§267 mist/ fog Ⅰ. mist “雾”指比fog 薄的“薄雾”,形容词为:misty. 它还可指:“(眼睛)朦胧”等。如: ① The mountain top was covered with mist. 山顶笼罩着雾气。 ② She tried to see him through the mist of tears. 她试着透过朦胧的泪眼看他。 Ⅱ. fog 指较浓的“浓雾”,其形容词为:foggy.如: The fog was so thick that he had to drive very slowly. 雾太浓了, 他必须慢慢地开车。
§268 most /a most / the most Ⅰ. most adv. 前无冠词,一般表“很、十分”如: ① Most likely it will rain. 很可能要下雨了。 ② The author is most serious in writing the essay. 作者写这篇文章的态度是很严肃的。 Ⅱ. a most 后接形容词,修饰单数可数名词,意思是“很,十分”如: ① That was a most enjoyable party. 那是一次非常快乐的晚会。 ② These children lead a most happy life. 这些孩子过着非常幸福的生活。 Ⅲ. the most 是much or many 的最高级。意为“最”如: That’s the most beautiful place I’ve ever been. 那是我到过的最美丽的地方
§269 mouse / rat Ⅰ. mouse “老鼠、耗子”,比rat 小。如: ① I have set a trap for mouse. 我装置了一个捕鼠器捕鼠。 ② When the cat’s away, the mice will play. [谚]:猫儿一跑耗子闹。 Ⅱ. rat “老鼠、耗子”,比mouse 大。如: ① A rat has fallen into the trap. 一只老鼠落到了捕鼠器里。 ② A rat crossing the street is chased by all. 老鼠过街,人人喊打。
§270 much too/ too much Ⅰ. much too 太、非常, 用作副词词组,修饰形容词或其它副词。如: ① It’s much too cold today. 今天天气太冷。 ② The old man walked much too slowly. 这位老人走得太慢了。 Ⅱ. too much “太多”有三种用法: 1. 用作名词词组。如: ③ You gave me too much. 你给我的太多了。 2. 用作形容词词组。修饰不可数名词。如: ④ I don’t like winter because there’s too much snow and ice.我不喜欢冬天,因为雪和冰太多了。
用作副词词组,修饰动词,如:
① Don’t speak too much. 别讲得太多。 [注]:much too 与too much都可用作副词词组,但too much 不可以修饰形容词,much too 不可以修饰动词。
§271 must/ have to Ⅰ. must “必须”,往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。 ① We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。 ② Imust go. 我必须走。 Ⅱ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要,含有“不得不”的意味。如: ① Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗 ② It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。 §272 neither/ either Ⅰ. neither “(两者)都不”,pron 如: ① Neither of the books is mine. 这两本书都不是我的。 [注]作连词用时,neither 与nor连用,表示“既不……也不”如: ② The ground must be just right ——neither too wet nor too dry.地面务必适合——既不太湿,也不太干。 Ⅱ. either “(两者中的)任何一个”pron. 如: ① There are two bikes in the room. You can ride eitheri of the two. 房里有两部自行车,你可以任骑一部。 [注]作连词用时,与or连用,表示“或者……或者……”、“不是……就是……”。如: ① They were either too big or too small. 它们不是太大,就是太小。 ▲ 作副词用时,二者都有“也不”之意,但所使用的句型及在句中的位置不同。如: ① He doesn’t like swimming, I don’t like swimming, either. ② He doesn’t like swimming. Neither do I . (用于倒装结构中) §273 neither/ none Ⅰ. neither “两者都不”与both相对,其后的谓语动词用单三式。如: ① Neither of my parents is at home. 我父母亲(任何一个)都不在家。 Ⅱ. none “三者或三者以上都有不”,与all相对。如: ① None of the students are in the classroom. They have all gone to the playground. 所有的学生都不(一个也不)在教室里,他们都到操场上去了。 §274 next / the next
Ⅰ. next Ⅱ. the next ① I’ll finish school next June. The next month I’ll go on trip to my hometwon. 明年六月我要毕业了,第二个月(即七月)我就要回家乡。 ② She said in her letter that she would visit us the next week. 她在信中说她要在第二个星期拜访我们。 §275 no / not Ⅰ. no “不”既可作形容词,又可作副词。作形容词时用来否定名词、代词或动名词。作副词时,主要用于否定回答。 ① The poor boy had no money for books. 那个穷孩子没钱买书。 ② No smoking. 禁止吸烟。 ③ Isn’t he a teacher? No, he isn’t. Ⅱ. not “不”只用作副词。用来否定动词、不定式、形容词或副词。通常放在“三类词”(情态动词,助动词,系动词)之后,行为动词之前。否定不定式时,直接放在不定式的小品词to前。如: ① I have not been to Beijing. ② He doesn’t like reading. ▲ no 和not 都可与形容词或副词的比较级连用,但句子的含义不同。如: ① I am no taller than he. 我不比他高。(两人都矮) ② I am not taller than he. 我不比他更高。(两人都高) ▲ no = not a 或not any 如: ① She has no books = She doesn’t have a book. = She does not have any books. ▲ no 表示它所修饰的名词的相反的意思。而not只能表示一般的否定。如: ① He is no teacher. 他根本(绝)不是老师。(不善于教书) ② He is not a teacher. 他不是老师。(可能是其它职业) ③ He is no fool = He is clever. 他不笨(他是聪明的) ④ He is not a fool. 他不是个傻子。
