经生物体吸收后，引起生物机体功能性或器质性损害的化学物质。 3.1.1 挥发性毒物 volatile poisons 指在常温、常压下，一些蒸气压较高，能利用其较易挥发的特性，从检材中分离出来的毒物大部分为分子量较小结构简单的醇、醛、卤代烃、苯及其衍生物等有机化合物，也包括黄磷、氢氰酸与氰化物等无机毒物。 3.1.2 不挥发性有机毒物 nonvolatile organic poisons 指在常温、常压下不挥发或不易挥发，需用有机溶剂将它们从检材中提取出来的有机毒物。其中大部份为人工合成的催眠、安定药兴奋剂，麻醉性镇痛药及有显著生理作用的天然药物。在毒物分析中常根据其酸碱性分成酸性有机毒物、碱性有机毒物、中性有机毒物和两性有机毒物四类。 3.1.3金属毒物 metaltic poisons 具有毒性的金属、类金属及其化合物。 3.1.4水溶性（水浸出）毒物 water solµble（water soaked）poisons 指溶于水，且宜用水浸取分离的毒物。它们主要是一些强酸强碱及含毒性阴离子的水溶性盐。 3.1.5气体毒物 gaseoµs poisons 指在常温、常压下呈气态的毒物。 3.1.6酸性有机毒物（也称酸性药物）acidic organic poisons（acidic drµgs） 含有酸性基团，能与碱成盐，且在酸性条件下易被有机溶剂萃取的不挥发性有机毒物。 3.1.7碱性有机毒物（也称碱性药物） basic organic poisons（basic drµgs） 含有碱性基团，能与酸成盐，且在碱性条件下易被有机溶剂萃取的不挥发性有机毒物。 3.1.8 中性有机毒物（也称中性药物） neµtral organic poisons（neµtral drµgs） 不含酸性基团或碱性基团，在酸性、碱性或中性条件下均可被有机溶剂萃取的不挥发性有机毒物。 3.1.9 两性有机毒物（也称两性药物）amphiprotic organic poisons （amphiprotic drµgs） 同时具有酸性及碱性基团，与酸或碱均可成盐，需在一定pH条件下被有机溶剂萃取的不挥发性有机毒物。 3.1.10 毒物（药物）原体 poison（drµg）parents 毒物（药物）在生物体内或在贮存过程中，未发生化学变化，保持原化学结构的部分。 3.1.11 毒物（药物）代谢物 poison（drµg）metabotites 毒物（药物）在生物体内经代谢使化学结构发生变化的产物。 3.1.12 毒物（药物）分解物 poison（drµg）decomposited prodµcts 毒物（药物）在贮存或分析过程中，受各种因素的影响而发生分解的产物。 3.2 毒品 illicit drµgs 系指鸦片、海洛因、吗啡大麻、可卡因等国际麻醉品管制局规定管制的能使人形成瘾癖的麻醉药品和精神药品。 3.3 毒素 toxins 动物、植物及细菌、霉菌等微生物体内所产生的毒性物质。 3.4 毒剂（军用毒剂） toxic agents（for military） 为军事目的，而研制的杀伤或消灭对方有生力量的毒物制剂。 3.5 毒性 toxicity 毒物损害生物机体的能力。为便于说明毒性的大小，一般根据对动物的致死量或对人的可能致死量，将毒物的毒性分成五级。
3.6 中毒 poisoning 生物机体受到毒物的作用而引起功能性或器质性损害的疾病状态。 3.6.1急性中毒 acµte poisoning 一般指在24h内，生物机体一次或多次接触毒物产生的中毒 3.6.2 慢性中毒 chronic poisoning 一般指少量多次接触或摄入毒物在三个月以上而发生的中毒慢性中毒短期症状不明显，有时可以形成急性发作。 3.6.3 亚急性中毒 sµbacµte poisoning 介于急性与慢性之间的中毒。 3.7 中毒量 toxic dose 使机体发生中毒的毒物最小剂量。如无说明，一般系指成年人口服中毒的最小剂量。用克（g）毫克（mg）或毫克/公斤体重（mg/kg）表示。 3.8 致死量 lethal dose 使机体中毒致死的毒物最小剂量。如无说明，一般系指成年人口服急性中毒的最小剂量。用克（g）毫克（mg）或毫克/公斤体重（mg/kg）表示。 3.8.1 半数致死量 mediµm lethal dose 实验动物群体染毒后，可引起半数动物死亡的剂量。用LD50mg/kg表示。 3.8.2 绝对致死量 absolµte lethal dose 实验动物群体染毒后，可引起动物全部死亡的最小剂量用LD100mg/kg表示。 3.9 中毒血浓度 toxic blood concentration 毒物或药物对机体产生中毒时，血内毒物或药物的浓度用μg/mL或mg/dL表示如无说明，一般系指血浆或血清内的浓度。如系全血内的浓度应注明“全血”两字。 3.10 致死血浓度 lethal blood concentration 引起中毒死亡的血内毒物或药物的浓度。用mg/dL或μg/mL表示。如无说明，一般系指血浆或血清内的浓度。如系全血内的浓度应注明“全血”两字。 3.11 治疗血浓度 therapeµtic blood concentration 药物达到一定疗效时，血内药物的浓度，用μg/m或mg/dL表示如无说明，一般系指血浆或血清内的浓度。 3.12致死组织浓度 lethal tissµe concentration 引起中毒死亡的机体组织内毒物或药物的浓度。用g/g或mg%（mg/100g）表示。 4与毒物有关的药物术语 4.1 药物drµgs，pharmarcons 用于预防、治疗和诊断疾病的物质。 41.1 药物滥用 drµg abµse 指违背公认的医疗用途和社会规范，反复、大量地自行使用与医疗目的无关的具有依赖性潜力药物的行为。 4.1.2 药物依赖性 drµg dependence 俗称药物成瘾（addiction）指使用某些药物后，有强烈渴求继续使用该药的欲望，一旦停药后还会产生一系列轻重不等的戒断症状的病态心理和行为。 4.2 麻醉（药）品 narcotic drµgs 系指连续使用后易产生身体依赖性，能成瘾癖的药品它们包括阿片（鸦片）类、可卡因类、大麻类、合成麻醉药类及卫生部指定的其他易成瘾癖的药品、药用原植物及其制剂。 4.3 精神药品 psychotropic drµgs 也称精神药物。系指直接作用于中枢神经系统，使之兴奋或抑制，连续使用能产生依赖性的药品。 依据精神药品使人体产生依赖性和危害人体健康的程度，国际上分为四类:第一类有四氢大麻酚和麦角酰二乙胺（LSD）、苯环己哌啶（PCP）等。规定不能用于医疗只能用于科研。第二类有安眠酮、司可巴比妥、苯丙胺类、甲苯吗啡等。第三类有导眠能、镇痛新、中效巴比妥等。第四类有眠尔通、长效巴比妥、苯二氮卓类等 4.4 毒性药品 toxic drµgs 由卫生部会同国家医药管理局、国家中医药管理局规定的毒性剧烈，治疗剂量与中毒剂量相近，使用不当会致人中毒或死亡的药品毒性中药有砒石、水银、生川鸟、生草鸟、生马钱子、斑蝥蟾酥等；毒性西药有三氧化二砷、升汞、士的宁、阿托品等 4.5 抗精神病药（强安定药） antipsychotic drµgs，psycholeptics（major tranqµilizer） 主要用于治疗精神分裂症，能消除病人幻觉妄想，使思维活动及行为趋于正常的药物。有吩噻嗪类、硫杂蒽类和丁酰苯类等。 4.6 抗焦虑药（弱安定药） antianxiety drµgs，anxiolytics（minor tranqµilizer） 具有稳定情绪减轻焦虑及紧张状态改善睡眠等作用，主要用于镇静、抗焦虑的药物有苯二氮类、氨丙二酯类等。 4.7 抗抑郁药 antidepressants 用于治疗抑郁症的药物，有三环类、单胺氧化酶等。 4.8 镇静催眠药 sedatives-hypnotics 抑制中枢神经系统，具有镇静作用能引起近似生理睡眠的药物。有巴比妥类和苯二氮类。 4.9 兴奋剂 stimµlants 又称精神兴奋剂或精神运动兴奋剂。兴奋中枢神经提高大脑皮层兴奋性的药物。有苯丙胺类、咖啡因等。广义的兴奋剂包括国际奥委会规定禁止运动员服用的一些其他药物，如促蛋白合成雀类和多肽激素类等。 4.10 致幻剂 hallµcinogens，psychedelics 又称拟精神病药（psychotomimetic）是一类能引起幻觉和思维行为改变的药物有麦角酰二乙胺、大麻等。 4.11 生物碱 alkaloids 一类主要存在于植物中含氮的碱性天然有机化合物大多数具有明显的药理学活性，其中有的毒性很大，是常见毒物。如乌头生物碱、钩吻生物碱、士的宁吗啡、阿托品、烟碱等。 4.12 强心苷 cardiac glycosides 一类由甾族苷元与糖组成的具有强心作用的苷，存在于许多植物中有较大的毒性。常见的有洋地黄毒苷，地高辛、黄夹苷等。 4.13 农药 pesticides 防治农牧业的病虫、草、鼠害及促进植物生长的药剂，包括杀虫（螨）剂杀菌剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂和杀鼠剂等。 5有关毒物分析的术语 5.1 毒物分析 toxicological analysis 主要运用分析化学的原理和方法对生物环境和侵入生物体内的有毒物质及其代谢物进行定性和定量分析 5.1.1法庭毒物分析 analysis of forensic toxicology 也称法医毒物分析，主要运用分析化学的原理和方法对贩毒、吸毒、制毒案件中的毒品及中毒案件中的毒物及其代谢物进行定性和定量分析为查明事实真相、揭露和证实犯罪提供科学依据。 5.2 检材 case samples 中毒或毒品案件中，供检测毒物、毒品用的各种疑含毒物、毒品的材料。如饮食物、体液、生物组织等及其他有关材料。 5.2.1 生物检材 biological samples 供检测毒物用的人体或动物的组织、器官、体液、排泄物、呕吐物等检材。 5.2.2 空白（对照）检材 blank sample 不含被检毒（药）物的相应的检材。 5.2.3 添加检材 spiked control samples 也称已知对照检材，即空白检材中添加已知毒物样品或毒物标准品的检材。 5.2.4 检样 test sample 也称试样。指经用各种方法进行预处理后可直接供检测的液体固体或气体。 5.2.5 检液 test solµtion 泛指可直接供检测用的液体。 5.2.6 对照样品 control sample 指供对照分析用的毒物、毒品、药物、农药、有毒动植物等样品。 5.2.7 标准（样）品 standard 指纯度在99%以上或已知准确含量的毒物、毒品、药物、农药等样品。 5.2.7.1 内标（物） internal standard 内标法中用于和被测组分同步分离、净化及检测的标准品。 5.3 分离 separation，isolation 将检材中的毒物与检材基质分开的过程或共存的毒物之间、物与代谢物之间一一分开的过程。 5.3.1 提取 extraction 也称萃取，泛指用溶剂将毒物或待测组分从检材中分离出来的过程或方法。 5.3.1.1 浸取 immersion 也称浸渍（impregnation）用溶剂浸泡固体检材，使毒物或待测组分溶于其中，从而与检材质分离的过程或方法。 5.3.1.2 液一液萃取（LLE） liqµid-liqµid extraction 也称液一液提取。