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七年级英语语法上册下册总结： 名词复数的不规则变化 1）child---children mouse---mice foot---feet tooth---teeth goose---geese ox---oxen man---men woman---women 2）单复同形 如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ）
一、七年级英语语法——词法 1、名词 A）、名词的数 我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下： 一）在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories 2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways 四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯 五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员 九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡 十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs 十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B）名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下：
一）单数在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节
三）由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个’s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）
2、代词 项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词 人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性 第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himself it it its its this that itself 复数 they them their theirs these those themselves 3、动词 A） 第三人称单数 当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下： 一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes 三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes 五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has 4、形容词的级 我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下： 一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三） 以辅音字母＋y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四）特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest 5、数词 (基变序，有规则；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
介词 1. 表示地点： after, along, at, below, by, of, near, over, through, under等。如： Near the village the boys are skating on the ice. 男孩子们正在村子附近的冰上滑冰。 They lay down under the shade of a tree. 他们躺在一棵树的树阴下。 2. 表示时间： about, after, across, at, during, for, in, of, till, until等。如： After class he will tell us about the accident. 课后他将告诉我们有关事故的情况。 A heavy rain has been falling across three days. 一场大雨下了整整三天。 The accident happened during the night. 事故发生在夜间。 3. 表示动作： at, across, around, on, over, under等。如： The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳运行。 The car is under repair. 汽车在修理中。 4. 表示比较： as, like, above, over, with等。如： She was something like her sister. 她有几份像她的妹妹。 Chinese is much more difficult in contrast with English. 和英语相比，汉语难得多。 5. 表示原因： about, for, from, with等。如： Don't worry about my lessons. 不要担心我的功课。 Business kept me from coming. 我因事不能来。 He was angry with what I did. 他对我所做的很气愤。 6. 表示条件： to, with, without等。如： Without your advice, he would have failed. 没有你的忠告他可能已经失败了。 7. 表示手段、方式： as, by, in, with等。如： He behaved as a drunkard. 他的举止如同醉汉一样。 Learn the new words by heart.记住这些生词。 We see with our eyes.我们用眼睛看。 8. 表示距离、数量： from, in, within等。如： My house is ten miles from the school. 我家离学校十英里。 They were thirty in all. 他们总共有三十人。 9. 表示目的： as, for等。如： I only said it as a joke. 我只是把它当作笑话讲的。 It's time for class. 到上课的时间了。 10. 表示让步： for, with等。如： For all his effort, he didn't succeed. 虽然他做了一番努力，仍不能成功。 With all his money, he is unhappy. 尽管他有钱，但他并不快乐。 for还可以引导插入语，例如： I, for one, shall vote against the proposal. 我也投票反对这个提议。
二、七年级英语语法——句式 1.陈述句 肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be动词)
b) He looks very young. (连系动词)
c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)
e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)
否定陈述句 a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice.
c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can’t find her doll.
e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English!
c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry.
3. 疑问句
1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?
d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.
否定回答: a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t.
2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.
3) 特殊疑问句
① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.
⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.
When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.
⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.
⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.
What’s your favourite color? It’s black.
⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.
What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.
What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.
12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.
14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.
15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.
16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.
17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.
What’s your father? He’s a doctor. 冠词 不定冠词有"a和an"两种形式。"a"用在以辅音开头的词前，"an"用在以元音开头的词前。判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头，是根据读音而不是根据字母。
1. 用于可数名词的单数形式前，表示"一" There is a tiger in the
zoo. 动物园里有一只老虎。 2. 表示一类人和东西 A tiger can be dangerous. 老虎可能有危害性。 3. 表示"某一个"的意思 A gentleman wants to see
you. 有一位先生要见你。 4. 表示"同一"的意思 They are nearly of an age. 他们几乎同岁。 The two shirts are much of
a size. 这两件衬衫大小差不多。 5. 表示"每一"的意思 We go swimming four times a
week. 我们每周去游泳四次。 6. 用在作表语的单数可数名词前，表示身份、职业 My mother is a teacher. 我妈妈是教师。 7. 第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个 Long long ago there was an
old king who had a very beautiful daughter. 很久很久以前，有一个年老的国王，他有一个非常美丽的女儿。 8. 在英国英语中，以"h"开头的多音节词，如第一个音节不重读，其前亦可用"an" There is an hotel near
here. 这附近有一家旅馆。 9. 在such a，quite a句式中 He is quite a good actor. 他是一个相当好的演员。 Don't be in such a hurry. 不要如此匆忙。 10. 在感叹句 what...的句式中 What a pretty girl she is! 她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀！ 不定冠词的用法-2 用在某些表示数量的词组中： a lot of 许多 a couple of 一对 a great many 很多 a dozen 一打（但也可以用 one dozen） a great deal of 大量 定冠词的用法-1 1. 用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物 This is the house where
Luxun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。 2. 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物 Open the door, please. 请把门打开。 3. 用以复述上文提过的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”） Once there lived a lion in
the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him. 从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。 4. 用在序数词和形容词最高级前 January is the first month of the year. 一月份是一年当中的第一个月。 Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。 5. 表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物 the sun 太阳
the moon 月亮
the earth 地球 the sky 天空 the world 世界
6. 指由普通名词构成的专有名词 the West Lake 西湖
the Great Wall 长城 the United States 美国
the United Nations 联合国 定冠词的用法-2 7. 表示方向、方位 in the east 在东方
in the west 在西方 in the front 在前面
at the back 在后面 in the bottom 在底部
at the top 在顶部 on the right 在右边
on the left 在左边
8. 在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Huanghe River 黄河 the Tainshan Mountains 天山山脉
the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡 9. 在姓氏复数前，表示一家人 The Bakers came to see me
yesterday. 贝克一家人昨天来看我。 10. 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物 the poor 穷人
the rich 富人 the sick 病人
the wounded 伤员 the good 好人
the beautiful 美丽的事物 11. 用在表示阶级、政党的名词前 the working class 工人阶级 the Chinese Communist Party
中国共产党 12. 用在the very强调句中 This is the very book I
want. 这就是我想要的那本书。 13. 在the more, the more比较级的句式中 The more you drink, the
more you like it. 你越喝就越爱喝。 14. 表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加the play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴 15. 某些固定的表达法 in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 go to the cinema 去看电影 go to the theatre 去看戏