§276 no longer/ not…any longer/ no more / not any more Ⅰ. no longer = not … any longer, “不再”强调时间和动作不再持续,常与状态动词和延续性动词连用,如wait, stay, be等。 但no longer与no more 一样通常放在“三类词(情态动词、 助动词、连系动词)”之后。行为动词之前。而not … any longer 与not … any more 一样,其中的not与谓语动词构成否定式,常放在“三类词”之后。any longer,与any more 放在句末。如: ① He’s no longer living in this city. 他不住在这个城市了。 ② You are not a child any longer. 你已不再是个孩子了。 Ⅱ. no more = not … any more “不再”强调数量、次数上不再增加和强调动作终止的结果,因此,常与名词、瞬间动词连用,如hear, see, leave等。如: ① There’s no more bread. 不再有面包了。 ② He didn’t go there any more. 他再没去过那儿。
§277 no matter what/ whatever/ what ever Ⅰ.no matter what“不管什么,无论什么”用来引导让步状语从句。类似的词组还有:no matter where “不论哪里”, no matter which “不论哪一个”,no matter how“不论怎样”如: ① They are going to win the football match, no matter how bad the weather is. 不管天气多么糟糕,他们会赢得这场足球比赛。 ② No matter who knocks, don’t open the door. 不管谁敲门,都不要开门。 ③ Give me a call first no matter when you come. 不管什么时候来,都请你先给我打个电话。 Ⅱ.whatever 是连接代词,可以作“无论什么”解,引导让步状语从句,可以这样用的连接代词或连接副词有whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however等。如: ① Whatever you do, do your best. =No matter what you do, do your best. 无论你干什么,都要尽最大努力去干。 ② Whoever telephones, tell him I am out. = No matter who telephones, tell him I am out. 无论谁给我打电话,就说我出去了。 ③ Wherever he may be, he will be happy. = No matter where he may be, he will be happy. 无论在什么地方,他都是乐呵呵的。 Ⅲ.whatever 还可以解作 “凡是……的;所……的东西”(anything that),用来引导一个名词性从句,这时不能用no matter what 替换。如: ① Take whatever you want. 你要什么就拿什么吧。 ② Whatever I have is yours. 我所有的东西全都是你的。 Ⅳ. what ever 中的ever意为“究竟;到底”,用在疑问词what后面,以加强语气,着重表示说话者的情绪,如惊讶、愤怒、兴奋等,what ever 在意义上等于what on earth 或what in the world, 其他疑问词也可以这样用。如: ① What ever do you think you’re doing?你想想,你到底在干什么? ② Who ever left the door open?究竟是谁把门敞着不关? Where ever did you pick up the pen? 你到底在哪儿捡到的这支钢笔?
§278 not at all/ not … at all Ⅰ. not at all 是客套话,意为“别客气”相当于 That’s all right; You are welcome. 如: ①--Thank you very much. –Not at all. Ⅱ. not…at all “根本不”;“一点也不”。at all 用以加强语气。如: ① She doesn’t like it at all. 她根本不喜欢它。 ② He didn’t come at all. 他根本没来。 §279 officer/ official Ⅰ. officer “官员”常指武官,有时也指文官。如: ① The officer put down his arms and jumped into the pond for the fish. 那军官放下武器,跳到池塘里捉鱼去了。 ② His father is a police officer. 他父亲是警官。 ③ He is an administrative officer.他是行政官。 Ⅱ. official “官员”通常指政府的文职官员。如: ① An official is suspended from office. 有一位官员被停职。 ② They are government officials. 他们是政府官员。 §280 on time/ in time Ⅰ.in time “及时”,指的是不迟到或在提前的时间之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短语。 Ⅱ.on time“准时”,指按规定的时间或指定的时间做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短语。如: ① Joe was just in time for the bus. Joe正好赶上那班汽车。 ② They got there on time to see the exhibition. 他们准时到那儿,去看了那个展览。 §281 one/ it Ⅰ. it 所指代的,与前面的名词是同一事物;它常替代限定词the, this, that 所修饰的单数名词,此外还可用来表示称赞或责备某人做了某事。如: ① Whose is the pen? Oh it’s mine. 这支笔是谁的?哦,是我的。 ② It’s very kind of you to invite me to the party. 承蒙邀请,不胜感激。(代to invite…) Ⅱ. one 所指代的是前面名词提到的同类事物,但不是同一件,它具有泛指的性质;它只能代替可数名词,复数形式是ones 如: ① Have you got a pen? No, I haven’t. Please ask Tom, I think he has got one. 你有钢笔吗?不,我没有。你去找一下汤姆吧,我想他有一只。 §282 pardon/ sorry/ excuse/ Ⅰ.pardon主要用于没有听清别人的说的话,请别人重复。或宽恕严重的过失或冒犯。可作名词和动词。 sorry 用于因做错了事或伤害了他人而向某人道歉。是形容词 Excuse则用于打扰别人或防碍别人的场合。 ① Please pardon me for not arriving sooner. 请原谅我没有及时赶到。 ② I did wrong and I’m going to beg their pardon. 我做错了,我打算去请求他们原谅我。 ③ I’m sorry to hear that your mother is ill. 听说你的母亲病了,我很难过。 ④ You’ll be sorry about that. 你会为此事后悔的。 ⑤ Excuse me, may use your pen? §283 past/ passed/ pass/ passor Ⅰ. past 是动词pass的过去时和过去分词。在句中作谓语。意为“通过、传递”,时间的“消逝”等。如: ① He passed (by) the bank. 他路经银行。 ② She passed him the cake. 她把蛋糕递给他。 ③ Two months passed before we had any news of them. 两个月过去了,我们才得到一点他们的消息。 Ⅱ. passer “过路人”;“过客”。 Ⅲ. past 不是动词形式,它除作为pass的过去分词形容词,作表语与定语外,还可作介词、副词及名词。如: ① He has been working hard in the past few weeks. 他在过去的几周里工作得很努力。(形) ② The past is past. 过去的事就让它过去了。(形,名) ③ She walked pasti him hurriedly. 她从他身边匆匆而过。