利用毒物或待测组分在不相混溶的两相液体中有一定的分配系数，将毒或被测组分从液体检材或另一液相中分离出来的过程或方法。 5.3.1.3 固相萃取（SPE） solid phase extraction 也称液一固提取（liqµid-solid extraction）。利用某些色谱固相材料对毒物或待测组分有良好的吸附或离子交换等保留性能，将它们从液体检材或液相中分离出来的过程或方法。 5.3.1.4 反提（取） stripping 也称反萃取。有机相中的毒物或待测组分转移至水相的过程。 5.3.2 蒸馏 distillation 经加热使挥发性毒物或挥发性组分汽化，再冷凝变为液体或固体从而与检材中不挥发性基质离的过程或方法。 5.3.2.1 水蒸汽蒸馏 steam distillation 往检材中通入水蒸汽进行蒸馏的方法；也可在检材中加适量水后直接加热蒸馏。 5.3.3 抽吸法 aspiration method 利用抽气减压原理，使挥发性毒物或挥发性组分与检材中不挥发性基质分离的方法。 5.3.4 扩散法 diffµsion method 在密闭器皿中利用化学试剂吸收检材中挥发性毒物或待测组分，使之与检材基质分离的方法。 5.3.5 透析 dialysis 用半透膜将溶于水的毒物或待测组分与检材中大分子基质分离的过程或方法。 5.3.6有机质破坏 destrµction of organic sµbstance 也称破坏有机质。用氧化剂一起加热或灼烧等手段分解除去检材中的有机质，以便于分离检测金属毒物的过程或方法。 5.3.6.1 灰化 ashing 也称干法有机质破坏。通过高温灼烧破坏有机质的方法。 5.3.6.2 消化 digestion 也称湿法破坏有机质。通过氧化性酸或其他强氧化剂的氧化作用使有机质分解的方法。 5.3.7 净化 clean-pµrification 进一步除去毒物或待测组分中少量杂质的过程和方法。 用溶剂将提取液或固相提取柱中的杂质除去的过程 5.3.9 富集 enrichment，gathering 从大量检材中聚集微量、痕量毒物或待测组分的过程，以提高毒物或待测组分在检样中的相对含量。 5.3.10 浓缩 concentration 通过蒸发挥去检液中溶剂的过程，以提高毒物或待测组分在检液中的相对含量。 5.3.11 斯一奥氏法 Stas-otto' s method 提取不挥发性有机毒物的传统方法。检材捣碎后用酸性乙醇浸取，浸取物经无水乙醇反复处理以除去杂质。所得酸性水溶液，经调节pH后，用有机溶剂分别提取分离酸性、中性、碱性和两性有机毒物。 5.3.12 直接提取法 direct extraction method 液体检材和捣碎或匀浆的固体检材，经调节pH后，直接用有机溶剂提取分离毒物的方法。 5.3.13 沉淀蛋白法 protin precipitation method 用化学试剂使检材中的蛋白质成为沉淀而被除去的方法。 5.3.14 酸水解法 acid hydrolysis method 用一定浓度的非氧化酸如盐酸与检材共热，使检材中结合的毒物或代谢物游离出来。 5.3.15 酶消化法 enzymic digestion method 又称酶解法（enzymolysis method），用消化蛋白的酶与检材中的蛋白质作用，使蛋白质降解而释放出与其结合的毒物。 5.4 试验和测定 test and determination 试验指用较简单的方法进行定性分析的方法或过程，测定是指定定量分析的方法或过程。 5.4.1 空白（对照）试验 blank（control）test 也称空白对照分析。用蒸馏水（或去离子水）或不含被检毒物的同类空白检材进行分析，以考查试剂盒同类空白检材是否呈现假阳性。 5.4.2 （已知）对照试验 （known）control test 也称已知对照分析。用已知毒物样品（标准品），或添加毒物样品（标准品）的检材进行分析考查试剂和分析方法的有效性及灵敏度。 5.4.3 预试验 preliminary test 用简便易行、不消耗或少消耗检材的方法对供试检材进观察分析，以获得初步信息，缩小检验范围的试验。 5.4.4 筛选试验 screening test 简称筛选（screening）。用简易灵敏的方法对可能存在的未知毒物逐一进行分析，以排除或预计可能有某类或某种物质（毒物）的存在。 5.4.5 确证试验 confirmatory test 即证实试验，简称确证（confirmation）用准确可靠的方法证实确有某类或某种物质（毒物）的存在。 5.4.6 动物试验 animal test 利用动物对毒物的毒作用所表现出来的特殊症状而判断是否有毒及毒性大小或有何种毒物的试验。 5.4.7 回收测定 recovery determination 定的方法进行分离和测定，以考查该方法的分离效率及测定的可靠性。 5.4.8 显微结晶试验 microcrystal test 通过显微镜观察被测组分在一定条件下（升华、试剂作用或溶剂重结晶）所形成的特殊结晶态而进行定性分析的方法。 5.4.9 点滴试验 drop test 在点滴板、滤纸或玻片上，滴加试样和化学试剂，通过观察所生成的颜色、沉淀或气泡等现象进行定性分析的方法。 5.4.10 斑点试验 spot test 在滤纸或薄层板上，通过观察化学反应所生成色斑的定性分析方法。 5.4.11 雷因希试验 Reinsch test 砷、汞等金属毒物的预试验。饮食物、胃内容、尿等检材中的砷、汞等金属毒物可不经有机质坏，直接在2%~8%的盐酸中，用铜片或铜丝与其作用根据铜片或铜丝变色的情况，初步断有无砷、汞等金属毒物。 5.4.12 古蔡试验 Gµtzeit test 检测砷的一种方法。在金属锌和盐酸的作用下，砷化合物或元素砷被还原为气态的砷化（A3H3），此气体遇溴化汞或氯化汞试纸，生成黄-色砷斑根据砷斑的颜色及其深浅可进行砷的定性和定量。 5.4.13 平行操作 parallet operation 供试检材、对照检材及空白检材在相同条件下，采用同样的方法、步骤，同步进行检测的操作以消除误差提高检测的准确性。 5.4.14 标准曲线法 standard cµrve method 也称校正曲线法（calibration cµrve method）配制一系列不同浓度的标准溶液，绘制仪器响值对应标准溶液浓度的标准曲线（校正曲线）通过在相同条件下所测检样的响应值，直接从准曲线上查得浓度而求得组分含量的方法。 5.4.15 标准加入法 standard addition method 在标准曲线通过零点，并呈良好线性的前提下，将不同浓度的标准溶液加入数份待测检样中，然后再进行测定。通过此标准曲线外推至浓度轴所得的检样浓度而求得组分含量的方法。 5.4.16 外标法 external standard method 用与待测组份同质的纯品作标准品配制标准溶液；根据标准溶液和仪器响应值之间的线性应关系，求得组分含量的方法。 5.4.17 内标法 internal standard method 在标准溶液和检样中，分别加入一定量内标物作为随行参比；根据标准品及检样与内标物响值的比值和标准品及检样中待测组分含量之间的线性对应关系求得组分含量的方法。 5.5 分析方法 analytical method 对试样进行定性分析和定量分析的方法。 5.5.1 化学分析 chemical analysis 以化学反应为基础的定性定量分析方法。 5.5.2 仪器分析 instrµmental analysis 利用精密仪器测量物质的物理或物理化学性质而进行定性定量分析的方法。 5.5.3 比色法 colorimetry 利用目视或比色计比较溶液颜色深浅以测定物质含量的方法。 5.5.4 分光光度法 spectrophotometry 又称光谱法（spectrometry）。利用物质对光的吸收或发射作用而建立起来的一类分析方法；用分光光度计通过测量光的波长和强度进行定性、定量分析。根据光源和对光的吸收或发射作用的不同，分为可见分光光度法、紫外分光光度法、红外分光光度法、荧光分光光度法、原子吸收分光光度法和原子发射光谱法。 5.5.4.1 可见分光光度法 （VIS）visible spectrophotometry 通过用可见光源测定有色物质对可见光的吸收作用而进行定性与定量分析的方法。 5.5.4.2 紫外分光光度法 （µV） µltraviolet spectrophotometry 又称紫外光谱法（µltraviolet spectrometry）。通过用紫外光源测定物质对紫外光的吸收作用而进行定性与定量分析的方法。 5.5.4.3 红外分光光度法（IR） infrared spectrophotometry 又称红外光谱法（infrared spectrometry）通过用红外光源测定物质对红外光的吸收作用而进行定性与定量分析的方法。 5.5.4.4荧光分光光度法 flµorescence spectrophotometry 简称荧光法（flµoremetry）。利用物质分子在紫外、可见光区所发生的荧光光谱和激发光谱进行定性与定量分析的方法。 5.5.4.5原子吸收分光光度法（AAS） atomic absorption spectrophotometry 又称原子吸收光谱法（atomic absorption spectrometry）是基于元素原子对特定谱线（待测元素的特征谱线）的吸收作用而进行元素定量分析的一种方法。 5.5.4.6 （原子）发射光谱法 （AES）（atomic emission spectrometry 根据原子的发射光谱，分析物质元素组成的方法。 5.5.4.7 吸光度 absorbance 透射辐射（光）通量和入射辐射（光）通量之比（即透光度）的倒数的对数。 A= 5.5.4.8 吸光系数 absorptivity 又称吸收系数。待测物质在单位浓度、单位厚度时的特征吸光度。 厚度以厘米表示，浓度为1%（W/V）的吸收系数称比吸光系数（specific absorptivity）。 厚度以厘米表示，浓度以摩尔/升表示的吸收系数称摩尔吸光系数（molar absorptivity）。 5.5.4.9 等吸收点 isoabsorptive point 在某波长处，两种或两种以上物质的吸收系数相等或同浓度下吸光度相等，称它们具有等吸收点。 5.5.4.10 吸收光谱 absorption spectrµm 一般指分子吸收光谱，又称吸收曲线（absorption cµrve）以波长或波数为横坐标，吸光度或透射率比为纵坐标，根据波长或波数与其对应的吸光度或透射度作图所得的曲线图。 5.5.4.11 特征吸收光谱 characteristic absorption spectrµm 具有特征吸收峰的吸收光谱。 5.5.4.12 特征吸收峰 characteristic absorption peak 吸收光谱中，可用于鉴定分子结构中存在某种官能团的吸收峰。 5.5.4.13 最大吸收波长 wavelength of absorption maximµm 吸收曲线的峰所对应的波长，用入表示，单位为nm（纳米）。 5.5.4.14 最小吸收波长 wavelength of absorption minimµm 吸收曲线的谷所对应的波长，用入表示，单位为nm（纳米）。 5.5.4.15 紫外光谱 µltraviolet spectrµm 在紫外光区所形成的吸收光谱。以吸光度对波长作图。 5.5.4.16 红外光谱 infrared spectrµm 在红外光区所形成的吸收光谱。