高中英语句子结构及从句复习

 

句子按结构可分为简单句, 并列句, 复合句

基本句型

（1）    简单句

主+ 谓+ ( 宾/ 间宾+直宾/ 宾+宾补 )

He works.

I bought a book.

My father bought me a cell phone.

Tom made them laugh.

主+ 系 + 表

She is a student

（2）复合句 (主语从句,表语从句, 宾语从句, 定语从句, 同位语从句,状语从句)

主句 ＋连词 ＋从句

　　连词 ＋从句 ，主句

(3)   并列句 (and, or , but等并列连词或分号破折号把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起的结构)

句1 ＋ 连词 ＋ 句2

I learn English and he learns Chinese.

The students are bright; the teachers work hard.

 

　基本概念

　　（1）有主语、有谓语方可称为句子，否则为短语。

　　（2）主句和从句必须有连接词衔接。连接句可在两个句子中间，亦可放置于句首。

l从句

（一）主语从句(由that whether, what, whatever, who, whoever, when, whenever, how, why 引导.)

Whoever leaves the office should tell me.

What he said at the meeting is important.

1、主语从句的位置:

That light travels in straight lines is known to all.  /  It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.

When the plane is to take off has not been announced.  /  It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.

What he wants is a book.                             

Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task?

2、it作形式主语的主语从句结构：

①It is + 名词词组 + 从句

It is a fact/question that…               It is good news that…             

It is common knowledge that…(常识)

②It is + 形容词 + 从句

It is necessary/ clear/ (un)likely/ important that….

③It is + 过去分词 + 从句

It is said/ reported that…                It has been proved that…            

It must be pointed out that…

④It is + 不及物动词 + 从句

It seems that…好象是     It happened that…碰巧   

It follows that…由此可见    It has turned out that… 结果是

 

***it引导的强调句,分析如:   

John bought a toy plane for his son yesterday.

主 语        宾 语    状 语    状 语

It was John that (who) bought a toy plane for his son yesterday.  强调主语

It was a toy plane that John bought for his son yesterday.       强调宾语

It was for his son that John bought a toy plane yesterday.       强调目的状语

It was yesterday that John bought a toy plane for his son.       强调时间状语

 

（二）宾语从句(由that  if , whether, what, whatever, who, whoever, when, whenever, how, why 引导.)

1、作动词的宾语：       He wondered how the pyramids were built.                She told me where she lived.

2、作介词的宾语：      This depends on how hard you work.             Is there anything wrong in what I said?

3、作形容词的宾语： They are confident that they can do it well.  I’m not certain whether(if) they will arrive on time.

4、宾语从句注意点：

形式宾语it：             He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.

否定前移：  I don’t think he has time to play chess with you.              I don’t suppose it is the rush hour yet.

插入语语序：When (do you think) John will arrive?              Who (do you believe) will be given the prize?

***肯定: I think so.     I hope so.               否定: I don’t think so.       I hope not.      I’m afraid not.

 

（三）表语从句(由that  whether, what, whatever, who, whoever, when, whenever, how, why 引导.)

My idea is that this plan should be carried out immediately.                 

It looks that (as if) it is going to rain.

That is why we called off the meeting.                                   

This is how we did it.

The reason (why) he was late was that he missed the bus.他迟到的原因是误了车。

（四）同位语从句（功能：加以阐明、解释）(只以that作引导词)

I have no idea when he will return.          They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the work.

 

（五）定语从句（功能：进行修饰和限定）(由that, which, who, whom, where, when, whose, why

The man whom (that) you saw just now is our manager.            

Is there anyone here whose name is Wang Lin?

The building whose roof we can see from here is a supermarket.

 

****当先行词是all, everything, something, nothing等不定代词, 或被first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no以及形容词最高级等词修饰时, 应该用关系代词that，不用 which。

I am interested in all that you have told me.    He asked for the best book that there was on the subject.

****当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时，要用关系代词that引导定语从句。

We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited there.

 

The reason that (=why) you were absent is groundless.             

I don’t like the way (that) (=in which) he talks.

This was the second time that I had seen the film.                     

This is the same watch as (that) I have lost.

No one will believe such stories as he told.                            

He works in the same shop as (that) I do.

限定性: I want to buy the house which (=that) has a garden.  

非限定性: I want to buy the house, which (≠that) has a garden.

 

This is the place where (=in which) I spent my childhood.            

This is the place which I visited last summer.

The first person who opens that door will get a shock.          

Those who will go to tomorrow’s show will have to come this afternoon to get their ticket

 

(六) 状语从句

时间状语从句(when, as, while, as soon as, no sooner… than…, hardly …when…, since, before, after, till (until) )

I will tell her the news as soon as I see her.

When I was young, I went to the town myself.

I was doing my homework while my brother was playing games.

He smiled as he left me.

 

2) 地点状语从句(whre, wherever)

Go where you want.

Wherever there is smoke, there is fire. ( no matter where)

3)原因状语从句(because, since, as, for, now that)

Because (因为)表示的是直接的理由,for(因为)表示推断的理由, since (既然)和as(由于)表原因时常放在句首.

He is disappointed because he failed again.

The day breaks because the sun is rising. (必然的因果关系)

The day breaks, for the birds are singing.(不是直接的原因,而是推断的结果)

Since everyboday is here. Let’s begin.

As you request it, I will come.

4)条件状语从句(if(假如,如果), unless(除非)),

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.

I wll not go unless I hear from him.

= I won’t go if I don’t hear from him.

5) 目的, 结果状语从句

目的( that, so that, so…that, in order that)

结果( so that, so… that, such… that, so many/much…that)

I will run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的)

I run so slowly that he caught up with me.(结果)

 

She raised her voice loud in order that / so that she might be heard.(目的)

In order to be heard she raised her voice loud. (目的)

To be heard she raised her voice loud. (目的)

She is so clever that the teachers like her. (结果)

She is such a clever girl that the teachers like her. (结果)

 

6) 表让步的状语从句(though, although, even if , even though, however, whatever, whoever, whichever)

It was not very cold although it was snowing.

Even if (though) I have to sell my house, I will keep my business going.

Even if(though) I were busy, I would go.(虚拟语气,表事实上我并不忙)

Even if (though)I am busy I, I will go.( 陈述语气, 我现在的确很忙)

You may go wherever you like.

 

7)比较状语从句as…as, not so (as)… as, more… than, the most…in(of)…

No more than(只不过), not more than(不多于)

He runs as fast as a rabbit.

I have no more than two pens.

I have not more than two pens.