(介 ④ The years went past without notice. 岁月不觉流逝。(副词) §284 path/ road/ way Ⅰ. path “道路”侧重于指“小道;小径”通常指走出来的路或指人行道等。如: a) There is a path to the top of the hill. 有一条小路通向山顶。 b) Keep to the pathor you maybe lose your way. 沿着这条路走,否则你可能会迷路。 Ⅱ. road 通常人和交通工具通行的一条条的路,它可以用作借喻,表示导致……途径。如: ① Where does this road lead to?这条路通什么地方? ② It was very hot day, and the road was terrible dusty. 那是非常炎热的一天,路上的尘土多得惊人。 ③ It is the road to success. 这是成功之路。 Ⅲ. way 不是指人和交通工具通行的一条条的路,而是指要达到特定的地点必须通过的地方。如: ① It is a long way from here to the station. 从这儿到车站有一大段路。 ② Which is the shortest way there? 到那儿去哪条路最近? ③ They are still on the way. 他们还在路上。 §285 personal/ personnel Ⅰ. personal [`p?:s?nl]与 personnel[?p?:s?`nel]两个词音形相近,但词性和词义不同。如: personal 是形容词,“个人的;私人的;亲身的”。 ① That is my personal opinion. 那是我个人的意见。 ② She made a personal appearance. 她亲自到场。 Ⅱ. personnel 是个集体名词,没有复数形式。“全体人员;工作人员”如: ① Our personnel are very highly trained. 我们的工作人员训练有素。 ② The personnel are unhappy about these changes. 全体工作人员都不满意这些变动。 §286 point / score Ⅰ. point 指在考试、比赛中的“分”。如: ① 90 points . 90 分 ② We won / lost the game by 3 points. 我们以三分之差得胜/ 失败。 Ⅱ. score 指“成绩”。如: ① a score of 90 points . 90分的成绩。 ② She scored 20points in the competition. = Her score of the competition is 20. 她在竞赛中得了20分。 §287 point to/ point at point to 与point at 都有用手指着某人或某物的意思。但后者还可表“对准;瞄准”之意。如: ① She pointed to a boy and said that he was her brother. ② He pointed his gun at the enemy and shouted “Hands up”他把口对准敌人,大声喊:“举起手来”。 §288 police/ policeman Ⅰ. police 常用作复数,其后不加-s. 如: ① The police are on duty. 那些警察在值班。 Ⅱ. policeman “警察”与police 同意。其复数形式为policemen. (policewoman→policewomen) .但表一个警察时,应说:one / a policeman. 而不说:one / a police. §289 problem/ question Ⅰ. problem 通常指须急于解决或决定的重大问题或难题。如 ① This is a difficult social problem to solve. 这是很难解决的社会问题。 ② He is clever enough to work out the maths problem. Ⅱ. question 着重指由于对某事感到疑惑不解或不能断定而提出,并等待解答的问题。一般是不难的,在较短时间内能解决的问题。因此,我们可说:answer the question. 如: ① Please answer the question. §290 propose/ suggest Ⅰ. propose “建议、提议”,是书面语,带有正式和庄严的色彩。如: ① I propose an early start. 我建议及早开始(或动身)。 ② We propose that the house (should) be repaired. 我们建议对房屋进行修理。 Ⅱ. suggest “建议、提议”,但没有propose正式。如: ① I suggest a visit to the theatre. 我建议去看戏。 ② I suggest that we (should) begin at once. 我建议我们立即开始。 ③ He suggest going to the Summer Palace. 他建议去颐和园。 §291 pupil/student Ⅰ.pupil 特指“小学生;初等学校的学生”。也可指在教师指导下从事研究的“学生;门徒”如: The peanist often gives pisno lessons to her pupils. 这位钢琴家经常给她的学生上钢琴课。 Ⅱ.student 指“大专院校的学生;中学生”。 有时,也可指研究或攻读某一学科的人。如:—→a college student. a middle school student. He is a student of science. 他是一个理科学生。 §292 quick/ fast / rapid /soon Ⅰ. quick “快”一般指动作敏捷迅速,毫不延迟,在较短的时间内发生或完成某项动作。如: ① She ran with quick steps to the house. 她快步跑进屋子。 Ⅱ. fast“快”主要用作副词。指运动着的人或物体速度快。 ① The watch is only two minutes fast. 这只表只快两分钟。 Ⅲ. rapid 指一个或一连串的动作迅速、敏捷,着重指运动本身,有时也指激流。如: ① The diligent boy makes rapid progress in his studies. 这个勤奋的男孩儿学业进步迅速。 ② Their country house stands by a rapid steam. 他们的农舍在急流的溪边。 Ⅳ. soon 着重指时间方面的快,可指现在或某个特定的时间的不久以后。如: ① He will come back very soon.他将很快就回来。 §293 quite / very/ too Ⅰ. Quite 是程度副词,可修饰副词、形容词和动词。跟表程度的词连用时,有“相当”“非常”的意思;跟没有程度差别的词连用时,作“完全”讲。如: ① I feel quite well. 我觉得身体不很不错。 ② I am quite tired. 我相当 累了。 ③ We are not quite ready. 我们还没有完全准备好。 Ⅱ. Very 也是程度副词。“很;非常”可用来修饰形容词或副词。 如: ① This factory is very large. ② He runs very fast. [注意]:very 不能直接修饰动词。如: ① I quite like her. = I like her very much Ⅲ. Quite 与 very 有时可以通用。但在份量上very 比quite 重。试比较: ① His English is quite good.(= not bad)他的英语很不错。 ② His English is very good. (= excellent)他的英语好极了。 Ⅳ. Quite & very 与不定冠词连用时位置不同。即依照:“a(n)+very+形容词+中心名词”和“quite + a(n) + 形容词 +中心词”的顺序排列。 如: ① Jimes was quite a small baby. Jimes是个小孩子。 ② Jimes was a very small baby. Jimes 是个很小的孩子。 Ⅴ. Too “太、过分”含有超过容许的程度。带有否定的意味。 ① It is too cold today. 今天太冷了。(含有不喜欢或不……) ② It was very cold yesterday. 昨天很冷。 [注意]:very 不能与too连用。不可以说:It’s very too cold.应将very 改为much或far.如: ① The cap is too big for me. §294 quite/ rather/ very 都是程度副词,意为:“非常、相当、很”,无比较级和最高级。其区别在于: Ⅰ. quite 可直接修饰动词。如: ① Some people don’t like the winter, but I quite like it. Ⅱ. rather 不可直接修饰动词。语气稍强。可与would 连用构成 would rather…than…这个平行连词结构。如: ① She is rather tall. 她相当高。 ② Iwould rather stay at home(than go for a walk) 我宁愿呆在家里。(也不愿到散步) ③ I would rather you stayed at home. ④ I would rather listen to music than to swimming. 我宁愿听音乐,也不愿去游泳。 Ⅲ. very 也不能直接修饰动词。修饰形容词或副词时,语气最强。如: ① I like English very much = I quite like English. ② His English is very good. (程度强=excellent) →His English is quite (rather) good. (程度轻=not bad) [注]:quite (rather) 和very 与“不定冠词+形容词+名词”连用时位置不同。其排列顺序是: ▲ “quite + a (an) +adj + noun” → “a + quite (rather) +adj +noun” 如: ① This is quite an interesting film. ② It’s a quite (rather) fine day today. (只有名词前有形容词修饰时,冠词a / an 才可置前。 ▲ “a + very + adj + noun” 如: ① I watched a very interesting TV play. §295 real/ true Ⅰ.real 指客观上存在,并非想象和虚构的,它是与“无”相对而言的。如: ① This is a story of real life. 这是一个从真实生活中取材的故事。 ② This is a real diamond.这是一颗真正的钻石。 Ⅱ. true 指符合某一标准或实际情况的,强调真实性。如: ① True love should last for ever. 真爱永不渝。 ② Is it true that you’re going abroad for your holidays? 你要到国外去度假是真的吗? [注]:come true “(梦想)实现”不用real. genuine [`dЗenju:in]指没有掺假的,货真价实的,强调纯真度。如: Is the bracelet[`breislit] genuine gold? 这手镯是真金的吗? §296 river/ stream/ brook Ⅰ. river 指流向湖、海等有一定航运能力的“江、河”。是通用词。常见于河流名称中。如: ① the Changjiang River Ⅱ. stream “川、溪、小河”指比江、河小的溪、小河等。 Ⅲ. broom “小溪、小河”指流量极小的stream. §297 road/ street/ way Ⅰ. road 指人和交通工具通行的“路”,也借喻:“导致……的途径”如: ① Where does the road lead to? 这条路通什么地方? ② It is the road to success. 这是成功之路。 Ⅱ. street “街道”指由建筑物夹成的路。无road用法广泛。 ① Don’t play in the street. Ⅲ. way 不是指实实在在的路,而是指达到特定的地点所须经过的地方。与方向有关。如: ① It is a long way from here to the station. 从这儿到车站有一大段路程。 ② Which is the shortest way there?到那儿去哪条路最近? §298 say/ speak/ talk/ tell Ⅰ. say “说、讲”普通用语,指用言语表达思想,强调所说的内容。如: ① What did he say? 他说了些什么? ② He said that it was true. 他说那是真实的。 Ⅱ. speak “说、讲”可表示以任何一种方式说话。它着重于说话这一动作本身。而不强调所说的内容。为不及物动词。作及物动词时与表语言的词连用。如: ① Please speak more slowly. 请说得慢一些。 ② The baby is learning to speak. 这小孩在学说话。 ③ She can speak English fluently. 她英语说得很流利。 Ⅲ. talk “谈话、讲话”,通常表连贯地与别人谈话。强调谈话这一动作,而不是内容。如: ① He was talking to a friend. 他在和一个朋友谈话。 ② He went on talking for a long time, but he spoke so fast that few of us could catch what he said. 他滔滔不绝地讲了半天,但是他说得太快,我们几乎没有什么人能听懂他说的些什么。 ③ She is always talking nonsense. 她总爱讲废话。 Ⅳ. tell “告诉、讲述”指将某事讲给别人听。它有时还有“吩咐、命令”等含义。如: ① He told the news to everybody in the village. 他把这消息告诉了村子里的每个人。 ② She told me not to write the letter. 她叫我不要写信了。 §299 seat/ sit Ⅰ.seat 多用作名词。表“座位”,当它用作动词时表“坐、就座”,是及物动词,与反身代词连用。如: ① He seated himself at a desk. 他在桌旁坐下。 ② Please be seated , gentlemen.请就座,各位先生。 ③ Please go back to your seat. 请回到你的座位上去。 Ⅱ. sit 为不及物动词。如: ①Sit down , please. §300 see sb doing sth/ do sth Ⅰ.see sb doing sth. “看见某人正在做某事”,用动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语,表动作正在进行。 Ⅱ.see sb do sth. “见到某人做了某事”,表动作发生了,即动作的全部过程已经结束了。类似的动词还有:hear, feel, watch,等感官动词,及have, let, make等使役动词。如: ① She saw a boy go into your classroom. 她看见一个男孩进了人的教室。 ② I saw him walking in the street.我看见他正在街上散步。 ③ The teacher heard Jim reading English when she came in. 老师进来时,听见Jim在读英语。 §301 so…that / such…that Ⅰ. so that 可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句,引导目的状语从句时,句中常有情态动词can, could 等。如: ① They climbed higher so that they might see farther. 他们爬得更高,以便看得更远。 ② I got up early this mornign so that I caught the first bus. 今天早晨我起得很早,结果赶上了头班车。 Ⅱ. so …that “如此……以致……”,so 是副词,在其后可跟形容词或副词,再跟that引导结果状语从句。如: ① He spoke so fast that no one could understand him. 