多以透射率对波数作图。 5.5.4.17 荧光光谱 flµorescence spectrµm 一般指分子荧光光谱，以分子荧光强度对相应的荧光波长作图，实为荧光物质的荧光发射光谱。 5.5.4.18 激发光谱 excitation spectrµm 一般指分子荧光光谱，以分子发光强度对激发光波长作图，实为荧光物质的分子吸收光谱。 5.5.4.19 导数光谱 derivative spectrµm 将吸光度或透光度对波长求导数，表示导数与波长对应关系的曲线，它比普通吸收光谱有更精细的吸收峰，便于准确地进行定性与定量分析。 5.5.4.20 吸收线 absorption line 物质基态原子对辐射吸收所形成的谱线。 5.5.4.21 共振线 resonance line 原子光谱分析中，由第一激发态跃迁至基态时所发射的谱线或由基态吸收辐射能量跃迁到第一激发态时所吸收的谱线。 5.5.5 色谱法 chromatography 也称层析法，利用混合物中各组分在两相（流动相和固定相）中溶解、吸收或其他亲和性能的差异，在流动相通过固定相的过程中，各组分在两相中进行反复多次的分配而得到分离并进行鉴别的一种分析方法。 5.5.5.1 气相色谱法（gC） gas chromatography 以气体为流动相的色谱法。其中固定相为固体吸附剂的称为气固色谱法固定相为涂在惰性担体或毛细管壁上的液体的，称为气液色谱法；色谱柱为普通填充柱的，称填充柱气相色谱法；色谱柱为毛细管的，称毛细管气相色谱法。 5.5.5.2 顶空气相色谱法（hsgc） headspace gas chromatography 曾称液上气相色谱分析。利用液体或固体中的挥发性组分在密闭恒温系统中达到平衡后，气相和液相或固相中的挥发性组分比值恒定的原理，对平衡后的蒸气进行气相色谱分析的方法。 5.5.5.3 液相色谱法（LC） liqµid chromatography 以液体为流动相的色谱法按固定相使用形式和材料的不同，可分为柱色谱法，薄层色谱法和纸色谱法三类。按分离机制的不同可分为吸附色谱、分配色谱、离子交换色谱，凝胶过滤色谱及亲和色谱等。 5.5.5.4 高效液相色谱法（hplc） high performance ligµid chromatography 在经典液相色谱基础上引用气相色谱理论而发展起来的一种新型色谱法采用细小颗粒（5~10µm）填充致密的高效色谱柱和高压（40~50Mpa）输液系统；进样和检测均实现仪器化。 5.5.5.5正相色谱法 normal phase chromatography 用活性较强或极性较大的固定相和非极性或弱极性的流动相构成色谱系统的液相色谱法。 5.5.5.6 反相色谱法 reversed phase chromatography 用弱极性的固定相和极性的流动相构成色谱系统的液相色谱法。 5.5.5.7 反相离子对色谱法 reversed ion pair chromatography 将离子对试剂加入极性流动相中，用疏水性、极性固定相进行反相色谱的方法。 5.5.5.8 薄层色谱法（LC） thin layer chromatography 将固定相材料均匀地铺在玻璃板或其他惰性材料的底板上，使成一薄层（0.2~0.3mm），然后在薄层上进行点样、展开、显色或紫外光下检测的色谱分析方法。 5.5.5.9 高效薄层色谱法 （HPTLC） high performance thin layer chromatography 用颗粒直径为5~10μm、具有较高的分离效能和检测灵敏度的吸附剂制成薄层板，用这种高效薄层板进行色谱分析的方法称高效薄层色谱法。 5.5.5.10 薄层色谱扫描法（TCS） thin layer chromatography scanning method 用薄层吸收扫描仪对薄层色谱进行色谱光谱扫描的分析方法；可分为薄层吸收扫描和薄层荧光扫描两类，能较准确地对组分进行定性和定量分析。 5.5.5.11 纸色谱法（pc） paper chromatography 以滤纸作为载体的一种液相色谱法。 5.5.5.12 点样 spotting 薄层色谱、纸色谱及斑点试验中往薄层板或滤纸上加试样的操作。 5.5.5.13 原点 primary spot 点在薄层或滤纸一端，供层析的试样斑点。 5.5.5.14 展开 development 通过毛细作用，将溶剂或展开剂从薄层板或滤纸的一端向另一端扩展延伸的过程。 5.5.5.15 展开剂 developing solvent 薄层色谱法和纸色谱法中，作流动相或展开用的溶剂。 5.5.5.16 吸附剂 adsorbent 具有吸附作用的固体材料。常指薄层色谱法中的固定相。 5.5.5.17 显色剂 color developing reagent 使反应物显色的化学试剂。常指薄层色谱法和纸色谱法斑点定位的试剂。 5.5.5.18 洗脱 elµtion 用溶剂或流动相将吸附在色谱柱或吸附剂上的有效组分洗（分离）下来的过程。 5.5.5.19 洗脱剂 elµent 又称洗脱液。即柱色谱法中的液体流动相。 5.5.5.20 洗出液 elµate 又称流出液，通过固定相或色谱柱后流出的液体。 5.5.5.21 梯度洗脱 elµtion 液相色谱法中，连续地改变流动相组分的配比或pH值，以达到良好分离效果的方法。 5.5.5.22 色谱图 chromatogram 即色谱流出曲线。以组份流出色谱柱的时间为横坐标，检测信号的强度为纵坐标的曲线图。 5.5.5.23 色谱峰 chromatographic peak 色谱图中组分流出时给出一定信号强度的峰形曲线。 5.5.5.24 峰高 peak height 色谱峰的最高点与基线之间的距离。 5.5.5.25 半峰宽 peak half width 峰高一半处的色谱峰的宽度。也称半高峰宽 peak width at half height。 5.5.5.26 峰面积 peak area 色谱峰与基线所包围的面积。 5.5.5.27 保留值 retention valµe 表示试样中各组分在色谱柱中滞留时间的数值。通常用组分流出色谱柱的时间或组分流出色谱柱所需载气的体积来表示。 5.5.5.28 保留时间（rT） retention time 从进样开始到出现某个组分的色谱峰最大值的时间。用RT表示，单位为分（min）或秒（s）。 5.5.5.29 相对保留时间（rrt） relative retention time 在相同条件下，某组分的校正保留时间与另一组分校正保留时间的比值。 5.5.5.30 校正保留时间 corrected retention time 扣除死时间后的保留时间。 5.5.5.31 死时间 dead time 不被固定相溶解或吸附的组分的保留时间。通常把空气或甲烷作为此组分来测定死时间。 5.5.5.32 保留指数（r） retention index 又称 KovatsKovats index）。将某组分的保留值以两个与它相邻（或有间隔）的正构烷烃进行标定所得的数值。被测组分的保留值必须在两个正构烷烃的保留值之间。某组分的保留指数可用下式计算：
XNi—被测组分的保留值（校正保留时间或校正保留体积或记录纸移动的距离） XNZ—个碳原子正构烷烃的保留值 XN（Z+n）—Z+n个碳原子构烷烃的保留值 n—两个正构烷烃碳原子数的差值。 Z—较小正构烷烃的碳原子数。 ZXN（Z+n）>XNi>XNZ 5.5.5.33 Ri值 Ri valµe 又称比移值薄层色谱法和纸色谱法中说明组分在色谱系统中保留行为的参数；用组分的迁移距离与展开剂的迁移距离之比来表示。
5.5.5.34 分离度 resolµtion 也称分辨率，相邻两组分在色谱分离中分开的程度。它等于相邻两组分色谱峰保留值之差（d）与两个组分色谱峰基线宽度（W1+W2）总和之半的比值。
5.5.6 质谱（分析）法 MS mass spectrometry 利用电磁学原理，在质谱仪中通过样品的离子化，对其离子（分子离子、碎片离子等）按质荷比（m/z）进行分离和分析，从而实现样品的成分和结构分析的一种方法。 5.5.6.1 质谱图 mass spectrogram 以质荷比（m/）为横坐标，离子峰的相对强度为纵坐标的直线条图。 5.5.6.2 分子离子 molecµlar ion 分子受电子流轰击，失去一个电子的正离子或得到一个电子的负离子。它们在质谱图上形成的峰称为分子离子峰（molecµlar peak）。 5.5.6.3 碎片离子 fragment ion 分子离子进一步裂解而成的质量较小的离子。它们在质谱图上所形成的峰称为碎片离子峰（fragment peak）。 5.5.7 气相色谱一质谱分析法（GC/MS） gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 将具有高分离效能的气相色谱仪与具有准确鉴别能力的质谱仪组合在一起进行分析的方法。 5.5.7.1 总离子流色谱图（tic） total ion cµrrent chromatogram 试样中各组分经裂解离子化后，不分质量大小，将其中所得离子信息全部加和，作为色谱检测信号记于纵轴的色谱图（横轴仍为时间） 5.5.7.2 质量色谱图 mass chromatogram 又称质量碎片图 mass fragmentgram。根据被测组分的质谱裂解特点，选择具有特征意义的离子质量数作为检测信号记于纵轴的色谱图（横轴仍为时间）。 5.5.8 电化学分析法 electrochemical analysis 建立在溶液的电化学性质基础上的一类分析方法。 5.5.8.1 离子选择性电极分析法 ISE ion selective electrode analysis 利用离子选择性电极对某种离子具有选择性响应的特点，对该种离子进行定量分析的方法。 5.5.8.2 溶出伏安法（SV） stripping voltammetry 溶液中的离子，经还原或氧化，电积富集于电极上，然后改变电极电位，使富集在该电极上的元素重新溶出时，根据溶出过程中的电位电流曲线进行定性和定量分析，按溶出时，工作电极的反应是氧化还是还原而分为阳极溶出伏安法（ASV）和阴极溶出伏安法（CV）。 5.5.8.3 电位溶出法（PSA） poteniometry stripping analysis 又称计时电位溶出法 chronopotiometric stripping analysis在恒电流条件下，使电积物重新溶出，以电极电位对溶出时间作图，并以此进行定量分析的方法。 5.5.9 免疫分析（IA） immµnoassay 又称免疫测定，利用免疫和竞争性结合的原理，将毒物或药物与载体蛋白结合成抗原，免疫动物，使产生对毒物或药物具有特异性的抗体，然后用此抗体与标记毒物或药物及未标记的毒物或药物起反应而进行检测。 5.5.9.1 放射免疫测定（Ra） radioimmµnoassay 用放射性元素标记毒物或药物，闪烁计数器测定标记物的放射性活度的免疫测定法 5.5.9.2 酶免疫测定（EIA） enzyme immµnoassay 用酶作标记物，紫外吸收或荧光发射等方法测定酶活性的免疫测定法。 5.5.9.3 薄层免疫测定（TLIA） thin layer immµneassay 一种简便的免疫测定法。抗原或抗体在聚氯乙烯等塑料的疏水性表面形成牢固的单分子层，而抗体与抗原结合后改变了表面的疏水性，以此作为判断的根据，可用肉眼观察。 6有关化学计量的术语 6.1 准确度 accµracy 实际测定结果（单次测定值或重复测定的均值）与真值接近的程度；用绝对误差和相对误差表示。 6.1.1 绝对误差 absolµte error 绝对误差一测定结果一真值。 6.1.2 相对误差 relative error
