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十一、状语从句

种 类	从属连词	例    句		说   明
时 间 状 从	When whenever	When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.当我进屋时，他正在写信。 We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。		when指的是“某一具体的时间” whenever指的是“在任何时间”
	when	I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。		when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般位于句末。
	while	While it was raining, they went out.天下雨的时候，他们出去了。 I stayed while he was away.他不在的时候我在。		while指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的
	as	He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。		as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生
	before	Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生，再做先生。
	after	He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。
	till	We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。		如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…为止”
	until		She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .她到11点钟才停止工作。 Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there. 她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。	如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,从句放在句首表示强调，一般用until
	since   as soon as		Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. 自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。 As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海就给你写信。	状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号。
	hardly…when   no sooner…than		I had hardly got home when it began to rain. 我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had we got to the station than the train left. 我们刚到车站，火车就走了。 Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。	hardly…when和no sooner…than的意义相当于as soon as,但只表示过去发生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，如hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装
	every time, by the time, the moment等		Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.我每次乘船都晕船。 The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful. 我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。 Next time you come ,you’ll see him.下次你来的时候，就会见到他。	在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或过去将来时，而要用现在时或过去时代替将来时
地 点 状 从	where   wherever		Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。 Where there is water there is life.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。 You are free to go wherever you like.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。 Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。	where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语气较强，多用于书面语
原 因 状 从	because		I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。	because用来回答why 的问题，语气最强
	since		Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，我们开始开会。	since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首
	as		As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary . 由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。	从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中。
	now that, seeing that		Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey. 鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。 Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor. 鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。	seeing (that), now that 和since, as 意义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思，that可以省去
目 的 状 从	that   so that   in order that   lest = for fear that	I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。 We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。 They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能提前完成工作。 Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold. 多穿点衣服，以免感冒。		目的状语从句中常用情态动词may (might) can (could) ,should 等放在动词之前，从句往往放在主句之后，主从句之间不用任何标点符号
结 果 状 从	so that   so…that	We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news. 我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到了新闻。 He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word. 他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。		so that前有逗号为结果状语从句 so…that的so后面跟形容词或副词
	such…that	He gave such important reasons that he was excused. 他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。 It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it. It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it. 这是一本十分有趣的书，大家都想看。		such…that的such后面跟名词，如果名词是单数就要用such a /an…that还可以转换用so…that，语气较强
条 件 状 从	if   unless   as/so long as in case so far as	Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them. 如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。 We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.除非下雨，我们明天就去那里。 = We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain. So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed. 只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。 In case I forget, please remind me about it .万一我忘了，请提醒我一下。 So far as I know, the book will be published next month. 据我所知，那本书下月出版。		unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式。unless和if…not同义，unless是书面语，if…not是口语，通常二者可以换用 条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时
方 式 状 从	as   as if… as though	Draw a cat as I taught you .按照我教你的画一只猫。 Do as you are told.按照人家告诉你做的去做。 She looks as if she is ill.看上去她好象是生病了。 He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.他的行动就好象什么也没有发生。 They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal. 他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。		此处as译为：按照或正如 as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样。从句中可以用现在时表示可能符合事实，也可以用虚拟语气
让 步 状 从	although though	Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French. 虽然他六十多岁了，但仍开始学习法语 。 We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day. 虽然我们干了一天活，但并不累。		在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再用“但是”（but）但可以与yet或still连用。though / although意义相同，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化，后者正式多放主句的前面
	even if,even though	I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.即使明天下雨，我也要去。		even if 和even though的意思为“即使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中
	as	Child as he is , he knows a lot .虽然他是一个孩子，但他懂得很多。 Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors. 虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。		as引出的状语从句多用于书面语，它比用 though或although引导的从句，语气强，更有表现力，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。
	no matter (who, what when, where which, how…)	Do it no matter what others say.不管别人怎么说,尽管干。 No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day. 不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。 No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very grateful. 不管谁为我处理这件事，我都将非常感激。		no matter……与 who-ever引导的让步状语从句意义基本一 样，no matter……引导的从句可是以位于主句前或主句后
	wh+ever (whatever whoever ,whenever whichever ,however)	Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart. 无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。 Whoever comes, he will be welcome.无论谁来，都会受到欢迎。
比 较 状 从	as…as , not so/as…as the same…as such…as	Mary is as old as my sister.玛利和我姐姐一样大。 He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).他不如杰克跑得那样快。 His book is the same as mine.他的书和我的一样。 Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .享利这个工人不如彼得那样好。		连词表示同程度级的比较，肯定句用as…as否定句可用not as…as 或not so…as
	…than…	She has made greater progress this year than she did last year. 她今年比去年进步更大。 He bought fewer books than I (did).他买的书比我买的少。
	the more …the more…	The more you read, the better you understand.你看的书越多，你懂得的就越多。 The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get. 你卖的票越多，你的收入也越多。 The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。 The sooner, the better.越快越好。The warmer, the better.越暖和越好。		the more…the more 意思为越…越…，通常的语序为从句在前主句在后，这两个the都是表示程度的副词，用在比较级的形容词或副词前面