他说得太快,没人能听得懂。 ② The T-shirt cost so little that she bought several. 那件T恤衫很便宜,她买了好几件。 Ⅲ. such … that 与so … that 同意。但such 后跟名词或名词短语。如: ① She is such a girl that everyone likes her. 她是个人人喜欢的女孩。 ② He made such raped progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. 他进步如此之快,以至于不久就开始用英语给一家美国报纸撰稿了。 [注]:如果名词前为many 修饰时,用so 而不用such. 见下节例子。 §302 so/ such Ⅰ. 两者都可以表“这样、如此”之意。So 是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词。如: ① I am so glad to hear from my friend.收到朋友的信我真高兴。 ② He writes so well. 他写得这么好。 Ⅱ. Such 是形容词, 用来修饰单数可数名词,其后需加不定冠词 a 或an. 如: ① He told us such a funny story. 他给我讲了一个很有趣的故事。 ② You are interested in such things. 你对这样的事感兴趣。 [注意]:当单数可数名词前面有形容词修饰时,也可以有 so, 但要调整冠词的位置。 ① He told us so funny a story. 他给我讲了一个如此有趣的故事。 如果被修饰的名词前有表 “多”或“少”这两个意义的 many, much, small 和 little 时,用 so 而不用 such. 如: ① Don’t bame him. He is just such a little boy. 别责备他,他只是这么小的一个孩子。 ② We have a long way to go yet, but there’s so little water left. 我们还有很长的路要走,但所剩的水已很少了。 §304 socks/ stockings Ⅰ. socks 指不到膝盖的“短袜”如: ① He bought a pair of nylon socks. 他买了一双尼龙袜。 ② My socks have been darned [da:nd] again and again. 我袜子已经一补再补。 Ⅱ. stockings 指到膝盖或过膝盖的“长袜”。 如: ① She bought a pair of silk stockings. 她买了一双长丝袜。 §305 some time/ sometime/ sometimes/some times Ⅰ,sometime,是副词, 意为“在某个时候”,可与将来时连用,也可以与过去时连用。如: ① He was here sometime last year. 去年某一时候他在此地。 ② We shall visit the Science Museum sometime next week. 我们将在下周的某一时候去参观科学馆。 Ⅱ.some time 是名词词组,意为“一段时间”。也可副词词组,用来指一个未肯定的时间,常指将来,可与sometime通用。 ① I stayed here for some time. 我在这儿呆了一段时间。 ② Let’s have dinner some time(=sometime) next week. 下星期我们找个时间一块吃顿饭。 Ⅲ.sometimes. “有时、不时”,是频度副词,常与一般现在时或过去时连用。如: ② Sometimes they make modes ships.有时他们制作轮船模型。 Ⅳ.some times “几次、几倍” 表次数或倍数。如: ① We have been there some times. 我们去那儿几次了。 §306 sound/ voice/ noise Ⅰ. sound “声音”,为最常用词,指可以听到的任何声音,强的,弱的,令人愉快的或不愉快的,有意义的或无意义的。如: ① I was reading last night, when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room. 昨晚我正看书时,突然听到隔壁房间有声音。 ② Not a sound was heard. 听不到一点声音。 Ⅱ. noise 常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音,“嘈杂声、喧闹声”。 ① I am always disturbed by the noise of the traffic. 我老受到车辆噪声的打扰。 ② The boys made too much noise. 孩子们太吵闹了。 Ⅲ. voice 指“说话声”“唱歌声”“嗓音”如: ① That sounds like Mary’s voice. 那声音听起来好象玛丽的声音。 ② She has lost her voice.她嗓子哑了。 §307 space/ universe Ⅰ. space “宇宙”指“空间,时间”如: ① The earth moves through space.地球在太空中运行。 ② The moon is our nearest neighbour in space and men have visited it already. 在宇宙里,月球是我们最近的邻居,人们已经访问过它了。 ③ There isn’t enough space in the classroom for thirty desks. 教室里没有足够的空间放三十张桌子。 Ⅱ. universe “宇宙”是世界上独一无二的。前要用定冠词the. 除指时、空外,还指在时、空内万事万物。 ① Our world is only a small part of the universe.我们的世界只是宇宙的一小部分。 §308 steal/ rob Ⅰ. steal “偷”, 指暗中盗取,句型为“steal +被盗物+from+被盗人或地点”。如: ① Their car was stolen。他们的汽车被偷了。 ② He stole some money from her. 他偷了她的钱。 Ⅱ. rob “抢劫”,指公然用暴力抢劫他人物品,句型为:“rob+被盗人或地点+of+被盗物”。如: ③ Their car was robbed. 他们的汽车被抢了。 ④ He robbed her of her money. 他抢了她的钱。 [注]:和steal相关的名词是 “thief”(贼,小偷);和rob相关的名词是robber “强盗,盗贼” §309 stop doing sth/ stop to do sth/ stop from doing sth Ⅰ.stop doing sth.“停止做某事”表停止正在做的事情。如: ① They stoped talking to me. 他们中断了与我交谈。 ② Stop running about. 不要乱跑。 Ⅱ.stop to do sth. “停下来去做某事”即停止正在做的事,而去做另一件事。不定式为stop的目的状语。如: ③ They stopped to talk to me. 他们停下来和我交谈。 ④ Let’s stop to have a rest 让我们停下来休息一会儿。 Ⅲ.stop (sb/sth).from doing sth. “阻止某人/物不要做某事”from可省略。=prevent sb. from doing sth; keep sb. from doing sth. 但keep~ 中的from不能省略。如: ⑤ We must stop him (from) doing such a foolish thing. 我们必须阻止他做这样的蠢事。 ⑥ The Green Great Wall stopped the wind blowing the sand to the field of the south. ⑦ You’d better keep the fire §310 stop/ station Ⅰ.stop 表“站”,一般指路途的公共汽车停靠点。 Ⅱ.station 着重指车、船等的始发和终点站,范围较前者在。如:The bus stop is in front of the station.