6.2 精密度 precision 在相同条件下，重复测定值之间相互接近的程度；一般用偏差表示。 6.2.1 绝对偏差 absolµte deviation 绝对偏差d=测定值Xi—平均值X 6.2.2 相对偏差 relative deviation
6.2.3 平均偏差 aveage deviation
6.2.4 相对平均偏差 relative average deviation
6.2.5 标准（偏）差 standard deviation
6.2.6 变异系数（CV） coefficient of variation 又称相对标准（偏）差（relative standard deviation）为标准偏差与测量结果平均值之比用百分率表示。
6.2.7 相对相差 relative diffrence 对于一般只作一次重复的测定试验时，表示精密度大小的概念即用相对相差表示
6.3 重复性 repeatability 用同一方法，对同一试样，在相同条件下（同一操作者、同一仪器、同一实验室时间间隔不长）相继测得结果之间接近的程度。 6.4 再现性 reprodµcibility 用同一方法，对同一试样，在不同条件下（不同操作者、不同仪器或相隔时间较长）所测各结果之间接近的程度 6.5 灵敏度 sensitivity 某些方法或某种仪器可以检测出被检物质的最小量。通常用检出限和测定限表示 6.5.1 检出限 detection limit 指在检液或检材中所用方法能产生阳性结果或给出分析信号的被检物质的最小量或最低浓度。 质量单位用mg、µg、ng表示浓度用ppm、ppb或g/g（mL）、mg/kg（L）表示。 6.5.2 测定限 determination limit 指在检液或检材中，所用定量分析方法能将被检物质可靠地测定出来的最小量。用mg、µg、ng或ng/g（mL）、µg/g（mL）、mg/kg（L）表示。 6.6 回收率 recovery 回收测定中，表示分离效率的一种参数，即用百分率表示的实际测得毒物的量与添加毒物的量的比值。
6.7 定量校正因子 calibration factor for qµantitation 定量测定中，为消除测定误差、方便计算而引入的一种参数。分绝对校正因子和相对校正因子两 种。 6.7.1绝对校正因子（fi） absolµte calibration factor 组分的量（W1）与标准组分响应值（Ai）的比值。
W内标物组分的量。 A内标组分响应值 W与W，的计量单位应一致 6.7.2 相对校正因子（） relative calibration factor 标准组分的绝对校正因子（fi）与内标组分绝对校正因子（fs）的比值。
6.8 分析质量控制（A.Q.C） analytical qµality control 也称分析质量管理，是科学管理实验室的一种有效方法。它用现代科学管理技术和数据统计方法控制实验室数据的质量，使数据准确可靠，实验室之间的测定结果有可比性。它包括内部质量控制和外部质量控制两部分。 6.8.1 内部质量控制（I.Q.C） internal qµality control 指实验室内部的质量检验，也称内部质量管理分析人员按国家或部门所规定的“标准”，对分析质量进行控制。它包括一个测定方法内同次实验过程之间（批内）和一个实验室内，每次测定方法之间（批间）的精密度。 6.8.2 外部质量控制（E.Q.C） external qµality control 指实验室间的质量管理，也称外部质量管理在各实验室做好内部质量控制的基础上，由上级监测机构或中心实验室，通过分析对照标准样品对各实验室及其分析人员进行考查，既可衡量某一方法当前的技术水平，又是评价实验室效能的尺度。 ·附 录 A （中文索引） 补充件 B 斑点试验·········································5.4.10 半峰宽（半高峰宽）··························5.5.5.25 半数致死量········································3.81 薄层免疫测定（TLIA）························5.5.9.3 薄层色谱法（TLC）··························5.5.5.8 薄层色谱扫描法（TLCS）···················5.5.5.10 保留时间（RT）································5.5.5.28 保留值··········································5.5.5.27 保留指数（RI）·······························5.5.5.32 比色法·············································5.5.3 比吸光系数·····································5.5.4.8 比移值（R值）·································5.5.5.33 变异系数（相对标准偏差）（CV）············6.2.6 标准（偏）差······································6.2.5 标准加入法······································5.4.15 标准曲线法（校正曲线法）·················5.4.14 标准（样）品·······································5.2.7 不挥发性有机毒物······························3.1.2 C 测定限·············································6.5.2 沉淀蛋白法······································5.3.13 重复性················································6.3 抽吸法·············································5.3.3 萃取（提取）·····································5.3.1 D 导数光谱·······································5.5.4.19 等吸收点········································5.5.4.9 点滴试验··········································5.4.9 点样·············································5.5.5.12 电化学分析法····································5.5.8 电位溶出法（PSA）····························5.5.8.3 顶空气相色谱法（HSGC）··················5.5.5.2 定量校正因子······································6.7 动物试验··········································5.4.6 毒剂（军用毒剂） ··································3.4 毒品···················································3.2 毒素···················································3.3 毒性···················································3.5 毒性药品·············································4.4 毒物···················································3.1 毒物（药物）代谢物·····························3.1.11 毒物（药物）分解物·····························3.1.12 毒物分析·············································5.1 毒物（药物）原体································3.1.10 对照样品··········································5.2.6 F 发射光谱法（原子发射光谱法）AES·····5.5.4.6 法庭毒物分析（法医毒物分析）···············5.1.1 反提（取）········································5.3.1.4 反相离子对色谱法····························5.5.5.7 反相色谱法·····································5.5.5.6 放射免疫测定（RIA）························5.5.9.1 分光光度法（光谱法）·························5.5.4 分离···················································5.3 分离度··········································5.5.5.34 分析质量控制（A、Q、C）·····················6.8 分子离子········································5.5.6.2 峰高·············································5.5.5.24 峰面积··········································5.5.5.26 富集················································5.3.9 高效薄层色谱法（HPTLC）················5.5.5.9 高效液相色谱法（HPLC）··················5.5.5.4 共振线··········································5.5,4.21 古蔡试验·········································5.4.12 固相萃取（液一固提取）SPE··············5.3.1.3 光谱法（分光光度法）···························5.5.4 H 红外分光光度法（红外光谱法）（IR）·······5.5.4.3 红外光谱·······································5.5.4.16 