高中英语语法第一轮复习

高中英语语法第一轮复习-主谓一致  

一、概说

主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称与数的方面与主语保持一致。主谓人称一致的问题比较简单，因为除动词be和have有不同的人称变化外，其他动词只有单数第三人称一般现在时加词尾-s 或-es。至于谓语与主语数的一致问题，则比较复杂，本章主要讨论谓语与主语数的一致问题。

二、主谓一致的三个原则

1. 语法一致原则

该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式，动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，动词用复数形式：

Both my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。

Her job is teaching French. 他的工作是教法语。

2. 意义一致原则

有时候谓语动词的数取决于主语所表示的概论，而不是其语法形式：

This news is important for us. 这条消息对我们很重要。

Watch out! The police are coming. 当心，警察来了。

3. 就近原则

有时，谓语动词的的数决定于主语中最靠近它的词语：

Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错了就是我错了。

Neither the students nor the teacher is interested in it. 老师和学生对此都不感兴趣。

三、以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题

1. 通常用作复数的集合名词

police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口)等集合名词，总是表示复数意义，用作主语时，其谓语要用复数：

The police were after him. 察正在追捕他。

People are beginning to talk about her. 人们开始议论她。

Cattle feed on grass. 牛吃草。

注：goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义：

Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。

All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的货物都给他们送去了。

2. 只用作单数的不可数集合名词

clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)， furniture(家具)，machinery(机械)，scenery(景色)，jewellery(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词，表示单数意义，用作主语时，其后谓语动词用单数形式：

Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。

All their baggage was stolen. 他们所有的行李都被偷了。

The furniture is convenient to move. 这家具搬起来很方便。

All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 这个工厂所有的机器都是中国产的。

3. 既可表示单数意义也可表示复数意义的集合名词

family(家庭)，team(队，队员)，class(班，班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词，当它们表示整体意义时，表单数意义，当它们强调个体意义时，表示复数意义：

Her family is a large one. 她的家庭是一个大家庭。

Her family are all tall. 她的一家人都很高。

The team is the best in the league. 这个队在联赛中打得最好。

The football team are having baths. 足球队队员们在洗澡。

It was late, but the audience was increasing. 时间很迟了，但听众人数却在增加。

The audience were all moved to tears. 听众都感动得流了泪。

注：有时没有特定的语境，用单复数谓语均可以：

The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 观众对演出甚感激动。

The public has (have) a right to know what’s in the report. 公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。

四、并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题

1. 由and和both...and连接的并列主语

谓语动词通常用复数：

Jim and Mary are both interested in it. 吉姆和玛丽都对此感兴趣。

Both brother and sister are college students. 兄妹俩都是大学生。

注：(1) 当由and连接的两个并列主语受each, every, no的修饰时，谓语用单数：

Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每个男孩女孩都喜欢这本书。

No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房间里不见桌椅。

(2) 当and连接两个数相加时，谓语动词可用单数或复数：

Six and eight makes [make] fourteen. 六加八等于十四。

(3) 当and连接的两个的词语指同一个人或事物时，谓语通常要用单数：

A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远处看见一辆马车。

2. 由or, nor, either...or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but等连接的并列主语

谓语动词通常与最靠近的主语保持一致(即遵循就近原则)：

He or I am wrong. 不是他错了，就是我错了。

Either you or he has taken it. 不是你拿了就是他拿了。

Not only the children but also the mother wants to go. 不仅孩子们想去，母亲也想去。

注意这类句型的疑问句形式：

Were you or he there? 当时是你还是他在那儿?

Are either you or he to blame? 是怪你还是怪他?

注：在非正式文体中，个别结构(如neither…nor)连接主语时，谓语可用复数：

Neither his father nor his mother have [has] come. 他的爸爸和妈妈都没来。

3. 由as well as, as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等连接的并连主语

谓语动词通常与前面一个主语保持一致：

The teacher as well as the students has read it 不仅学生读过它，老师也读过。

The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 应受责备的是老师而不是学生。

五、数量概念作主语时的主语一致问题

1. 表时间长度、钱数、速度等的词组作主语

通常将其视为整体，谓语用单数：

Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很长的时间。

Ten dollars is all I have left. 我只剩下10美元。

2. 分数(百分数)作主语

“分数(百分数)+of+名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的数与其中名词的数保持一致：

About 30 percent of the pupils were absent that day. 那天大约有30%的学生迟到。

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea. 地球表面的四分之三是海。

注：在现代英语中，有时即使该结构中的名词为复数，其谓语也可用单数(即将其视为整体)：

Over sixty per cent of families own [owns] a television. 百分之六十以上的家庭已拥有电视机。

3.“one in [out of]+复数名词”作主语

谓语动词通常用单数：

Only one in ten students has passed the examination. 只有十分之一的学生通过了考试。

One out of twelve bottles was broken. 每12个瓶子中有一个破了。

注：在非正式文体中有时也用复数谓语：

Nationwide, one in five adults are illiterate. 就全国范围而言，五个成年人中有一个是文盲。

5.“all of (some of, none of, half of, most of, lots of, plenty of)+名词”作主语

谓语动词的数与其中名词的数保持一致：

Most of the people are against the plan. 大多数人反对这个计划。

Most of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. 地球的大部分地区被水覆盖。

Half of the apple is bad. 这个苹果有一半是坏的。

Half of the apples are bad. 这些苹果当中有一半是坏的。

6.“one and a half＋复数名词”与“a＋单数名词＋and a half”作主语

国内不少书认为，这两个结构作主语，谓语均用单数：

One and a half months has passed. / A month and a half has passed. 已经过去了一个半月。

但是，国外一些词书则认为，谓语动词的数取决于这两个结构中名词的数：

One and a half months have passed. / A month and a half has passed. 已经过去了一个半月。

7.“the [a] number of+名词”作主语

该结构若用定冠词，其后谓语用单数；若用不定冠词，其后谓语用复数：

The number of students is 4000. 学生人数为4000。

A number of people were absent from the meeting. 许多人开会缺席。

注意类似结构：

The variety of goods in this shop is rich. 这家商店的品种丰富。

A variety of books have been published. 已出版了各种各样的书。

.

