一、定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
例如： 1) The man who lives next to us is a fool.
2) You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.
上面两句中的the man和the house是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
二、关系词（连接词）
1． 关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词：that, which, who (宾格whom, 所有格whose) 和关系副词where, when, why。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时还做定语从句的一个成分。
|
关系代词 |
例句 | |
|
that |
指物 |
1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 2. The noodle that I cooked was delicious. |
|
指人 |
1. Who is the man that is reading the book over there? 2. The girl that we met yesterday is Jim’s sister. | |
|
which |
指物 |
1. The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well. 2. The songs which Liu Dehua sings are very popular. |
|
who/ whom |
指人 |
1. The foreigner who visited our class is from Canada. 2. The person whom you just visited is Mr. Li. |
|
whose |
指人或物的所有格 |
1. I like the girl whose hair is long. 2. There stands my house whose windows face south. |
(从表中可以看出：用that更有通用性)
2．关于that, which的用法注意点
1）只能用that，不用which作为定语从句关系代词的情况
a）不定代词，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词
There is nothing that I can do.
I mean the one that was bought yesterday.
b）先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last修饰
This is the very book that I want to find.
The last place that I visited was the hospital.
c）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时
This is the first composition that he has written in English.
d）先行词既有人，又有物时
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
2）不用that, 只用which的情况
a）引导非限定性定语从句时which
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b）介词后用which
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
3．关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）先行词是表示地点名词时（country, school, room…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是which前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
Beijing is the place in which (=where) I was born.
He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.
2）先行词是表示时间名词时（year, month, day, night…），而关系词代替先行词在定语
从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是when前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
His father died that year in which (=when) he was born.
I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city.
3) 先行词是the reason，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当原因状语，一般用why引导定语从句。也可以用for + which的结构。
Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer?
但是这里要指出的是，如果介词和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三种意思，则我们只能保留介词+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter.
4．判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要
求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
判断改错：
（ ） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（ ） This is the mountain village which I visited last year.
（ ） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（ ） I'll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/
关系副词。
1）This is the museum ___ you visited a few days age
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
2）This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom,
that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （where 地点状语，when 时间状语，
why 原因状语）。
5．限定性从句和非限定性从句
1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思
往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
Her sister who is a nurse stands there.（限制性）
Her sister, who is a nurse, stands there. (非限制性)
All the Greeks who are philosophers are very clever. （限制性）
All the Greeks, who are philosophers, are very clever. (非限制性)
2） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：The traffic of Beijing is quite bad, which is known to everyone.
6．定语从句的省略
(1) 关系代词充当从句宾语
我们前面说到连接词在定语从句中充当一个成分，有可能是主语、有可能是宾语，我相信大家肯定还记得，这里我们要告诉大家，当这些连接词充当的是宾语时，可以省略。例如：
1. The book (that/which) we bought last year is now very popular.
2. We can see the boys (who/whom/that) the teacher is talking with are quite happy.
上述第一句的book是先行词，作后面的定语从句中bought的宾语，故引导词that/which可以省略，第二句的先行词students作with的宾语，故引导词who/that/whom也都可以省略，
(2) 关系代词充当从句主语
当关系代词充当从句主语时，也可以省略，但是省略后的从句要发生形式的变化，原从句若为主动语态，后面的动词结构要变成分词ing形式，原从句若为被动语态，后面的动词结构直接为过去动词结构。这种结构在英语语法中称为分词作定语。
The novel which was given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
The novel given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
The novel which mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.
The novel mainly discussing the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.
SP: (1) why的先行词reason或可用that 指代的名词也是定语从句的原因状语时，例如：
1. That is the reason (for which/why) you dislike it.
2. I wonder the reason (why/for which) he changed his mind.
(2) 表示方式的先行词way，其后的关系代词可用that，也可省略，例如：
1. Everyone does not like the way (that) he talks.
2. Do you know the way (that) the teacher treated his students.
四六级考试语法之二——名词性从句
名词性从句
一、宾语从句 (Object Clause)
宾语从句为肯定句（由that 引导），在口语中that常省略。
（1）当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：
She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. （从句是一般现在时）
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. （从句是一般将来时）
She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei. （从句是现在完成时）
（2）当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. （从句是一般过去时）
He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. （从句是过去将来时）
He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. （从句是过去进行时）
注意：当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理（事实）时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。
The teacher told us (that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
宾语部分为一般疑问句（由whether引导）
“Can you help me?” He asked.