§311 subject/ theme/ topic Ⅰ. subject “题目、科目” 是应用最广泛的用语,可指讨论、研究、写作或艺术创作等的题目。如: ① Let’s change the subject. 让我们改换话题吧。 ② I have studied the subject. 我研究过这个题目。 Ⅱ. theme “题目、主题”,尤指文学或艺术作品的主题。如: ① The students are discussing the theme of a novel. 学生们在讨论小说的主题。 ② Waterfalls are from very early times a favourite theme for the painter. 瀑布很早就是画家喜爱的主题。 Ⅲ. topic “题目”指选定作为个人写篇文章或一些人进行讨论的题目。如: ① The students were asked to write an essay [e`sei ]on one of the assigned [?`saind] (指派)topies. 要求学生根据指定题目当中的一题写文章。 ② Baseball is their favourite topic of conversation. 棒球运动是他们最喜好谈论的话题。 [注]: title 指书籍、诗歌、图画等的名称以及标题。 §312 surprise/ surprising/ surprised Ⅰ.surprise作名词,意为“惊奇,诧异”。如: ① To my surprise,they lost! 使我惊奇的是他们输了! ② He said to me in surprise, “Can’t you skate?” 他惊奇地对我说:“你不会滑冰”? Ⅱ.surprise作及物动词,意为“使人惊奇,使感到意外”。如:①You surprise me. 你真使我惊奇。 Ⅲ.surprising是现在分词作形容词用,意为“使惊奇的,出人意料的”,常指物。如: The surprising success makes us very happy. 这出人意料的成功使我们非常高兴。 Ⅳ.surpised是过去分词作形容词用,指人“对。。。。。。感到惊奇”。如: We’re surprised at your words. 对你的话我们感到诧异。 [联想] 现在分词作形容词表“进行”,“主动”的含意;而过去分词常表“完成”,“被动”的含意。类似的词还有exciting/excited;interesting/intereisted,relaxed/relaxing,如: ① I was surprised at the news. 我对这消息感到吃惊。 The news is surprising. 这消息令人感到惊奇。 We are all interested in her idea. 我们对她的想法感兴
She has an interesting idea. 她有一个有趣的想法。 §313 talk with/ talk of/ talk on/ talk about Ⅰ. talk with 后接的对象作宾语,介词with可用to代替。如: ① He was talking with / to a friend. 他在与一位朋友谈话。 Ⅱ. talk about “谈论”,后接谈话的内容,宾语可以是人,也可以是物。如: ① What are you talking about ?你们在谈论什么? ② Let’s not talk about it now. 咱们别谈这事了。 Ⅲ. talk of “谈到、谈及”,与talk about 同义,只是talk of 仅指“浅谈表面现象(如作者、书名等)”如: ① We often talk of you. 我们常谈到你。 Ⅳ. talk on “论述”不仅指内容,而且还指评论。如: ① They seldom talk on politics in those days. 那时候他们很少谈论政治。 §314 telephone/ ring/ ring up Ⅰ. telephone “打电话”是及物动词,后接名词、代词或从句。也可作不及物动词,其后用介词to再接宾语。它可缩略为phone.多用于口语中。如: ① Did you telephone Li Lei? ② Telephone (Phone) me tomorrow. ③ He telephoned that he couldn’t attend the meeting. Ⅱ. ring “打电话”可用作及物动词和不及物动词。如: ① He wanted you to ring him. 他要你打电话给他。 此外:ring for 按铃叫(某人);ring back 回电话;ring off挂断电话。 Ⅲ. ring up “给……打电话”(= call up)如: ①I will ring him up. 我会打电话给他。 §315 tell of/ tell about 一般情况下tell of 可与tell about 换用。Tell之后常接表示人的名词或代词,介词of与about后接谈到的事情或内容。但在表示提起某事时倾向于tell of ;在表示详细地讲述有关情况时,倾向于tell about。如: ① Have you told your mother of your idea? 你把比的想法告诉你母亲了吗? ② I told her about that the other day. 前些天我和她谈了这件事。 §316 thanks for/ thanks to Ⅰ. thanks for = thank you for “为……谢”强调谢的原因。如: ① Thanks for lending me your umbrella.谢谢你借给我雨伞。 ② Thank you for your dictionary. 谢谢你的字典。 Ⅱ. thanks to “多亏了……”;“由于……的帮助”相当于because of …或 with the help of … , 在此短语中,to是一个介词,后接名词或代词。如: ① Thanks to the doctor, I am well again. 多亏这位医生,我身体又康复了。 ② Thanks to our teachers, we all passed the exam. 多亏了老师的帮助,我们都及格了。 ③ Thanks to your help, I finish the work on time. 多亏了你的帮助,我才能按时完成工作。
§317 that/ who/ which Ⅰ. 引导定语从句的关系代词有:who, whom, whose(一般指人),which(一般指物),that ( 指人或物)等。关系副词有:where(地点)when(时间), why(原因)等。 Ⅱ. that 在从句中指物,也可指人,可作主语和宾语。如: ① Water that is polluted often causes serous illness. 受污染的水常会引起重病。(that 在句中指物,用作主语) ② Do you have everything that you need? (that在从句中指物,用作宾语) 你所需要的东西都有了吗? ③ He is the man that they talked about just now. (that 在从句中指人,用作宾语) 他时刚才他们谈论的那个人。 ④ Do you know the man that / who spoke just now? 你认识刚才讲话的人吗? Ⅲ. who 和whom 在句中指人,分别作主语和宾语。如: ① A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health. ( who 在从句中用作主语) 医生是保护人们健康的人。 ② I have just met a lady whom I saw last week. (whom在从句中用作宾语) 我刚遇上一位我上星期见过的人。 Ⅳ.which 在从句中指物,可作主语和宾语。如: ① My aunt was not on the train which arrived just now. (which 在从句中作主语) 我阿姨不在刚才到达的那列火车上。 ② This is the coat which you wanted.(which 用作宾语)这就是你要的那件外套。 Ⅴ. whose 在从句中多指人,也可指物,用作定语。如: ① You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. (whose 作advice的的定语) 只有你的话他可能听。 ② I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。 [注意]:在下述情况下,定语从句中关连词只能用 that. : Ⅰ. 先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时,如: ① Only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant.只有科学家知道这追求意味着什么。 ② I am sure she has something that you can borrow. 