all the year round 一年到头 on the way to 前往...去的路上 16. the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物 The horse is a useful
animal. 马是一种有用的动物。 注意：像这类句子还有如下两种写法 A horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals. 零冠词的用法 1. 专有名词前一般不加冠词 China 中国 Europe 欧洲 Lei Feng 雷锋
William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚 2. 月份、周日、节日前一般不加冠词 January 一月份 Sunday 星期日 Christmas Day 圣诞节
Thanksgiving 感恩节 National Day 国庆节 May Day 劳动节 比较： ...on a Sunday
morning. 在一个星期天的早晨... （表示某一个。） 3. 三餐、四季前一般不加冠词 I have lunch at school. 我在学校吃午餐。 Summer is the best season
for swimming. 夏天是游泳的好季节。 比较： I had a
big lunch yesterday. 昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。（表示某一个） The dinner given by Mr
Smith was very nice. 史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。（表示特指） 比较： I will
never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii. 我永远不会忘记我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天。 （表示特指） 4. 进行球类运动 play basketball 打篮球
play volleyball 打排球 play football 踢足球 5. 没有特指的物质名词 This cart is made of wood. 这辆手推车是用木头作的。 比较： The wood
outside was all wet. 外面的那些木头都湿了。（表示特指） 6. 没有特指的不可数抽象名词 Time is precious. 时间是宝贵的。 比较： The time
of the play was 1990s. 这个剧本的时代背景是二十世纪九十年代。（表示特指） 7. 没有特指的可数名词复数形式后。 I like tomatoes. 我喜欢西红柿。 8. 山峰 Mount Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰 9. 固定词组 go to school 去上学
go to bed 上床睡觉 go by train 乘火车去
go by boat 乘船去 at table 在用餐
in hospital 住院 at school 求学 in school 求学 at noon 在中午
at night 在晚上 at midnight 在半夜
in town 在城里
10. 独立结构中的名词不加冠词 A boy came in, book in
hand. 一个男孩进来，手上拿着书。 11. 泛指人类 Man is mortal. 人必有一死。 12. 在"kind of＋名词 sort of＋名词"句式中 What kind of flower is it? 这是什么花？ I like this sort of book. 我喜欢这种书。 13. 指职位、头衔的词，如king，captain，president，chairman 等。 He is (the) captain of the
team. 他是球队的队长。 As (the) chairman of the
committee, I declare the meeting open. 作为委员会主席，我宣布会议开始。 冠词和三餐的搭配 三餐名词单独使用时，之前通常不加冠词 三餐名词之前若加形容词时则除外： We have breakfast at eight． 我们8点钟吃早饭。 He gave us a good breakfast． 他请我们吃了一顿丰盛的早餐。 I was invited to dinner． 他们邀请我吃饭。 I was invited to a dinner
given to welcome the new ambassador． 我被邀请参加欢迎新任大使的宴会。 The Scots have porridge for
breakfast． 苏格兰人早餐吃粥。 The wedding breakfast was
held in her father’s house． 婚礼早宴是在她父亲家举行的。 固定搭配 一. at table 在进餐
at the table 在桌子旁边 at desk 在读书 at the desk 在课桌旁 at school 在上学
at the school 在学校里 in class 在上课
in the class 在班级里面 in bed 卧床
in the bed 在床上 in prison 坐牢
in the prison （因事）在监狱 in hospital 住院
in the hospital （因事）在医院 go to school 去上学 go to the school （因事）去学校 go to bed 上床睡觉 go to the bed 在床上 go to hospital 去看病 go to the hospital 去医院 二. take place 发生
take the place 代替 in place of 代替
in the place of 在...的地方 in case of 万一
in the case of 就...来说 out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 完全不可能 通常使用不定冠词的短语 after a while 过了一会儿 all of a sudden 突然 as a rule 通常 as a result 结果，因此 as a matter of fact 事实上 as a whole 大体上 at a loss 不知所措 in a hurry 急忙 in a way 在某种程度上 in a word 总而言之 It’s a pity that… 令人遗憾的是… put an end to… 结束… come to an end 结束 come to a conclusion 得出结论 have a good time 玩得愉快 have a rest 休息一下 have a cold 感冒 have a word with 和…谈一谈 keep an eye for 对…有鉴赏力 make a living 谋生 make a fire 生火 make a fool of 愚弄 take a walk 散步 初中英语冠词专项练习选择题精选 1. I read ______story. It is ______interesting story. A. a, an B. a, a C. the, the D. /, an 2. Britain is __ European country and China is ___ Asian country. A. an, an B. a, a C. a, an D. an, a 3. ______China is _____ old country with _____ long history. A. The, an, a B. The, a, a C. /, an, the D. /, an, a 4. _____elephant is bigger than ______ horse. A. /, / B. an, a C. An, a D. /, the 5. We always have ______rice for ______lunch. A. /, / B. the, / C. /, a D. the, the 6. It took me ______ hour and _____ half to finish ______ work. A. a, a, a B. an, a, a C. an, a, the D. an, a, / 7. ______ doctor told me to take ______ medicine three times______day, stay in _____bed, then I would be better soon. A. /, a, a, the B. A, the, the, / C. The, the, a, / D. A, /, a, / 8. There is ____ picture on ____ wall. I like ____ picture very much. A. a, the, the B. a, the, a C. the, a, a D. a, an, the 9. January is ______first month of the year. A. a B. / C. an D. the 10. Shut _____door, please. A. a B. an C. the D./ 11. Einstein won _____ Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. A. a B. an C. the D. / 12. What ____ fine day it is today! Let's go to the Summer Palace. A. a B. an C. the D. / 13. I like music, but I don't like ____ music of that TV play. A. a B. an C. the D. / 14. ____ girl over there is ____ English teacher. A. The, an B. A, / C. The, / D. A, a 15. It's ____ exciting way to shop on the Net. A. a B. an C. the D. / 16. She was ___ founder of ___ order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity.A. a, an B. a, / C. the, / D. the, an 17. Xi'an is ___ old city with ___ long history, isn't it? A. a, an B. an, a C. the, the D. the, a 18. Nancy's sister is ____ English teacher, isn't she? A. a B. an C. the D. / 19. Chaffs is______ boy, but he can play the guitar very well. A. an eight-years old B. a eight-year-old C. a eight-years-old D. an eight-year-old 20. We often have sports after class, and I like to play _____ basketball. A. a B. an C. the D. /
七年级英语时态汇总 一般现在时 【用 法】 (1)在实际应用中，一般现在时常与以下时间状语联用：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month, once a
week, on Sundays …… 例句：He usually plays football on Sundays. (2)没有时间状语，可以分以下四种类型： A．be型 B．do型 其构成为“主语+动词原形或动词第三人称单数形式”。如： C．there be型 【结 构】 主语+动词原形+宾语 即某人+某个动词+其他。
否定形式：首先找句子中有没有be动词（is, am或者are）或情态动词（can），如果有，只要在be动词或情态动词后面加上not。如果句子中没有be动词（is, am或者are）或情态动词（can）那么根据主语在后面加入don’t(you, I或者复数)或doesn’t（第三人称单数）。 一般疑问句：首先找句子中有没有be动词（is, am或者are）或情态动词（can），如果有，只要将be动词或情态动词提前，放到主语前面。注意：句中第一人称和第二人称要互换。如果句子中没有be动词（is, am或者are）或情态动词（can）那么根据主语判断加入do(you, I或者复数)或does（第三人称单数）。注意：句中第一人称和第二人称也要互换。 特殊疑问句：首先分析划线部分的意思，确定用哪个疑问词（what, where, who, when, which,
whose, how, how many, how much, what shape, what colour, what … doing, where …
going, what … do）,然后找句子中有没有be动词（is, am或者are）或情态动词（can），如果有，只要将be动词或情态动词放到主语前面（疑问词的后面）。如果句子中没有be动词（is, am或者are）或情态动词（can）那么根据主语判断加入do(you, I或者复数)或does（第三人称单数）。注意：句中第一人称和第二人称也要互换。 【练 习】 一、用所给词的适当形式填空。（Be动词）
1. Jim __________(be) a hard-working student at school. 2. __________(be) Tom and Sam in the same class? 3. Your school life __________(be) very interesting. 4. There __________(be) a pen, two rulers and some books on the desk. 5. The boys __________(be) very friendly to me. 6. Maria __________(be not) from the U.S.A. 7. __________(be) there any trees and a pool in the yard? 8. I want to __________(be) a teacher. 9. Mr. Wang can’t __________(be) at home, because the lights are off. 10. Don’t __________(be) late for school again. 二、用所给词的适当形式填空。（情态动词）
1. My mom can __________(cook) food well. 2. Must she __________(stay) at home now? 3. What can the boy __________(do) for his parents? 4. Tom can’t __________(sing) an English song. 5. He may __________(perform) ballet at Kangkang’s birthday party. 6. She should __________(help) her parents do some housework. 三、用所给词的适当形式填空。（实义动词）
1. Tom often __________(take) a talk after supper. 2. Tom and I usually __________(go) to school by bike. 3. Does Lin Tao __________(like) reading storybooks? 4. What classes do you __________(have) today? 5. How often does the girl __________(watch) TV? 6. Where do they __________(live) now? 7. Every year many people __________(lose) their lives in traffic accidents. 8. Sam doesn’t __________(get) up early in the morning. 9. Each of them __________(have) a nice schoolbag. 10. They each __________(sleep) late at night.