He asked whether (if) I could help him.
She asked, “Will Lao Li come to my birthday party?”
She asked whether (if) Lao Li would come to her birthday party.
注意：在将一般疑问句转变成宾语从句时，一定要注意陈述句语序。
改写句子
1．Does Mr．Brown enjoy living in China？Could you tell us？
→Could you tell us _________ Mr．Brown _________ living in China？
2．“Does the girl need any help？”he asked me．
→He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help．
3．Did Peter come here yesterday？Li Lei wants to know．
→Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday．
宾语部分为特殊疑问句
Goals determine what you are going to be.
Be absolutely determined to enjoy what you are doing.
He wants to know what our plan is for the National Day.
Mr. Li asks how he can go to the Beijing Railway Station.
The student can read whichever book he likes to read.
I want to know when the train leaves.
二、同位语从句(Appositive Clause)
在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）中的主要从句之一。
（一）同位语从句在句中的位置
1. 一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词（如answer, appeal, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, proposal, question, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, thought, news, idea, fact, promise, hope, message, understanding, truth等）的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。例如：
<1> The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.
<2> I‘ve come from Mr. Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
2. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。例如：
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.
The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again.
（二）同位语从句前名词的数
同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往带有限定词（word除外）加以修饰。例如：
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening.
Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on October 15, 2003.
（三）同位语从句连接词的选用
1. 在英语中，引导同位语从句的词通常有连词（that, who, whether），连接副词（how, when, where）等。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
2. 表示“是否”的意思时只能用whether，不能用if。这一点与主语从句相似。例如：
The question whether he can finish the work within two days remains unknown.
3. 在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接；在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如：
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.
（四）同位语从句与定语从句的用法区别
（1）词类不同
同位语从句的名词只能是前面提到的几个有限的、有一定内涵的名词；而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。
（2）性质不同
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对其前名词的解释，该名词与同位语从句的关系可以用“主系表”来表达。例如：
We have all heard the news that our team has won.
名词与其后的同位语从句可以表达为：
The news is that our team has won.
（3）引导词不完全相同。
A. 有些引导词如：how, whether可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。what不可以引导定语从句，但却可以引导同位语从句。例如：
I have no idea what has happened to him.
B. 引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语，（指物时还可用which代替），如果在从句中作宾语常可以省略。that在同位语从句中虽不充当任何句子成份，但不能省略，也不能用which来代替。例如：
<1>The order that we should throw away our luggage was received yesterday.
<2>The order（that）we received yesterday was that we should throw away our luggage.
通过比较可知：第<1>句中的划线部分是对名词order的具体解释，that只起到连接作用，但不能省；第<2>句中的划线部分是名词order的修饰语，that代指the order，在从句中充当宾语，因而在句中可以省略。
四六级语法之三——状语从句
状语从句(Adverbial Clause)
一．时间状语从句
1. when, as, while 和whenever
when
表示某个具体的时间，可指一段时间和一点时间，可表示短暂动作，又可表示持续动作。As所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生，具有延续的含义，一般与延续性动词连用。While只表示持续性的动作或状态，强调主句的动作在从句动作发生的过程中。Whenever指的是“任何时间”。例如：
When
you arrive in London, please give us a call.
When I was watching TV, my
mother suddenly came in.
3) He entered the room when (while, as) the meeting
was going on.
4) While she was reading a novel, her mother was cooking the
dinner.
It rains whenever he has the class.
Whenever that man says “To
tell you the truth”, I suspect that he’s about to tell a lie.
NT:
当as意为“当…时候”时，主要与表示动作或发展过程的动词连用，用于连接两个逐渐发展或演变的动作或状态。通常情况下不与表示感觉的动词，表示感情的动词，表示精神活动的动词和表示拥有的动词连用。
As the day goes on, the weather gets worse.
2．before 和after
before
引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句是过去时，主句一般要用过去完成时。After引导的从句动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句要用过去时，从句则要用过去完成时。例如：
1)
The plane had taken off before he arrived at the airport.
2) After he had
lived in the south for 20 years, he decided to go to seek his fortune in the
north.