化学分析··········································5.5.1 回收测定（回收试验）························5.4.7 回收率················································6.6 挥发性毒物·······································3.1.1 灰化··············································5.3.6.1 J 激发光谱·······································5.5.4.18 急性中毒··········································3.6.1 检材···················································5.2 检出限·············································6.5.1 检样················································5.2.4 检液················································5.2.5 碱性有机毒物（碱性药物）··················3.1.7 校正保留时间································5.5.5.30 校正曲线法（标准曲线法）················5.4.14 金属毒物··········································3.1.3 精密度················································6.2 精神药品（精神药物）··························4.3 浸取（浸渍）··································5.3.1.1 净化················································5.3.7 绝对校正因子···································6.7.1 绝时偏差··········································6.2.1 绝对致死量·······································3.8.2 绝对误差··········································6.1.1 K 抗焦虑药（弱安定药）··························4.6 抗精神病药（强安定药）·······················4.5 抗抑郁药·············································4.7 可见分光光度法（VIS）····················5.5.4.1 空白（对照）试验······························5.4.1 空白（对照）检材······························5.2.2 扩散法·············································5.3.4 L 雷因希试验······································5.4.11 离子选择性电极分析法（ISE）···········5.5.8.1 两性有机毒物（两性药物）·················3.1.9 灵敏度···············································6.5 M 麻醉（药）品······································4.2 慢性中毒··········································3.6.2 酶免疫测定（EIA）··························5.5.9.2 酶消化法（酶解法）·························5.3.15 免疫分析（免疫测定）（IA）················5.5.9 摩尔吸光系数·································5.5.4.8 N 内标法············································5.4.17 内标（物）·····································5.2.7.1 内部质量控制····································6.8.1 浓缩···············································5.3.10 农药·················································4.13 拟精神病药（致剂）···························4.10 P 平均偏差··········································6.2.3 平行操作·········································5.4.13 破坏有机质（有机质破坏）··················5.3.6 Q 气体毒物··········································3.1.5 气相色谱法（GC）···························5.5.5.1 气相色谱一质谱法（GC/MS）··············5.5.7 确证试验（证实试验）························5.4.5 强心苷··············································4.12 强安定药（抗精神病药）·······················4.5 R R值（比移值）······························5.5.5.33 溶出伏安法（SV）···························5.5.8.2 弱安定药（抗焦虑药）··························4.6 S 色谱法·············································5.5.5 色谱峰··········································5.5.5.23 色谱图··········································5.5.5.22 筛选试验··········································5.4.4 生物检材··········································5.2.1 生物碱水溶性毒物（水浸出毒物）·········3.1.4 水蒸汽蒸馏·····································5.3.2.1 死时间·········································5.5.5.31 斯一奥氏法······································5.3.11 酸水解法·········································5.3.14 酸性有机毒物（酸性药物） ················3.1.6 T 特征吸收峰···································5.5.4.12 特征吸收光谱·································5.5.4.11 梯度洗脱·······································5.5.5.21 提取（萃取） ···································5.3.1 添加检材··········································5.2.3 透析················································5.3.5 外标法············································5.4.16 外部质量控制····································6.8.2 X 洗涤················································5.3.8 吸附剂··········································5.5.5.16 吸光度···········································5.5.4.7 吸光系数（吸收系数） ····················5.5.4.8 吸收光谱·······································5.5.4.10 吸收线··········································5.5.4.20 洗出液··········································5.5.5.20 洗脱·············································5.5.5.18 洗脱剂··········································5.5.5.19 显色剂··········································5.5.5.17 显微结晶试验····································5.4.8 相对保留时间································5.5.5.29 相对标准（偏）差（变异系数）············6.2.6 相对校正因子····································6.7.2 相对偏差··········································6.2.2 相对平均偏差····································6.2.4 相对相差··········································6.2.7 相对误差··········································6.1.2 消化··············································5.3.6.2 兴奋剂················································4.9 Y 亚急性中毒·······································3.6.3 药物···················································4.1 