四、句型转换。（Be动词）
1. She is in a blue dress.（变否定句） She __________ __________ a blue dress. 2. I am from Qijiang.（变一般疑问句） __________ __________ from Qijiang? 3. Are the storybooks very interesting?（否定回答） No, __________ __________. 4. His parents are both workers.（变一般疑问句） __________ his parents __________ workers? 5. There are some nice books on the shelf.（对划线部分提问） __________ __________ on the shelf? 五、句型转换。（情态动词）
1. My mother may speak a little English.（变否定句） My mother __________ __________ speak a little English. 2. We should be careful when we cross the street.（变一般疑问句） __________ __________ be careful when we cross the street? 3. Must I finish my homework at once?（作肯定和否定回答） Yes, __________ __________. No, __________ __________. 4. Tom can recite a Chinese poem.（对划线部分提问） What __________ Tom __________? 六、句型转换。（实义动词）
1. They often play the piano loudly.（变否定句） They __________ often __________ the piano louldy. 2. Jim learns English well.（变一般疑问） __________ Jim __________ English well? 3. She likes Sichuan food very much.（对划线部分提问） What __________ she __________ very much? 4. Do the boys usually play football after school?（作肯定回答） Yes, __________ __________. 5. She usually does some cooking in the evening.（变否定句） She usually __________ __________ any cooking in the evening. 6. I want to do some shopping.（变一般疑问句） __________ you __________ to do any shopping? 7. Tom often wathes TV at night.（对划线部分提问） What __________ Tom often __________ at night? 8. They sometimes go swimming in the afternoon.（对划线部分提问） What __________ they sometimes __________ in the evening? 一般过去时 【用 法】 A．be型 这一类型由be动词（was和were）+名词、形容词、副词、代词、数词或介词短语等一起构成谓语，表示主语以前或过去的个性、特征或状态。如：
④It was rainy last
Sunday. ⑤They were very happy at Kangkang’s
birthday party. B．情态动词型 情态动词型句子的构成为“主语+情态动词过去式could+动词原形”，情态动词过去式和动词原形一起构成谓语，表示主语过去或曾经能做的事情。如： C．did型 did型由行为动词过去式充当谓语，表示以前做过的某事， 其构成为“主语+动词过去式动词”。如： 【结 构】 主语+动词过去式+宾语 即某人+某个动词过去式+其他。
否定形式：首先找句子中有没有be动词（was或者were）或情态动词（could），如果有，只要在be动词或情态动词后面加上not。如果句子中没有be动词（was或者were）或情态动词（could）那么在后面加入didn’t（无论主语是什么人称）。 一般疑问句：首先找句子中有没有be动词（was或者were）或情态动词（could），如果有，只要将be动词或情态动词提前，放到主语前面。注意：句中第一人称和第二人称要互换。如果句子中没有be动词（was或者were）或情态动词（could）那么在主语之前加入did。注意：句中第一人称和第二人称也要互换。 特殊疑问句：首先分析划线部分的意思，确定用哪个疑问词（what, where, who, when, which,
whose, how, how many, how much, what shape, what colour, what … doing, where …
going, what … do）,然后找句子中有没有be动词（was或者were）或情态动词（could），如果有，只要将be动词或情态动词提前，放到主语前面。注意：句中第一人称和第二人称要互换。如果句子中没有be动词（was或者were）或情态动词（could）那么在主语之前加入did。注意：句中第一人称和第二人称也要互换。 【规则动词过去式构成形式】 规则动词的过去式由“动词原形+-ed”构成，具体变化有：
【不规则动词过去式】 P七·下142。
【练 习】 一、用所给词的适当形式填空。（Be动词）
1. I __________(be) a little girl at that time. 2. When __________(be) you born? 3. Maria __________(be) born in Cuba. 4. The weather yesterday __________(be) very cold. 5. They __________(be) very happy at Kangkang’s birthday party yesterday. 6. What __________(be) the date the day before yesterday? 7. __________(be) you at home a moment ago? 8. Where __________(be) your parents last Saturday? 9. My mother __________(be not) in Chongqing last month. 10. How __________(be) the weather this morning? 二、用所给词的适当形式填空。（情态动词）
1. Jane __________(can) speak Chinese well when she was only five. 2. __________(can) they dance the disco last year? 3. I __________(can not) sleep well last night. 4. What __________(can) you do just now? 三、用所给词的适当形式填空。（实义动词）
1. I __________(like) reading books before. But now I don’t. 2. She __________(watch) TV late yesterday evening. 3. We __________(clean) up our classroom a moment ago. 4. __________ they __________(have) any bread this morning? 5. What __________ you __________(do) the day before yesterday? 6. Tom __________(go) to visit the Great Wall last year. 7. Mr. Wang __________(sing) an English song just now. 8. __________ Lin Tao have a good time at the party last Sunday? 9. We __________(not porform) ballet yesterday. We __________(recite) a poem. 10. The wind yesterday __________(blow) strongly.