3) He was still tired even after he had had eight hours of
sleeping.
但是如果不强调先后，或是因为从句中使用的是某个状态动词，after和
before句子结构中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。例如：They arrived at the cinema after the film
began.
3. till 和until
这两个词的用法十分近似，都表示“直到…“，但在句首只能用until
。在肯定句中，主句要用延续性动词；在否定句中，until 或till可以和非延续性动词连用，这时until和before同义。例如：
Not until
they had finished the work did they go home.
I did not lose my confidence
until I failed seven times.
I did not go to bed until my mother came
back.
We ran and ran, till I thought my heart would burst.
4．as long as, every time, each time, next time
as long as表示“只要”；every time
表示“每次”；each time表示“每逢”；next time 表示“下次”，它们可以直接引导句子。
1）I am happy as long as
my children are.
2) He will continue working as long as he has the
strength.
She will not sit so long as she can lie on the bed.
She smiles
every time she sees me.
I am going to see him next time he comes to
Shanghai.
5. once, as soon as, the instant (that), the moment(that),, the minute(that),
directly 和immediately
这几个连词引导的从句都表示从句动作一发生，主句动作随即发生, 意为“一…就”。例如：
1) She
came to the scene immediately she heard of the bad news.
2) They told me the
news the moment they got the message.
3) Once you understand this rule, you
will have no further difficulty.
4) She wept aloud as soon as she heard the
news.
6. No sooner … than 和hardly (scarcely) …
when
这两个连词词组都是表示主句与从句动作随即发生，意为“一…就“。主句动词用过去完成时。如果No sooner, hardly
或scarcely位于句首，主句要倒装。例如：
1) He had no sooner entered the house then it
began to rain.
2) No sooner had he entered the house, than it began to
rain.
3) He had hardly gone to bed when the telephone rang.
4) Hardly had
he gone to bed when the telephone rang.
二．地点状语从句
地点状语从句表示在主句中某一动作或状态发生的地点或进行的方向,这类从句通常由Where, wherever或
everywhere引导,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后。Where指“在某个地方”，wherever指“在任何一个地方”，everywhere指“每一…地方”,
意思与wherever相近。例如：
1) Bamboo grows well where it has plenty of rain.
2)
Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be here waiting for you..
3)
Everywhere you go, I will follow you.
三．条件状语从句
1. if 和unless
if
表示正面的条件，意为“如果”，unless表示反而的条件，意为“除非，如果不”例如：
1) If you’ve got exams tomorrow,
why aren’t you studying?
2) The sports meeting will begin tomorrow unless it
rains.
NT：在条件状语从句中常用一般时表示将要发生的动作。
2. providing, provided (that), supposing, suppose (that), on condition that
和in case
这些连词（词组）意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如，假使，在…条件下”等意思。例如：
1) You can arrive in
Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night
train.
2) On condition that the liquid is cooled still further, it will turn
to a solid.
3. only if和if only
Only if 引导的从句用陈述语气，意为“只要”; if
only引导从句要用虚拟语气，意为“要是…就好了”。
1) Only if you have persistence, you can achieve
great success.
2) If only I had wings, I would be able to travel around the
world easily.
4. where有时也可以表示条件(常用于谚语和习语)
1) Where there is a will, there is a
way.（有志者事竟成）。
2) There is never peace where men are
greedy.（人类贪欲不止，世界和平无望）。
3) Birth is nothing where virtue is
not.（如果没有品德，出身再好也等于零）。
四．原因状语从句
1．because, since, as 和for
because
表示原因语气最强，常用于回答以疑问词“why”引导的疑问句。 because
从句一般位于主句后面。for引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只是提供一些有助于说明情况的补充说明，且不可位于主句前。since
表示一种附带的原因，或者表示已知的显然理由，意为“既然”，引导的从句常放在句首。As所表示的理由最弱，只是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句,
as通常放在主句前。例如：
1) The teacher is strict with us because he wants us to make
rapid progress.
2) Since you are free today, you had better help me with my
mathematics.
3) As the day was fine, they decided to go on a trip.
4) It
rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
2．seeing (that), considering (that), now (that) , in that, given
(that)
这几个连词同since意思相近，都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思。例如：
1) Now that you are a big boy,
you must behave better.