我相信她有你能借到的东西。 ③ Everything that we saw was of great interest to us. 我们对见到的一切都感兴趣。 ④ There is little that I can use. 我能用的东西几乎没有。 ⑤ He saw much that was bad. 他见了很多坏东西。 [注]:① 先行词是 something 时,关系代词用 that 或 which 都可以。 ② 先行词是:someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, anybody, nobody,everybody 时,关系代词用 that 或 who 都可以。 Ⅱ. 先行词被 all, every, very no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时,如: ① I have read all the books that you gave me. 我把你给我的书全都看了。 ② He is the very man that came here yesterday. 他就是昨天来的人。 Ⅲ. 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级 修饰时。如: ① This is the first composition thathe has written in English. 这是第一篇他用英语写的作文。 ② The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bateria. 在显微镜下我们能看见的最小的东西是细菌。 ③ This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的小说。 Ⅳ. 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时。 ① That white flower is the only one that I really like.白花是我唯一真正喜欢的花。 ② This is the very book that I want to find. 这正是我想要的书。 ③ The last place that we visited was the chemical works. 我们最后参观的是化工厂。 Ⅴ. 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时,定语从句只能用that 与主句连接,而不能用who / whom / which引导。如: ① He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited . 他谈了关于他访问过的老师和学校的情况。 Ⅵ. 当主句是以 who 或which 开头的特殊疑问句时,关连词只能用that . 而不能用 who / whom / which. 如: ① Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那人是谁。 ② Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我们当中哪一个懂物理的人不知道这个? [注]:在使用一些固定搭配的短语动词时,that 与其它关系词有时可以互用,其介词不能提前,而必须放在动词之后,这时指物用that, which 均可,指人时用who, whom, that 均可. ① This is the key which / that you are looking for. ② He is a man (whom / that ) you can safely depend on. 他是你能依赖的人。 ③ The person whom / that / who he looks after is his mother.
§318 think of / think about/think over Ⅰ. think of “想起、记起;有……想法、看法;对……有意见;考虑” 如: ① Will you think of me after I’ve left? 我离开后,你还会记着我吗? ② I know the person you mean,but I can’t think of his name. 我知道你讲的人是谁,但记不起他的名字。 ① We are thinking of going to Spain for our holiday this year.我们今年有 到西班牙去休假的想法(打算)。 ② What do you think of my new dress? 你认为我的新衣服怎么样?(可与think about 互换) ③ She thinks of no one but herself.她除自己外不考虑任何人。 Ⅱ. 当它作“想到过去的某事”或“考虑到某事”解时,常与think about 通用。即:“……考虑”;“对……看法” ① We have many things to think of / about before going there. 在动身去那之前,我们还有许多事情要考虑。 ② 见Ⅰ④ Ⅲ.think about 可以表“想、回想”着重于想的过程。如: ① I am thinking about the friends I have lost.我正在回想那些失去了的朋友。 [注]:think of 可以表“想象一下,想想”而think about 则不能。—→Think of your mother!想想你的母亲吧! —→Think of the danger! 想象一下危险吧! Ⅳ.think over “仔细考虑”其中over 是副词。如: ①I will think the thing over. 我要把这事仔细考虑一下。 §319 think much(well) of/ think highly of/ think little(poorly) of/ sing high praise of/ speak highly of Ⅰ. speak highly of “高度评价,赞扬”,相当于 think highly of 如: ① Our headmaster spoke highly of my classmates at the meeting. 我们校长在会上高度赞扬了我班的同学。 ② The people speak highly of the TV play. 人们对这部电视剧评价很高。 [注] speak 构成的短语: speak English 讲英语(某种语言);speak to sb. 和某人交谈; speak well / ill of 说……的好/坏话;speak like a book 大胆地说 speak for oneself 为自己辩护。 Ⅱ. think much well of “对……印象很好”如: ① We all think well of your suggestion. 我们都认为你的建议很好。 Ⅲ. think little / poorly / badly of “对……印象不好”如: ① You thought very badly of him at first, didn’t you? 起初你对他印象很坏,是吧? Ⅳ. think much of “比……更看重(考虑得多)”如: ① He thought more of health than of money. 和金钱相比他更看重健康。 Ⅴ. sing high praise for “高度赞扬某人/某物” §320 till/ until till 和until 都可作介词或连词,其用法有两种: Ⅰ. 在肯定句中,意为“到……为止”谓语动词一般要求是延续的。如: ① I shall stay here till / until next day.我将留在这儿一直到下星期天。 Ⅱ. 在否定句中,意为“直到……才……”,表这个动词的动作直到till / until所表示的时间才发生。如: ① They are not going back to work until / till they get more money. 他们要等到增加了工资才复工。