 

 

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十二、定语从句

I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。

关系词		先行词	从句成分	例   句	备   注
关系代 词	who	人	主语	Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?	whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
	whom	人	宾语	Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
	whose	人或物	定语	I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
	that	人或物	主语，宾语	A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
	which	物	主语，宾语	The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
	as	人或物	主语，宾语	He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.	as做宾语一般不省略
关系副 词	when	时间	时间状语	I will never forget the day when we met there.	可用on which
	where	地点	地点状语	This is the house where I was born.	可用in which
	why	原因	原因状语	I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.	可用for which

II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别

情   况	用法说明	例   句
只用that的情况	1.先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时 2.先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4.先行词既指人又指物时 5.先行词被the only, the very修饰时 6.句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时	1.He told me everything that he knows.   2.All the books that you offered has been given out.   3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情况	1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 3.先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。	1.He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.   2.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.   3.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.

III. as、which和that的区别

从句	区   别	例   句
限制性 定语从句中	名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which	He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性 定语从句中	as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。	They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
the same... as和 the same ...that	the same... as指同类事物 the same ...that 指原物	That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把） That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。

注意：the way 做先行词时，定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词。

IV.定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别

类  别	区   别	例   句
定语从句 与 并列句	定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。	①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer． ②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer． 从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom； ②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them。
定语从句 与 状语从句	定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。	This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place） Let’s go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
	定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。	Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句） It was already five o’clock when the class was over. =When the class was over, it was already five o’clock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）
	When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。	This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句） Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）
	定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。	It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。 （as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句） It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。 （that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）
定语从句 与 同位语从句	定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。	The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句） 此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句） The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he told us.
定语从句 与 强调句	强调句的结构为“It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。	①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport． ②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works． 从结构上看： ①小题是强调句，故填 that。 ②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。

 

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十三、强调句

强调的类别	说   明	例   句
It is (was) +被强调部分+that(who)…	为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语或状语），常用强调结构： It is (was) +被强调部分+that(who)… 表示强调的it在这种结构的 句子中作主句的主语。	原始句：Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace. 强调主语：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace last night. 强调宾语：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night. 强调地点状语：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night. 强调时间状语：It was last night that I saw a film in the Youth Palace. 一般讲，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，用It is…that (who)…；如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用It was… that(who)…。
	注意点	①在强调主语时，that后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的 It is I who am a teacher.
		②即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数 It is they who often help me with my lessons.
		③在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时，不要用when,where,why 或 how ，而用that It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us.
		④在强调not … until 结构中由 until 短语（或从句）表示的时间状语时， 要用固定的强调句型 It is(was) not until ...that...。that 从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。 My father didn't come home until 12 o'clock last night. It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came home.
		⑤在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序： 把is/ was提到it前面。 Did this happen in Beijing? Was it in Beijing that this happened?
		⑥特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是“被强调部分（通 常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/was + it + that/ who + 其它部分?' Where were you born? Where was it that you were born?

⑦not …until…句型的强调句[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K]