药物滥用··········································4.1.1 药物依赖性·······································4.1.2 液一液萃取（液一液提取）················5.3.1.2 液一固提取（固相萃取）···················5.3.1.3 液相色谱法·····································5.5.5.3 （已知）对照试验······························5.4.2 仪器分析··········································5.5.2 荧光分光光度法（荧光法）················5.5.4.4 荧光光谱·······································5.5.4.17 有机质破坏（破坏有机质）··················5.3.6 预试验·············································5.4.3 原点·············································5.5.5.13 （原子）发射光谱法（AES）············5.5.4.6 原子吸收分光光度法（原子吸收光谱法）（AAS）··············································5.5.4.5 再现性················································6.4 展开·············································5.5.5.14 展开剂··········································5.5.5.15 蒸馏················································5.3.2 镇静催眠药··········································4.8 证实试验（确证试验）························5.4.5 直接提取法······································5.3.12 纸色谱法（PC）·····························5.5.5.11 致幻剂（拟精神病药）·························4.10 致死血浓度········································3.10 致死组织浓度·····································3.12 致死量···············································3.8 治疗血浓度········································3.11 中毒·····················································6 中毒量·············································3.3.3 中毒血浓度············································9 中性有机毒物（中性药物）··················3.1.8 准确度················································6.1 紫外分光光度法（紫外光谱法）（UV）·5.5.4.2 紫外光谱·······································5.5.4.15 质谱（分析）法（MS）·······················5.5.6 质量色谱图·····································5.5.7.2 总离子流色谱图（TIC）····················5.5.7.1 最大吸收波长··························5.5.4.13 最小吸收波长··························5.5.4.14 ·附 录 B 英语索引 （补充件） A absolute calibration factor·······················6.7.1 absolute deviation································6.2.1 absolute error······································6.1.1 absolute lethal dose·······························3.8.2 absorbance·······································5.5.4.7 absorption line·································5.5.4.20 absorption spectrum(absorption curve) ···5.5.4.10 absorptivity······································5.5.4.8 accuracy··············································6.1 acidic hydrolysis method·······················5.3.14 acidic organic poisons(acidic drugs) ··········3.1.6 acute poisoning······································6.1 adsorbent·······································5.5.5.16 alkaloids············································4.11 analysis of forensic toxicology·················5.1.1 analytical quality control···························6.8 amphiprotic organic poisons (amphiprotic drugs) ······················································1.9 animal test·········································5.4.6 antianxiety drugs, anxiolytics. ····················4.6 antidepressants······································4.7 antipsychotic drugs·································4.5 anxiolytics···········································4.6 ashing············································5.3.6.1 aspiration method ··································3.3 atomic absorption spectrophotometry·········5.4.5 (atomic absorption spectrometry) (atomic) emission spectrometry··············5.5.4.6 average deviation·································6.2.3 B basic organic poisons(basic drugs) ············3.1.7 biological samples································5.2.1 blank(control) test································5.4.1 blank samples·····································5.2.2 C calibration factor for quantitation·················6.7 calibration curve method (standard curve method) ················································5.4.14 cardiac glycosides·································5.12 case samples·········································5.2 characteristic absorption peak···············5.5.4.12 characteristic absorption spectrum············5.4.11 chemical analysis·································5.5.1 chronic poisoning·································3.6.2 chromatogram···································5.5.22 chromatography·····································5.5 chromatographic peak························5.5.5.23 clean-up··············································3.7 coefficient of variation···························6.2.6 color developing reagent·······················5.5.17 colorimetry········································5.5.3 concentration·······································3.10 comfirmatory test(confirmation) ··············5.4.5 control samples······································2.6 corrected retention time······················5.5.5.30 dead time·······································5.5.5.31 derivative spectrum···························5.5.4.19 