§321 to do sth/ doing sth 动词不定式(to do sth)与动词的ing 形式,都是非谓语动词。一般地, 不定式表示:具体的,某一次特定的或将来的行为。而动词的-ing 形式则表示:抽象的,一般地,具有普遍性的,或正在进行的行为。在句中都能作:主语,宾语,定语,状语,宾补等。如: ① I like swimming, but I dn’t like to go today. 我喜欢游泳,但今天我不想去。 [注]:下列动词接to do sth.和doing sth 的不同意义: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. §322 towards/ to / for Ⅰ. for “向……”,接在leave, start, depart 等动词之后,表方向。如: ① She is leaving for Beijing. 她将动身到北京去。 Ⅱ. towards 仅表“方向”,比for 的意味要强。如: ① He is coming towards the house. 他向这房子走来。 Ⅲ. to “向,朝……”表目的地。接在动词come, go, return, proceed, move, march 等后。如: ① Let’s go to Yangzhou by steamer. 让咱们乘船去杨州吧! ② Soon after his return(he returned) to England, his father died. 当他回英国不久后,他的父亲便去世了。 §323 treat/ heal 二者都是动词,treat意为“治疗”,强调用药物或医疗手段医治的过程,并不表示治疗了效果。heal意为“治愈”,指医好伤病。如: ① The dentist is treating his teeth.牙医在为他治牙。 ② The doctor healed my burns. 医生治好了我的烧伤。 §324 used to do sth/ be used to doing sth/ be used to do sth/ would Ⅰ. Used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”(现在不做了),只用于过去时态。如: ① He used to get up early.过去他常早起。(现在已不这样了) ② Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays, but now she does it on Sunday. 她母亲过去常在周五去购物,但现在她周日去了。 Ⅱ. Be used to (doing)sth. “习惯于做某事”,be used 是被动语态结构。可用于现在、过去、将来多种时态。Be可用get, become等代替。如: ① He will be / has been used to getting up early. 他将会/ 已经习惯于早起。 Ⅲ. Be used to do sth. “被用于做某事”, be used 是被动语态结构,其中不定式表目的,可用于多种时态。如: ① Wood is used to make paper.木材用来造纸。 [注]:used to 的否定式有两种:一是:used not to 二是:didn’t use to 如: ① My father used not to smoke. = My father didn’t use to smoke.我爸爸过去不抽烟。 ② They used not to live in the country. = They didn’t use to live in the country. 其疑问式是将used 提前,或添加助动词 did. Ⅳ.would 是情态动词,没有象used to那样,有过去和现在的对比。不能说明是否现在还做不做。 §325 very / right / just Ⅰ. right “正好”“就” “立刻”等。如: ① Mike lives right opposite the street.麦克就住在街对面。 ② There’s a big stone right in the middle of the road. 路正中有块在石头。 ③ Lily met an accident right here. 莉莉就是在这儿出事的。 ④ She’ll be right back. 她马上就回来。 Ⅱ. Just 作为副词,常用在祈使句前以加强语气。如: ① Just think of the result. 试想一下后果吧。 ② Just touch it . 你摸摸吧。 ③ Just wait a moment, please.请稍等。 Ⅲ. very 作为形容词,常与the, this或my, your等连用,以加强语气,表“正是那个”“恰好的”等。如: ① You are the very person I’m looking for. (= You are the right person …) 你正是我要找的人。 ② The two men fought on this very spot. (= right in this place) 那两个男子就是在这个地方打起来的。 §326 why not/ why don’t 此两者都是表建议的句型,一般可以代换。类似的还有: ▲ Let’s… ▲ Shall I / we … ? ▲ How / What about … ? Ⅰ. why not “好的、可以呀、为什么不可以呢?”如: ①--Mum, may I go out to play basketball now? –Why not? ③ Why not ask your teacher? 怎么不去问一问你的老师呢? 此外还可表一种不可理解的心情: ① --I won’t see the film again. – Why not? Ⅱ. why don’t 是一种友好的建议(a friendly suggestion).无论在什么场合,使用起来十分亲切。后面接主语。如: ① Why don’t you go swimming? 为什么不去游泳呢? ② Why don’t I give Lily some colourful pencils? 我给莉莉一些彩笔,好吗? §327 work / job Ⅰ.job “工作”,既可指固定的工作,也可指临时的或某项具体的工作,是可数名词,前面可用不定冠词a, 也可以有复数形式。如: ① John lost his job. John失业了。 ② There were just not enough jobs.没有 那么多的工作(可干)。 ③ Tom’s father is looking for a job. Ⅱ,work 是个普通用词,泛指一切工作,是不可数名词。如: ① I have a lot of work to this evening. 教师的工作就是教学。 ② A teacher’s work is teaching.老师的工作就是教学。 [联想]:搭配 apply/hung for a job.求职 get/ find a job.找到一份工作 lose one’s job。失业 perform odd job.打零工 quit a job. 辞职 have/work a side job 兼职 take a part-time/full-time job in a department store. 在百货公司担任兼职或专职工作。 §328 work at/ work on/ work out Ⅰ. work at 与work on 都可以作“从事于”,后接名词、代词、或动词-ing 形式作宾语。 Work at 侧重于表示所从事的工作和性质,而不在于说明正在做什么。此时可将work at 译为“学习,研究,写作,致力于”等。如: ① They have worked at this subject for many years. 他们研究这个课题已经有好多年了。 ② He is working at a new invention. 他正致力于一项新的发明。 Ⅱ. work on 侧重于表示“从事某项工作”。可将它译为“造;创作;画;做……”。宾语为其具体的对象。常用于进行时态和完成时态。还可表示:“继续工作;对……起作用”如: ① We’re workin on some wood-cuts. 他们正在创作一些木刻作品。 ② He has been working on this painting for days. 这张画他已画了好些天了。 ③ They will work on till sunset. 他们将继续工作,直到日落。 ④ This medicine will work on the affected part. 这药能对患部起作用。 §329 worth/ worthy Ⅰ.worth可用作名词或形容词,作名词时,意为“价值”,无复数形式;也可解作“值一定金额的数量”如: ① Nobody knew the true worth of his work. 没有人知道他的工作的真实价值。 ② Give me one yuan’s worth of apples. 给我一元钱的苹果。 ▲ worth 作形容词时,只能用作表语,不能作定语,其后常跟钱数或相当于钱的词,表示:“值多少钱”;跟动词的-ing 形式,表示“值得(做)……”。如: ③ The dictionary is worth 5 yuan. 这本字典值5元钱。 ④ The play is worth seeing. 这场戏值得一看。 Ⅱ.worthy 是形容词,意为“值得”,主要用作表语,后跟of , 再接名词或动词-ing 的被动形式。Worthy 后也可跟不定式。如表被动意思须接不定式的被动语态。如: ① She is worthy of help. 她值得帮助。 ② The watch is worthy of being bought. 这块表值得买 ③ The question is worthy to be discussed. 这个问题值得讨论。 |
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