四、句型转换。（Be动词）
1. I was born in a small town.（变为一般疑问句） __________ you __________ in a small town? 2. Sam was a little boy at that time.（变为否定句） Sam __________ __________ little boy at that time. 3. His friends were in the library just now.（对划线部分提问） __________ __________ his friends just now? 4. Were they very happy yesterday?（作否定回答） No, __________ __________. 5. Was your brother born in Chongqing?（作肯定回答） Yes, __________ __________. 五、句型转换。（情态动词）
1. I could sing English songs when I was five.（变一般疑问句） __________ you __________ English songs when you were five? 2. The boy could ride a bike last year.（变否定句） The boy __________ __________ a bike last year. 3. They could play a game yesterday.（对划线部分提问） What __________ they __________ yesterday? 4. Could your friends cook food last Sunday?（作肯定回答） Yes, __________ __________. 六、句型转换。（实义动词）
1. I went to Sichuan with my friends during summer holidays.（变否定句） I __________ __________ to Sichuan with my friends during summer holidays. 2. She recited a poem at Kangkang’s birthday party.（变一般疑问句） __________ she __________ a poem at Kangkang’s birthday party? 3. They did their homework half an hour ago.（变否定句） They __________ __________ their homework half an hour ago. 4. Tom sang a song beautifully yesterday.（对划线部分提问） What __________ Tom __________ yesteray? 5. Jim took many pictures in winter holidays.（变一般疑问句） __________ Jim __________ many pictures in winter holidays? 6. Did the kid hurt himself just now?（做否定回答） No, __________ __________. 7. They knew the girl in blue well?（对划线部分提问） Who __________ they __________ well? 8. I forgot to close the door yesterday evening.（对划线部分提问） What __________ you __________ to do yesterday evening? 现在（正在）进行时 【结 构】 主语+ be（am / is / are）+动词的-ing形式。
I + am 动词ing. 如：I am reading (read)
an interesting story book now. She/He/It + is 动词ing. 如：Tom is reading
(read) an interesting story book now. We/You/They + are动词ing. 如：They are reading (read) an
interesting story book now. 否定句形式： 直接在be（am, is, are）之后加not，其余照抄。 如: I am not reading ( not read) an interesting story
book now. Tom isn’t reading ( not read) an
interesting story book now. They aren’t reading ( not read) an
interesting story book now. 一般疑问句： 直接将be（am, is, are）提到主语之前，其余照抄。 如：Is Tom reading (read) an interesting story book now? Are they
reading (read) an interesting story book now? 特殊疑问句：首先分析划线部分的意思，确定用哪个疑问词（what, where, who, when, which,
whose, how, how many, how much, what shape, what colour, what … doing, where …
going, what … do）,然后再将原句变为一般疑问句形式（即将be动词提到主语之前，其余的不变）。 如：What time is Tom
reading(read) an interesting story book? Where are
they taking(take) pictures?
【动词ing的构成规律】
现在进行时的时间标志短语汇总： 现在（正在）进行时常与一些固定的时间短语搭配使用： ①
now“现在” 如: Jim is playing soccer now. ②
right now= at the moment“此刻” 如：The monkeys are climbing up the trees at the momnet. ③
Look! Listen! “看啊！听啊！” 如：Look! Mr. Lee is working on the computer. Listen! The birds are sing in the tree. ④
Where is…?问题的回答，暗指说话的时候。 如：—Where is your mom, Tom? —Oh, she is cooking in the kitchen. ⑤
前面早就阐明是现在的短文中。
【练 习】 一、用所给词的适当形式填空。 1. My
parents _______（watch）TV now. 2. Look.
Three boys _______（run）. 3. What
_______ your mother _______（do）now? 4. _______
your dog _______ now?（sleep） 5. _______
you _______（listen）to music? Yes, I
am. 6. Look,
Miss Chen _______ football.（play） 7. Tom and
his sister _______（wait）for you over there.
8. Now Class
3 and Class 4_______（have）a test. 9. Listen, someone
_______（sing）in the classroom. 10. ——Where
is Zhang Yan? ——She _______（talk）with her
teacher in the teacher’s office. 11.The
boy _______ _________ ( draw)a picture
now. 12.
Listen .Some girls ______ ________ (
sing)in the classroom . 13. My mother
______ _________ ( cut )some bread now. 14. What
_____ you ______ ( do ) now? 15. Look
. They ______ _______( have) an English
lesson . 16.They
______ _____(not ,play) basketball now. 17.Look!
the girls ______ _________(dance )in the
classroom . 18.What
is our grandmother doing? She ____
____(watch) TV. 19.
It’s 5
o’clock now. We _____ _______(have)supper now 20. The
cats (run) in the
garden now. 二、句型转换。 1. Look!
Lily is dancing.（改为一般疑问句）
________________________________________________ 2. Kate is
looking for her watch.（改为否定句）
________________________________________________ 3. Mrs White
is watching TV.（对划线部分提问）
________________________________________________ 4. I am
doing homework.（改为否定句）
________________________________________________ 5. They are
waiting for you at the library.（就划线部分提问） __________________________________________________ 三、根据中文提示完成句子： 1. 小花不是在写作业，她在画画。 Xiao Hua
______ ______ homework. She ______ ______ pictures. 2. 今天李老师穿着一件红色的连衣裙。 Miss Li
______ ______ a red dress today. 3. 你爷爷在看报纸吗？ ______
your grandpa ______ the newspaper? 4. Tom和Jim在做什么？ ______
______ Tom and Jim ______? 5. 他们是在打篮球还是在打排球？ ______
they ______ basketball ______ volleyball? 一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 结构： 助动词shall/will { be (is ,am ,are ) going to }+ 动词原形（当主语第一人称时，一般用shall，当主语为第三人称时，用will，但主语为第一人称时，也用will） 肯定式:主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他 否定式:主语+shall/will+not+动词原形+其他. 疑问式:Shall/Will+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+shall/will . (否)No,主语+shall/will+not … 缩写形式: 'll ==shall/will shan't== shall not won't == will not 用法: 1.表示将要发生的动 作或情况,常用时间状语有: later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等. eg. I shall be eighteen years old next year. Maybe China's population _______ (pass) 1,300,000,000 by the year 2005. 2.表示某种必然的趋势 eg. Fish will die without water. 解析： 1.在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用 shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的问句中,用will 表示请求. eg. Where shall we have the meeting? Will you please lend me your pen? 2.当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿.决心.允诺.命令等. eg. I will give you an English--Chinese dictionary for your birthday. 3.在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时. eg. Tom will write to me when he gets there. 4.be going to +动词原形也可表示将来时. (1).表示主观意愿.打算等. eg. He's going to learn English next term. (2).根据已有迹象,可能要发生的情况 eg. Look at the black clouds! ----It is going to rain.