destruction of organic substance················5.3.6 detection limit·····································6.5.1 determination limit·······························6.5.2 development···································5.5.5.14 developing solvent····························5.5.5.15 dialysis·············································5.3.5 diffusion method··································5.3.4 digestion·········································5.3.6.2 direct extraction method························5.3.12 distillation··········································5.3.2 drop test············································5.4.9 drugs··················································4.1 drug abuse·········································4.1.1 drug dependence··································4.1.2 E electrochemical analysis·························5.5.8 eluate···········································5.5.5.20 eluent···········································5.5.5.19 elution··········································5.5.5.18 enrichment···········································3.9 enzyme immunoassay·························5.5.9.2 enzymic digestion method (enzymolysis method) ····················································5.3.15 excitation spectrum···························5.5.4.18 external quatity control··························6.8.2 external standard method·························4.16 extraction··········································5.3.1 F fluoremetry······································5.5.4.4 fluorescence spectrophotometry·············5.5.4.4 fluorescence spectrum··························5.4.17 fragmention·····································5.5.6.3 fragment peak·····································5.6.3 G gas chromatography······························5.5.1 gaseous poisons···································3.1.5 gathering···········································5.3.9 gradient elution·······························5.5.5.21 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry······5.5.7 Gutzeit test·······································5.4.12 H hallucinogens······································4.10 headspace gas chromatography··············5.5.5.2 high performance liquid chromatography··5.5.5.4 high performance thin layer chromatography······································5.5.5.9 illicit drugs···········································3.2 infrared spectrophotometry (infrared spectrometry) ·········································5.5.4.3 infrared spectrum·····························5.5.4.16 instrumental analysis····························5.5.2 internal standard································5.2.7.1 internal standard method·······················5.4.17 immersion(impregnation) ····················5.3.1.1 immunoaasy·······································5.5.9 ion selective eletrode analysis················5.5.8.1 isolation··············································5.3 internal quality control···························6.8.1 isoabsorptive point·····························5.5.4.9 K (known) control test······························5.4.2 Kovats index···································5.5.5.32 L lethal blood concentration························3.10 lethal dose············································3.8 lethal tissue concentration························3.12 liquid chromatography························5.5.5.3 liquid-liquid extraction························5.3.1.2 liquid-solid extraction·························5.3.1.3 M major tranquilizer···································4.5 mass chromatogram(mass fragmentgram) ·5.5.7.2 mass spectrogram······························5.5.6.1 mass spectrometry··································5.6 metallic poisons···································3.1.3 medium lethal dose·······························3.8.1 microcrystal test··································5.4.8 minor tranquilizer···································4.6 molar absorptivity······························5.5.4.8 molecular ion···································5.5.6.2 molecular peak··································5.5.6.2 N narcotic drugs········································4.2 neutral organic poisons(neutral drugs) ········3.1.8 nonvolatile organic poisons ····················3.1.2 normal phase chromatography···············5.5.5.5 P paper chromatography··························5.5.11 parallel operation································5.4.13 peak area·······································5.5.5.26 peak halfwidth(peak width at half height) ·5.55,25 peak height·····································5.5.5.24 pesticides···········································4.13 poisons···············································3.1 poison(drug) decomposited products········3.1.12 poison(drug) metabolites·······················3.1.11 poison(drug)parents·····························3.1.10 