2) Men differ form brutes in that they can think and
speak.
3) Given it is going to rain tomorrow, the sports meet will be put
off to next month.
3. not…because
本结构中not否定的是because引导的整个从句。例如：
I am going on a trip
tomorrow, because I have to, not because I want to.
He stole, not because he
wanted the money but he liked.
五．让步状语从句
1．though, although, even if 和even though
(1)
这四个词（词组）都有“虽然，即使，尽管”的意思，even if 和even though 带有强调的意味，语气较强，though 和although
语气较弱，though 比although 通俗，但不如although 正式。让步状语从句可以放在主句前或主句后。例如：
1) Although
they did heavy work that day, they were all in high spirits.
2) She carries
on the job even if she has had a bad cold for several days.
(2)英语不允许在though
或although从句后用but。如果要强调前后两个部分的对比意义，可以在主句前加上yet或still。例如：Although she has a lot of
money, yet (still) she is not happy.
2．no matter how (what, when, which, who,
where)
这几个短语意为“不管怎样（什么，什么时候，哪一个，谁，什么地方）”，例如：
1) Do not believe the rumor,
no matter who repeats it.
2) He keeps taking physical training in the winter
no matter how cold it is.
3．whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever
however
这几个词也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter what (when, where , who, which,
how)。例如：
1) Whatever work we do, we should do our best.
2) However hard a
solid may be, we can change its shape.
NT：however引导让步状语从句时，与它所修饰的词一起放在句首。
4．让步状语从句的倒装
though 引导的让步状语从句可以倒装，也可以不倒装。用
as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装。如果名词放提前放在句首，该名词前不可加定冠词或不定冠词。
常用的句型为形容词（副词，动词，名词，过去分词）＋though
(as, that)＋主语＋谓语。例如：
1) Bravely though we fought, we had no chance of
winning.
2) Smart as he was, he was not able to solve the problem.
3)
Child as he was, he had a good command of English.
六．方式状语从句
1．as 和just as
二者都表示“如…，犹如…，正如…”。just as 比as强调的语气更强。例如：
1)
In the early days, people could not live a happy life as we do now.
2) Most
plants need sunlight just as they need water.
2．as if 和as though
as if 或as
though从句可以用陈述语气，表示可能符合事实的情况；也可以用虚拟语气，表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况，意为“好像，仿佛”。例如：
1) Some
rocks sparkle with an unusual brilliancy as if they contained gold.
2) It
looks as though it is going to rain.
七．比较状语从句
1．as… as这种结构可以用于同等程度的比较，否定句用not so (as) …as。例如：
1) A pound of
cotton weighs as mush as a pound of iron.
2) Sound does not travel so fast in
gases as in liquids.
2．as 和than连接的比较状语从句常常省去同主句相同的部分，只留下相比的部分。例如：
1) Bill
is as tall as Bob (is). 2) Steel is more useful than iron (is).
3．The…
the…后面分别跟形容词或副词的比较级，意思为“越…越…”。例如：
1) The faster, the better. 2) The
higher the airplane flies, the thinner the air is.
八．目的状语从句
1．so that 和in order that
(1) 二者都表示“为了，以便”。so that
较常用，一般放在主句之后。in order that 用于正式文体，引导从句可中谓语多用may/can/will+动词原形。例如：
1) She
takes notes carefully (so) that she may use them when she reviews her lessons
after class.
2) He plays basketball every day in order that he can be like
Michael Jordan.
3) We arrived early so that we could get good seats.
4) He
wrote his dairy in code so that his wife wouldn’t be able to read it.
2．lest, for fear that 和in case
意思是“以防，以免”。lest, for fear
that后的从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式为“ should＋ 动词原形”。例：
1) We must hurry off lest we should
miss the bus.
2) Don’t forget your umbrella in case it should rain.
3)
Phone me in case you meet problems.
九．结果状语从句
1.so …that 和such …that这两个词组意为“如此…以至于”
常用结构如下：so＋adj /
adv＋that / so＋adj＋a (an)＋n＋that / such＋a (an)＋adj＋n＋that
1) The box is so
heavy that nobody can move it away.
2) It is so heavy a box that nobody can
move it away.
3) It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away.
4)
There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening.
NT: such
不能用于much, many 之前