一般将来时练习题： （ ）1.The students back in two hours. A. come B. is coming C. came （ ）2.What you with your classmates this Sunday afternoon? A. are, do B.do, do C. will do （ ）3.There an English party in our class this evening. A. will have B. are going to have .C. is going to be （ ）4. Wei Hua visit the Great Wall during this summer holiday? A.Do, going to B. Is, going to C. Will, going to （ ）5.When they leave for Beijing? A. will, going .B. will, / C. do, going to （ ）6.---Where are you going ? ---I the shops for some fruit. A. am going to B. go to C. shall going to go to （ ）7.Which oranges they to buy? A. are, going B. will, going C.do, going （ ）8.My mother says that she buy me a schoolbag better than this one. A. is B. shall C. will （ ）9.Mr Green is afraid that Jim behind the other students after he comes back. A. will fall B. will fell C.is going to fell （ ）10.The students in my class harder than before this term. A. is going to study B. will going to study C. will study
现在完成时 现在完成时的结构： 主语 + “have(has) + 过去分词” （1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。例如： 1）I have just finished my homework. 2）Mary has been ill for three days. 注意：与for ,since 连用的动词必须用延续性动词，而不能用短暂性动词如：come —be here go ——be there join—— be a member borrow ——keep leave ——be away 等等 （2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如： 1）I haven’t been there for five years. 2）So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation. 3）There have been a lot of changes since 1978. ◆◇一般过去时和现在完成时的比较与转换 一般过去时: 与之搭配的时间副词常用的有:Yesterday, last week, last year, at 5:30 , last weekend, last month. 有时用on weekend, this morning 现在完成时: 常用的时间副词有:ever, never, yet, still, already ， in the past ten years; in my life; today Examples: Linda still hasn’t finished her homework. Stanley has already gotten bored with the life here in Toronto. Have you ever gone to Paris? I have gone to the post office twice today. 2、 过去完成时 （1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。{ 表示“过去的过去 ”} 例如： 1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. （3）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1）by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon. 八种时态的比较 一般现在时和现在进行时 a.一般现在时：重复发生的习惯性动作和真理。 标志性的时间副词： always often frequently usually sometimes every day every week every month occasionally once a month once a month once a year seldom rarely never Examples： She goes shopping every week. He reads Business News every morning. He seldom goes dancing. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Susan loves chocolate. b.表示一种状态或性质 Examples: This tastes very good. I don’t believe my eyes. I need a car. I hate this music. c.在讲述一个过去发生的故事时，有时可用一般现在时表示过去发生的一系列事情。-This use is called the “historical present”.如在看图说话一类题时经常用到这一点。 b> Examples: h 一个美国人描述他到中国旅游的经历 My friend and I arrive at the capital air port in Beijing on the morning of May 25 th , 1993. Robert comes to meet with us in a taxi, and we drive to what is to be our apartment for nearly three. week. The drive is culture shock number one. We see people everywhere. Also, Beijing seems to be more modern than its has been written in all the books on China I have read. My friend and I are extremely astonished by the number of bicycles on the road, truly the kingdom of bicycles. 现在进行时： a.正在进行的动作 常用的时间状语：（right）now at the（this）moment at present ;,?|Lm Examples： Robert is teaching at this moment。 Mendel is working on the first draft of his essay。 I’m looking for my umbrella right now. He’s enjoying a holiday right now. b.表达在现在一段时间内重复发生的动作，但是动作在说话时不一定正在进行。 常用的时间副词：these days Nowadays today this semester/quarter this week/month/year Examples: He’s relaxing this week. He’s working as a librarian this semester. c.对一类经常发生的事情所表达的强烈情感 常用的时间副词：Always Forever constantly Examples: He’s always complaining.（他怎么总是抱怨。） You’re always dancing.（你怎么总是跳舞，是不是太多了吧。） ◆◇一般现在时和现在完成时 一般现在时： 表达的动作不表明动作从何时开始或已进行了多长时间。 Examples: Helen and Tom are happily married. Bruce listens to the news every morning. 现在完成时: a.现在完成时所表达的动作正在进行,但句子总是表明动作是什么时候开始的。 Examples: Helen and Tom have been happily married since their wedding day 60 years ago. Bruce has listened to the news all his life without missing a day. b.与现在完成时常用的两个词: For and Since For:表示动作持续的一段时间。如:for two minutes/weeks/years；for several days/a long time/the past month 而在一般现在时不能与之连用。 Since: 表示动作从何时开始时间点. 如:since 6:00/Apr. 23/last week /the accident ◆◇现在进行时和现在完成时 现在进行时： 表示一个正在进行的动作,但不表明动作从什么时候开始的。 Examples: He is waiting over there. Matthew is studying Chinese in Beijing. 现在完成时：可表明发生动作的具体数字和次数。 Examples: He has tried to pass the exam twice. ◆◇一般过去时和过去进行时 a.二者的区别在于一般过去进行时表示在过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作。 Examples: My brother was sleeping at 2:00 yesterday afternoon. My neighbor’s dog was barking at 3:00 this morning. b.二者的区别在于一般过去进行时表示在过去同一时间两个同时进行的动作。 与之常用的时间副词: while, as Examples; Robert was moving the lawn while Susan was fixing the car. As Michael was visiting Paris, Robert was teaching English classes in Beijing. ◆◇一般过去时和过去将来时 二者的区别在于过去将来时表示在过去打算做,但是没有做的动作.而一般过去时表示为什么没有做的原因。 Examples: I was going to become a rock star but I didn’t know the right people in the music business. ◆◇一般过去时和过去完成时 二者的区别在于过去完成时表示在过去的过去所发生的动作。 Examples: Mary was hungry because she hadn’t eaten breakfast. Charlie lost his way to the hotel although he had been there a few days earlier. I realized that I hadn’t eaten a single French Fry since I started my diet. ◆◇一般现在时和一般将来时 - 一般现在时在时间和条件从句当中表示将来时的动作。 Examples: As soon as I save enough money I’ll buy a big house. When he gets back home he will phone a friend in New York. If it rains tomorrow we will cancel the camping trip. ◆◇过去进行时 { be (was,were)+ 现在分词 } 动词的时态和语态 试题与解析 （ ）1.He stepped into the office, _____ down and began to fill in the forms. A. sitting B. to sit C. sat D. having it （ ）2.She said she would telephone but we _____from her so far. A. haven’t heard B. didn’t hear C. hadn’t heard D. won’t hear （ ）3.When I got to the cinema, the film ____for ten minutes. A. has begun B. had begun C. had been on D. was （ ）4.I’ll go with you as soon as I____ my homework. A. will finish B. finish C. am finishing D. finished （ ）5.If it _____tomorrow, I won’t go to the cinema. A. will rain B. rains C. is raining D. rained （ ）6.She is going to be a nurse when she up. A. is going to grow B. grows C. growing D. grew （ ）7. 下列四句是“这本书我已经买了三个月了。”的英译文，哪一种不对？ A. I have had this book for three months. B. I have bought this book for three months. C. I bought this book three months ago. D. It is three months since I bought this book. （ ）8.——Come in, Peter, I want to show you something. ——Oh, how nice of you! I_____ you _____ to bring me a gift. A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going C. didn’t think; were going D. had’t thought; were going （ ）9.When I was at college I_____ three foreign languages, but I_____ all except for a few words of each. A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten C. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten （ ）10.The police found that the house_____and a lot of things____. A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen C. has been broken into;stolen D. had been broken into; stolen （ ）11.The volleyball macth will be put off if it____. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining （ ）12.Mary_____a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes （ ）13.The students_____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she_____ in the office. A. had writen; left B.were writing; has left C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left （ ）14.——Have you moved into the new house?——No yet, the rooms_____, A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting （ ）15.——We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. ——What do you suppose____to her? A. was happening B. to happen C. has happened D. having happened （ ）16.——Do you know our town at all? ——No, this is the first time I _____here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming （ ）17.——We could have walked ot the station.It was so near. ——Yes, A taxi _____ at all necessary. A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be （ ）18.If city noises_____ from increasing, people____ _shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A. are not kept;will have to B.are not kept; have to C. do not keep;will have to D.do not keep; have to （ ）19.Tom_____into the house when no one_____. A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked C. slipped; had looked D. was slippping; looked （ ）20.The last time I_____ Jane she____ cotton in the fields. A.had seen; was picking B. saw; picking C.had seen; picked D. saw; was picking （ ）21.We were all surprised when he made it clear that he_____ office soon. A. leaves B .woulds leave C. left D. had left （ ）22.In some parts of the world, tea with milk and sugar. A. is serving B. is served C. serves D.served （ ）23.The pen I____I ____is on my desk, right under my nose. A. think; lost B. thought; had lost C. think; had lost D. thought; have lost （ ）24.——How long ____ each other before they____ married? ——For about a year. A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got （ ）25.My dictionary _____. I have looked for it everywhere but still ____it. A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found （ ）26.——Can I join the club, Dad ? ——You can when you ____ a bit older. A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got （ ）27.—— I’m sorry to keep you waiting. —— Oh, not at all . I____ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be （ ）28.——Do you like the material（材料）? ——Yes, it_____ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt （ ）29.I don’t really work here. I____ until the new secretary arrives. A. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. is completed （ ）30.I need one more stamp before my collection_____. A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed （ ）31.——Your phone number again? I____ quite catch it. ——It’s 9568442. A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t （ ）32 .—— _____the sports meet might be put off. —— Yes, it all depends on the weather. A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told C. I’m told D. I told （ ）33.As she ____the newspaper, Granny ____ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell （ ）34.You don’t need to describe her, I____ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet （ ）35.I don’t think Jim saw me; He ____ into space. A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared （ ）36. ——____my glasses? ——____ Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago. A. Do you see B. Had you seen C. Would you see D. have you seen （ ）37. Helen ____ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____ home. A. has left ;comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come （ ）38. I first met Lisa three years ago. She ____at a radio shop at the time. A. has worked B. was working C. has been working D. has worked （ ）39. ——Who is Jerry Cooper? ——_____? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you meet him yet C. Didn't’ you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet （ ）40.—— Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday? ——I____ , but I had an unexpected visitor. A. had B. would C. was going to D. did （ ）41.The Chinese Communist Party _____ in Shanghai in 1921. A. was found B. found C. was founded D. founded （ ）42.Great changes______ in my home town since liberation. A. have been taken place B. took place C. have taken place D. were taken place （ ）43.The water will be further polluted unless some measures_____. A. will be taken B. are taken C. were taken D. had been taken （ ）44. He’ll be an astronaut by the time he _____ thirty. A. is B. had been C. will be D. is going to be （ ）45.The____look on his face suggested that he____ that. A. surprising; hadn’t expected B. surprised; hadn’t expected C.surprising; would expect D. surprised; shouldn’t expect 七年级英语语法上册下册总结： 七年级英语语法虽然是从简单的一些日常用语出发的，但语法中常会有一些知识点看起来很细小，容易被忽视，但这些知识点掌握不熟练，往往会造成一些语法应用上的错误。因此在学习七年级英语语法时，要认真、细心，不要觉得一些地方不重要而得过且过。 一、七年级英语语法——词法 1、名词 A）、名词的数 我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下： 一）在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二）x, sh,
ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes,
glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties,
comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories 2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways 四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如:
tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯 五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves,
shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish,
sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学,
family家，家庭成员 九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文,
work工作 works作品，工厂,
glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜,
orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken
鸡肉 chickens 小鸡 十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs 十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet,
mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen B）名词的格 当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下： 一）单数在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s 二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节 三）由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个’s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间） 2、代词 项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词 人称 主格
宾格
形容词
名词性 第一人称 单数 I me my mine
myself 复数 we us our ours
ourselves 第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himself it it its its this that itself 复数 they them their theirs these those themselves 3、动词 A） 第三人称单数 当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下： 一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二）在x, sh,
ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches,
washes, wishes, finishes 三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes 五）特殊的有：are-is,
have-has B） 现在分词 当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下： 一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing,
train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going,
do-doing 二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing,
wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母＋一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting,
let-letting, begin-beginning 四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于 4、形容词的级 我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下： 一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest,
shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest,
nicer- nicest, larger -largest 二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer
fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger
biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest 三） 以辅音字母＋y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier
sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly),
busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四）特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远) good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill
– worse worst little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far-
farther/further farthest/furthest 5、数词 (基变序，有规则；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth;
seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth,
ninety-ninetieth 二、七年级英语语法——句式 1.陈述句 肯定陈述句 a)
This is a book. (be动词) b) He looks very young. (连系动词) c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词) d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词) e) There’s a
computer on my desk. (There be结构) 否定陈述句 a)
These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice. c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate
can’t find her doll. e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.) 2. 祈使句 肯定祈使句 a)
Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn
English! c) Come in, please. 否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry. 3. 疑问句 1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c)
Does she like salad? d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading? 肯定回答: a)
Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is. 否定回答: a)
No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No,
they don’t. e) No, she isn’t. 2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small. 3) 特殊疑问句 ① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve. ② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies
and comedies. ③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine. ④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K. How do we contact you? My e-mail address is
cindyjones@163.com. ⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club? ⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m.. What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five
o’clock. When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00. ⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table. ⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue. What’s your favourite color? It’s black. ⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my
sister. Who is the boy in blue? My brother. Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma. Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? ⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case. What else can you see in the picture? I can see some
broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers. 11问姓名 What’s your
aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen. What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben. What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith. 12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box. 13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f. 14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars. 15 问电话号码 What’s your
phone number? It’s 576-8349. 16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching
TV. 17 问职业(身份) What do
you do? I’m a teacher. What’s your father? He’s a doctor. 三、七年级英语语法——时态 1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有： Be 动词：She’s a
worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a
worker. 情态动词：I can
play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the
piano. 行为动词：They
want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes. Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch?
Gina doesn’t have a watch. 2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它. I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m
not playing baseball. Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter?
Nancy isn’t writing a letter. They’re listening to the pop music. Are they listening
the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music. 一．动词be（is,am,are）的用法 我(I)用am, 你(you)用are，is跟着他(he)，她(she)，它(it)。单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。变否定，更容易，be后not加上去。变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。还有一条须注意，句首大写莫忘记。 二．this，that和it用法 (1)this和that是指示代词，it是人称代词。 (2)距离说话人近的人或物用this, 距离说话人远的人或物用that。如： This is a
flower. 这是一朵花。(近处) That is a
tree. 那是一棵树。(远处) (3)放在一起的两样东西，先说this, 后说that。如： This is a
pen. That is a pencil. 这是一支钢笔。那是一支铅笔。 (4)向别人介绍某人时说This is…, 不说That is…。如： This is
Helen. Helen, this is Tom. 这是海伦，海伦，这是汤姆。 (5)This
is 不能缩写, 而That is可以缩写。如： This is a
bike. That’s a car. 这是一辆自行车。那是一辆轿车。 (6)打电话时，介绍自己用this, 询问对方用that。如： —Hello!