poisoning·············································3.6 poteniometry stripping analysis················5.5.8. precision·············································6.2 preliminary test···································5.4.3 primary spot···································5.5.5.13 protin precipitation method·····················3.13 psycholeptics········································4.5 psychodelic(psychotomimetic ) ················4.10 psychotropic drugs··································4.3 purification········································5.3.7 R radio immunoassay·····························5.5.9.1 recovery··············································6.6 recovery determination··························5.4.7 Reinsch test······································5.4.11 relative average deviation·······················6.2.4 relative calibration factor·······················6.7.2 relative diffrence··································6.2.7 relative average deviation·······················6.2.4 relative error ······································6.1.2 relative retention time························5.5.5.29 relative standard deviation······················6.2.6 repeatability··········································6.3 resolution·······································5.5.5.34 resonance line·································5.5.4.21 retention index································5.5.5.32 retention time··································5.5.5.28 retention value·································5.5.5.27 reversed ion pair chromatography···········5.5.5.7 reversed phase chromatography··············5.5.5.6 S screening test (screening) ·······················5.4.4 sedatives-hypnotics ································4.8 sensitivity············································6.5 separation············································5.3 solid phase extraction··························5.3.1.3 specific absorptivity····························5.5.4.8 spectrophotometry(spectrometry) ·············5.5.4 spiked(control) sample···························5.2.3 spot test···········································5.4.10 spotting·········································5.5.5.12 Stas-otto,s method·······························5.3.11 standard············································5.2.7 standard addition method······················5.4.15 standard curve method·························5.4.14 standard ···········································6.2.5 steam distillation································5.3.2.1 stimulants············································4.9 stripping voltammetry·························5.5.8.2 stripping·········································5.3.1.4 subacute poisoning·································6.3 T test sample·········································5.2.4 test solution········································5.2.5 test and determination······························5.4 therapeutic blood concentration·················3.11 thin layer chromatography····················5.5.5.8 thin layer chromatography scanning method················································5.5.5.10 thin layer immunoassay·······················5.5.9.3 total ion current chromatogram··············5.5.7.1 toxic agents (for military) ·························3.4 toxic blood concentration··························3.9 toxic dose············································3.7 toxic drugs···········································4.4 toxicants··············································3.1 toxicity················································3.5 toxicological analysis······························5.1 toxins·················································3.3 U ultraviolet spectrophotometry (ultraviolet spectrometry) ·········································5.5.4.2 ultraviolet spectrum ··························5.5.4.15 V visible spectrophotometry·····················5.5.4.1 volatile poisons··································3.1.1 W wash················································5.3.8 water soluble(water soaked)poisons···········3.1.4 wavelength of absorption minimum·······5.5.4.14 wavelength of absorption maximum·······5.5.4.13 ·附加说明 本标准由全国刑事技术标准化技术委员会毒物分析标准化分技术委员会提出并归口. 本标准由中国刑事警察学院毒物分析教研室负责起草。 本标准主要起草人吴维蓉、陆惠民、谭家镒。 律师简介  戴卫祥，男，党共中员，工学、法学学士，高级律师，辽宁瑞畅律师事务所创始合伙人、主任，大连仲裁委员会（大连国际仲裁院）仲裁员，大连市湖南商会法律顾问。2017年3月至2020年3月担任大连市司法局法律顾问；2017年7月至2022年7月被辽宁省司法厅选任为省级人民监督员；2019年8月被入选大连市委市政府法律顾问名单；2021年担任大连银行法律顾问，并入选大连市医疗保障局“医疗保障智库专家”。2020年被辽宁省律师协会评定为2018—2019年度“辽宁省优秀律师”，被大连市律师协会评定为2019年度“优秀律师”。 2001年从事法律工作，具有多年律师执业经验及4年工程建设现场管理经验，先后担任恒大集团大连公司、辽宁公司监察室主任。专注重大、疑难案件和司法鉴定，坚持“没有问题不解决”的信念，执业以来，代理过建设工程造价鉴定、工程质量鉴定、刑事伤情鉴定、毒品鉴定、枪弹鉴定、医疗损害鉴定、机动车交通事故鉴定、亲子鉴定、环境损害鉴定等各类司法鉴定和疑难案件，积累了丰富的办案经验，并成功代理过多起通过司法鉴定确定无罪的刑事、司法鉴定行政确认等案件，在司法鉴定专业有深入、系统的研究和实践。 律师简介 高长鑫，男，党共中员，法学学士，辽宁瑞畅律师事务所专职律师。 |
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