六、某些不定代词作主语时的主谓一致问题

1. someone, anyone, no one 等作主语

Someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, nothing等复合不定代词作语，谓语动词用单数：

Someone is asking to see you. 有人找你。

Nobody is to blame for it. 这谁也不怨。

No one wants to read such books. 没有想看那样的书。

2. all 作主语

若指人，谓语通常用复数；若指事物或现象，谓语通常用单数：

All have gone home. 大家都走了。

All that glitters is not gold. 发亮的不一定都是金子。

比较：All is silent. 万籁俱寂。(指现象)

All are silent. 人人都沉默不语。(指具体的人)

注：若是“all of+名词”作主语，则谓语动词与其中名词的数保持一致。

3. either和neither作主语

若是单独作主语，谓语动词用单数：

Neither was satisfactory. 两个都不令人满意。

The two guests have arrived, and either is welcome. 两位客人都到了，哪一位都受欢迎。

注：若是“either [neither] of+名词”作主语，则其后的谓语动词可用单数(正式文体)或复数(非正式文体)：

Neither of the two computers is [are] cheap. 这两台电脑都不便宜。

Is [Are] either of the boys ready? 两个男孩都准备好了吗？

I don’t think either of them is [are] at home. 我想他们俩个都会不在家。

4. each作主语或修饰主语

单独用作主语(或修饰主语)，谓语用单数

Each student has his own desk. 每个学生都有自己的课桌。

Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase. 两个男孩进来，每人提着一只箱子。

注：(1) 两个或多个“each＋单数名词”结构并列作主语时, 谓语用单数。

(2) “each of＋复数名词或代词”用作主语, 谓语一般要用单数

Each of them was deeply frightened. 他们个个都惊恐万分。

但是在非正式文体中(尤其是当 each of之后的名词较长时)偶尔也可用复数谓语，但很少见，学生宜慎用。

5. none (of) 作主语

若指不可数名词，谓语用单数；若指复数可数名词，谓语可用单数(正式文体)或复数(非正式文体)：

None of the money is mine. 这笔钱没有一点是我的。

None of the boys like [likes] it. 这些男孩子谁也不喜欢它。

6. 关于“one of+复数名词+定语从句”

在这一结构中，定语从句的谓语用复数取决于先行词是one还是其后的复数名词。 一般说来，在这类结构中，复数名词通常被认为是先行词(即定语从句谓语用复数)，除非one of前有the (only) 修饰(此时定语从句的谓语用单数)：

He is one of the people who were killed in the accident. 他是事故中丧命的人之一。

He is the only one of the people who was killed in the accident. 他是事故中唯一丧命的人。

七、其他问题

1.“many a +名词”和“more than one +名词”作主语

谓语动词的数通常用单数(即遵循语法一致的原则)：

Many a child was playing there. 很多小孩在那儿玩。

More than one student has failed the exam. 不止一个学生考试未及格。

2. each 用于复数名词后作同位语

此时谓语动词用复数：

They each have an English-Chinese dictionary. 他们每人都有一本英汉词典。

The young people each carry a big bag. 这些年轻人个个背着一个大袋子。

3. 主语后接in addition to, with, along with, together with, except, but等介词

其后的动词形式取决介词前主语：

Nothing but trees was to be seen. 除了树木之外什么也看不见。

No one except my parents knows anything about this. 除我父母之外没有知道此事。

Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同学都看过这部电影。

4. means作主语

名词means(方法)单数与复数同形，用作主语时，其谓语的单复数要视具体含义而定(尤其注意其前的修饰语)：

These means are very good. 这些方法很好。

Such a means is really unpleasant. 这样的方法确实是令人不愉快。

若没有特定的修饰语或语境，则用单数或复数谓语均可：

There is [are] no good means. 没有好的方法。

Are [Is] there any other means of doing it? 做这事还有其它的什么办法吗?

八、重点考点原创精练

1. The boys and the girls each ____ to do something different, which ____the teacher uneasy.

A. want, make           B. wants, makes         C. want, makes          D. wants, make

2. More than one student _____ read the novels, which _____ written by David.

A. has, was               B. have, were            C. has, were              D. have, was

3. In fact, ______ one cause that leads to the problem.

A. cattle is                B. cattle are               C. cattles are             D. the cattles are

4. The ______ so much alike that I can’t tell which is which.

A. twin looks            B. twins look             C. twin look              D. twins looks

5. Mr Smith has bought a little house in the country, around _____ some green trees.

A. which is               B. it is                      C. which are              D. them are

6. Every boy and girl _____ the book and they each _____ to buy one.

A. like, want             B. likes, wants           C. likes, want            D. like, wants

7. Nobody but Betty and Mary _____ late for class yesterday.

A. was                      B. were                     C. has been               D. have been

8. The teacher as well as the students _____ the book already. They know it well.

A. has read                B. have read              C. are reading            D. is reading

9. The city is not very big. One or two days _____ enough to see it.

A. is                         B. are                       C. am                       D. be

10. Not the teacher, but the students _____ looking forward ______ the film.

A. is, to see               B. are, to see             C. is to seeing            D. are, to seeing

 

参考答案：1—5 CABBC  6—10 CAAAD