Is that Miss Green? 喂，是格林小姐吗？ —Yes,
this is. Who’s that? 是的，我是，你是谁？ 注意：虽然汉语中使用“我”和“你”，但英语中打电话时绝不可以说：I am…, Are you…？/Who are
you? (7)在回答this或that作主语的疑问句时, 要用it代替this或that。如： ①—Is this a notebook? 这是笔记本吗？ —Yes, it
is. 是的，它是。 ②—What’s that? 那是什么？ —It’s a
kite. 是只风筝。 二．these和those用法 this,
that, these和those是指示代词，these是this的复数形式,指时间,距离较近的或下面要提到的人或事;those是that的复数形式,指时间、距离较远或前面已经提到过的人或事物。 ① This is my bed. That is Lily’s bed. 这是我的床。那是莉莉的床。 ② ②These pictures are good. 那些画很好。 ③ ③ Are those apple trees? 那些是苹果树吗？ ④ 在回答主语是these或those的疑问句时，通常用they代替these或those以避免重复。如： ⑤ ④Are these/those your apples? 这些(那些)是你的苹果吗？ ⑥ Yes, they are. 是的，他们是。 ⑦ 四．不定冠词a和an a和an都是不定冠词，表示一(个，支，本，块……)的意思，但不强调数量概念，而是强调类别，用来限定名词。a用在辅音素开头的单数名词前，如：a pencil(一支铅笔)，a book(一本书)；an用在元音音素开头的名词前，如an eraser(一块橡皮)。如果名词前有修饰语，用a还是用an，则以该修饰语的第一音素决定用a还是用an。如：a clock 一座钟
an old clock 一座旧钟 a
book 一本书 an
English book 一本英语书a nice
apple 一个可爱的苹果 an
apple 一个苹果 五．名词＋’s所有格
六．There be句型 (1)There be句型主要用以表达“某处（某时）有某人（某物）。”其基本结构为“There be＋某物（某人）＋某地（某时）”其中there是引导词，没有词义；主语是be后面的名词， be是谓语动词，在一般现在时中be只用is和are两种形式。下面这首歌诀可帮你巧记there be句型结构： There be放句首，主语跟在后。地、时放句末，强调置前头。如： There is a book on the desk. 有时为了强调地点，也可把介词短语放在句首。如： On the desk there is a book. (2)There be句型中的be动词如何确定呢？请先看看下面这首歌诀： Be动词，有三个，am，is还有are。“There be”真特别，不留am只留俩，那就是is还有are。要用is还是are，须看其后的名词是单数还是复数。若是单数或不可数名词用is，否则就用are。如： ①There is a tree behind the house. ②There is some water（水）in the bottle（瓶子）. ③There are some pears in the box. (3)注意：如果“be”后的主语是由and连接的两个或两个以上的名词，那么be的形式要遵循“远亲不如近邻”的原则。也就是说，“be”的形式是由与它最近的那个名词来确定的。若那个名词是单数或不可数名词要用is，是复数就用are。如： ①There is a book and some pens on
the floor. ②There are some pens and a book on
the floor. 七．like一词的用法 like用作及物动词，译为“喜欢”。 (1)后接名词或代词，表示喜欢某人或某物。如： I like the baby very much. 我非常喜欢这个小孩。 (2)后接动名词(v. -ing)，表示“喜欢做某事”，着重于习惯、爱好。如： Tom likes playing football. 汤姆喜欢踢足球。 (3)后接动词不定式(to do )，表示“偶尔地喜欢做某事”，着重于某次具体的行为。如： I like reading, but I like to watch TV this evening. 我喜欢读书，但我今晚想看电视。 八．一般现在时 一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作，或表示现在的特征、状态。当主语是非第三人称单数时，行为动词的一般现在时变化形式(见下表)。如：
当主语是第三人称单数时，行为动词一般现在时的句型变化如下： (1)肯定句在行为动词原形后＋s/es(其构成方法与名词单数变复数相同)。 (2)否定句用助动词doesn’t＋动词原形。 (3)一般疑问句则是把助动词does放在句首，后面动词用原形，回答时，肯定用“Yes，主语＋does.”；否定用“No，主语＋doesn’t.”。
九．句子单数变复数，注意以下五要素 (1)主格人称代词要变成相应的复数主格人称代词,即I→we, you→you，she,he,it→ they。如： She is a girl. →They are girls. (2)am，is要变为are。如： I’m a student. →We are students. (3)不定冠词a，an要去掉。如： He is a boy. →They are boys. (4)普通单数名词要变为复数形式。如： It is an apple. →They are apples. (5)指示代词this，that要变为these，those。如： This is a box. →These are boxes. 十．英语日期的表示法 英语中月份和星期名称都是专有名词，它们的首字母必须大写，并且前面无需用冠词。 用英语表示日期，其顺序为月+日+年，日和年之间需用逗号隔开。如：August 2nd，2003(2003年8月2日)。也可以用日+月+年来表示。如：10th May，2003(2003年5月10日)英语日期前介词的使用：若指在哪一年或哪一月，则用介词in，若具体到某一天，则需用介词on。 ①She was
born in 1989 ②She was born in
August. ③She was born in August 1989. ④She was born on 2nd August, 1989. 十一.名词复数： 在英语里面，名词分可数名词（countable noun）和不可数名词（uncountable noun），不可数名词没有单复数之分，用时只当单数词用；可数名词有单复数之分，一个的前面要用a或an，eg: a pencil, a basketball, a dictionary, an egg, an ID card，而复数即两个或两个以上的要作相应的变化，情况如下： (1) 特殊词，特殊变化，需单独记： child→children，man→men，foot→feet，woman→women tooth→teeth，sheep→sheep，deer→deer (2)一般的词在单数词后直接+“s”: book→books，pen→pens，car→cars，map→maps，cartoon→cartoons (3)以s，x，sh，ch结尾的词+“es” box→boxes，watch→watches (4)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词去掉“y”，改成“i”，再加“es” family→families，comedy→comedies (5)以f或fe结尾的词，先去掉f或fe，改成“v”再加es knife→knives，wife→wives，handkerchief→handkerchieves 十二.时间的表达法 (1) 直读式，即直接读出时间数字 7: 05 seven five 8:16 eight
sixteen (2) 过、差式，即几点差几分，几点过几分。（以30分为分界线） 1:25 twenty-five past one 2:30 half past two 3:43 seventeen to four
4:38 twenty-two to five (3)12小时制 6:00 a.m. 上午6点 8:20
p.m. 下午8点20分 (4)24小时制 13:00 13点钟
22:15 22点15分 (5)15分可用quarter 4:15 a quarter past four 5:45 a
quarter to six (6)时间前通常用at. at 5 o’clock at 7:30 p.m. 十三.关于时间的问法 (1)以when提问,“什么时候”可以是较长的时间段，也可以是较短的时间点 ①When is your
birthday? 你的生日是什么时候？ ②My birthday is Dec. 29th. 我的生日是 这里就是指一天的时间段 ①When do you go
home? 你几点回家？ ②I go home at 4:30
p.m. 我下午4：30回家. 这里when问的是具体的时间。 (2)具体几点我们通常用what time提问 ①What time is it now? 现在几点了？ or What’s the time? 几点了？ It’s 9:26. 现在九点二十六。 ②What time is it by your
watch? 你手表几点了？ It’s 8:36. Oh, It’s 50 minutes late 8:36，哦，它慢了50分钟。 ③What time do you get
up? 你几点起床？ I get up at 6:00
a.m. 我早上6点起床。
十四. want用法 (1)想干什么用want to do sth They want to join the sports club. 他们想加入运动俱乐部。 (2)第三人称单数作主语，want要作变化 ①He wants to play basketball. ②Li Xia wants to play the piano. (3)变疑问句，否定句要借助助动词do或does. ①－Do you
want to play soccer ball ? －Yes , I
do . / No , I don’t. ②－Does he
want to go home by bus ? －Yes , he
does . / No , he doesn’t 初一英语易错知识点归类例析 初一英语易错知识点归类例析 英语有很多很细小的知识点，而这些细小的知识点往往就是考点。同学们很容易由于注意不到而犯错误，下面就初一年级同学们比较容易犯错误的知识点做一个汇总。 [第一类] 名词类 1. 这些女老师们在干什么？ [误] What are the woman teachers doing？ [正] What are the women teachers doing？ [析] 在英语中，当一名词作定语修饰另一名词（单或复数形式）时，作定语的名词一般要用其单数形式；但当man，woman作定语修饰可数名词复数形式时，要用其复数形式men，women. 2. 房间里有多少人？ [误] How many peoples are there in the room？ [正] How many people are there in the room？ [析] people作“人、人们”解时，是个集合名词，其单复数同形。 3. 我想为我儿子买两瓶牛奶。 [误] I want to buy two bottle of milk for my
son. [正] I want to buy two bottles of milk for my
son. [析] 表示不可数名词的数量时，常用“a / an或数词 +表量的可数名词 +
of + 不可数名词”这一结构， 其中当数词大于1时，表量的可数名词要用其复数形式。 [第二类] 动词类 4. 你妹妹通常什么时候去上学？ [误] What time does your sister usually goes
to school？ [正] What time does your sister usually go to
school？ [析] 借助助动词do（或does）构成疑问句或否定句时，句中的谓语动词用其原形。 5. 琳达晚上经常做作业，但今晚她在看电视。 [误] Linda often do her homework in the
evening，but this evening she watching TV. [正] Linda often does her
homework in the evening，but this evening she is
watching TV. [析] 在初一英语学习阶段，我们接触到了两种主要时态：一般现在时和现在进行时。一般现在时表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常和often，usually，sometimes
等时间状语连用。在一般现在时的句子中，若主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词要用其第三人称单数形式。现在进行时表示现阶段正在进行或发生的动作，现在进行时由be（am / is / are） +
ving形式构成。 6 这双鞋是红色的。 [误] This pair of shoes are red. [正] This pair of shoes is red. [析] 在shoes，trousers，gloves，glasses等表示成双成对的衣物或工具名词前用pair（表计量）修饰时，谓语动词的形式由pair的单复数形式来决定。 [第三类] 代词类 7. 这张票是她的，不是我的。 [误] This is hers ticket. It’s not my. [正] This is her ticket.
It’s not mine. [析] 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词之后一定要接名词，而名词性物主代词之后不需接任何词。 8. 吴老师教我们英语。 [误] Miss Wu teaches our English. [正] Miss Wu teaches us English. [析] teach sb. sth.中的sb.作teach的宾语，因此当sb.为人称代词时要用其宾格形式。 [第四类] 介词类 9. 你能找到这个问题的答案吗？ [误] Can you find the answer of this question？ [正] Can you find the answer to this question？ [析] 英语中用“the answer
to …”表示“……的答案”。类似结构还有the key to the door，the way to the zoo等。 10. 格林先生星期六上午来这里。 [误] Mr Green will come here in Sunday
evening. [正] Mr Green will come here on Sunday
evening. [析] 表示在上午、下午等时，介词要用in；而表示在具体的某天上午、下午时，介词要用on. 11. 那个穿着红裙子的小女孩是我们老师的女儿。 [误] That little girl on a red skirt is our
teacher’s daughter. [正] That little girl in
a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter. [析] 用介词表示“穿戴衣物”时，只能用in，其他介词没有此用法。 [第五类] 副词类 12. 莉莉，你为什么不回家呢？ [误] Lily，why don’t you go to home？ [正] Lily，why don’t you go home？ [析] come，go 等后接here，there，home等地点副词时，地点副词前不加to。 [第六类] 连词类 13. 我喜欢语文和英语，但我不喜欢体育和历史。 [误] I like Chinese and English，but I don’t like P.E.and history. [正] I like Chinese and
English，but I don’t like P.E.or
history. [析] 在肯定句中并列成分之间用and来连接；而在否定句中，并列成分之间的连接需用or。 [第七类] 冠词类 14. 乘飞机去北京花了史密斯一家人一个小时。 [误] It takes Smiths a hour to go to Beijing
by a plane. [正] It takes the Smiths
an hour to go to Beijing by plane. [析] 1．表示“……一家人”用结构“the
+ 姓氏复数”； 2．our 一词的第一个字母不发音，它是以元音音素开头的，所以“一小时”要用 an hour； 3．用介词by表示“乘坐”某种交通工具时，交通工具名词前不加任何冠词。 [第八类] 句法类 15.
――你不是学生吗？
――不，我是学生。 [误] ――Aren’t you a student？ ――No， I am. [正] ――Aren’t you a student？ ――Yes， I am. [析] 对否定疑问句的回答是用Yes还是用No，这取决于实际情况：如果事实是肯定的，就用Yes表“不”；如果事实是否定的，就用No表“是的”。 初中英语语法口诀歌 1. 数词变化规律及读法口诀
O, s, ch, sh 结尾“-es”没有差。
2. 使用口诀： 初中英语作文写作 议论文写作技巧和范文 议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义；论据的基本要求是：真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。 英语议论文的结构一般较为固定，通常包括以下三部分： 1. 在导语部分提出需要议论的议题； 2. 在正文部分对所提出的问题进行议论； 3. 在结论部分对以上的讨论进行总结和归纳。 写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论；或者先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实中分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论；也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的问题，然后一一作答，逐层深入；还可以把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论。 在具体写作中要注意下列几点： 1. 议题的提出要开门见山，不要拖泥带水。 2. 议论时可以采用不同的方法。如：可以摆出正反两方面观点，进行对比；也可引经据典论证作者自己观点的正确性，从而使读者接受自己的观点；亦可提出一种错误的观点然后论证其错误，最终提出正确的观点。正文部分是写作的重点，论证方法可用归纳法、推理法、比较法等。 3. 在结论部分必须表明作者的观点，对讨论的问题做出总结。 4. 注意连接词和过渡词等词语的使用，以增强文章的条理性和逻辑性。常用的过渡词和连接词包括：first, second, third, finally, in addition, furthermore, besides,
what was worse, more importantly, in contrast, because, since, now that,
therefore，consequently，in that
case, as a result/consequence, in conclusion, to sum up等等。 请看下面的范文： Shall we send children to study abroad? With more and more people becoming rich in recent years, it is a new
tendency for them to send their children to study abroad. But I don’t think it is a good idea. First of all, children are too young to
look after themselves. Second, the language barrier is a serious problem. Many
children are not proficient in the foreign language before going abroad. As a
result, they have difficulty in understanding what the native speakers are
talking about. Third, they may get into trouble when dealing with various
situations for lack of knowledge of the customs in the strange land.
Furthermore, the cost of living is much higher than that in our country, which
might cause a heavy burden to the family. In conclusion, there are more disadvantages in sending children to
study abroad. So, we’d better not do it.
to do sth.
doing sth.
介词后+ing
do sth.
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