英语中使役动词的用法总结

英语中具有使役意义的动词较多，跟人们常常说的使役动词不是一个概念。通常我们说使役动词，指的是make, have, let这三个动词，它们在后接不定式作宾语补足语时要省去不定式符号to的特定用法。但具有使役意义的动词数量上远不止这些，用法也较灵活。(注：英语动词意义丰富，在此仅限于“使役”意义。)

1. have 的用方法

1). have +宾语+省to不定式：表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事，宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系。而且还可以与情态动词will, would连用，不用于被动结构。 The rich lady had the singer eat with his servants. I will have him come and help you. 2). have+宾语+现在分词：表示让某人或物连续进行某动作或处于某状态中，宾语和宾补是一种主动关系。亦可转化为“劝说，鼓励”宾语干某事。 The two cheats had the lights burning all night long. He had us waiting for him three hours yesterday. I have them all talking to each other in English.  3). have +宾语+过去分词：表示主语的主观意志，即主语让别人为自己完成某事，宾语和宾补是动宾关系。还可以表示主语遭受到来利或不测的事。 Tom said he had had his TV set repaired. Tom had his wallet stolen on the bus yesterday. “别人”在句中一般不出现，这是它与结构1）的区别所在。试比较： Have you washed your clothes? 你洗了衣服了吗？（自己洗） Have you had your clothes washed? 你叫人洗了衣服了吗？（别人洗） 4). have+宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语作宾补 Please have your tickets ready. The Emperor had nothing on. I am sure I’ll have him in the argument.

2. let的用法

1). let +宾语+省to不定式：表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事，宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系，罕用于被动语态。有时也可指一种假设。let后不能接现在分词，过去分词作宾补。

Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves.

Let AB be equal to CD. 假设AB等于CD。

2). let+宾语+副词/介词短语作宾补

Let me in and let them out.

Who let you into the building？

3．make的用法

1). make +宾语+省to不定式：表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事，宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系。此结构常用被动结构。make后不接现在分词作宾补。

The teacher made the naughty boy stand there for an hour.

The naughty boy was made to stand there for an hour.

2).make+宾语+过去分词，此结构中的宾语指人时常用到反身代词。

He raised his voice to make himself heard.

Can you easily make yourself understood in English?

They will make an important plan known to the public soon.

3). make+宾语+形容词，宾语亦可是从句。

The news made her happy.

He made it clear that he objected to the proposal.

   “半使役动词”在英语语法上还是一个没有被认同的概念或术语，而只是认可了其v-ing形式和v-ed形式作为形容词使用。但这类词汇数量较大，使用频率高，已成为学习和考查中的重点，难点，易混易错点，而且在教学一线已经广泛地被教师和学生所接受。半使役动词之所以得名，一则它们的意义都有“使某人感到……”,再则是为了与具有特殊用法的使役动词let, have, make等区别开来。

常见的半使役动词

amaze（使某人感到惊呀）， astonish（使某人感到惊奇）,

bore（使某人感到厌倦）, complicate（使某人感到复杂）,

confuse（使某人感到迷惑）, disappoint （使某人感到失望）,

delight（使某人感到高兴）, discourage（使某人感到气馁）,

distinguish（使某人感到显著）, excite （使某人感到兴奋）,

encourage（使某人感到鼓舞）, exhaust （使某人感到疲倦）,

frighten（使某人感到恐惧）, interest （使某人感到有趣）,

inspire（使某人感到刺激）, move（使某人感到激动）,

please（使某人感到高兴）, puzzle（使某人感到不解）,

satisfy（使某人感到满意）, surprise（使某人感到惊异）,

shock（使某人感到震惊）, strike （使某人感到震动）,

tire（使某人感到疲惫）, upset （使某人感到迷惑不解）,等等

半使役动词的主动式用法：something + Vt. + somebody

如：What surprised him most was her bravery. His brave deeds moved China.

The exam result satisfied his parents. The boy’s behavior upset everybody around.

半使役动词的派生形容词

半使役动词有两个或三个派生形容词，一个加-ing，一个加-ed，有时还有一个加其他后缀构成

如：interest----interesting, interested; astonish----astonishing, astonished;

please----pleasing, pleased, pleasant; satisfy----satisfying, satisfied, satisfactory.

半使役动词的v-ing和v-ed两个分词形容词的用法也有规律

一般而言，作定语时，v-ing分词形容词修饰事物，v-ed分词形容词修饰人或者人的心理活动,表情等；作表语或宾语补足语时，v-ing分词形容词指事；v-ed分词形容词指人或拟人用法。而且作表语的v-ed分词后接事时常有一个介词。如：

The film we saw last night was very interesting.

We were all interested in the film.

The frightening hurricane made the girl very frightened.

The teacher was satisfied with the answer of his students.

★

使役意义状态动词get, leave, set, send, keep, drive, etc.

★

1

get 使成为/变得某种状态或结果（get的用法跟have很接近）

I can’t get the old radio to work. （接带to不定式作宾补）

Can you really get that old car going again? 

He got his wrist broken. （主语发生了不幸的事）

2

leave 使保持/处于某种状态

Leave your hat and coat in the hall. 

Did you leave the doors and windows firmly fastened? 

Always leave things where you can find them again. 

Leave somebody / something alone. 不要干涉某人或某事。

3

set 使某人或某物处于或达到某种特殊的状态或关系

set somebody at his ease 使某人安逸/舒适/心情放松

set something in order 使某物井然有序

set somebody free / at liberty 使某人获得自由，释放

4

 send 使某人或某物急剧地移动

The earthquake sent the crockery and cutlery crashing to the ground. 地震将杯盘刀叉震落在地上。

Mind how you go---- you nearly sent me flying. 

The good harvest sent the prices down. 丰收使物价下跌。

5

drive 使某人处于某状态，迫使某人做某事

Failure drove him to despair / desperation. 失败使他绝望。

Hunger drove him to steal. = He was driven by hunger to steal. 他为饥饿所迫而偷窃。

6

keep 使某人或某物保持某种状态

You should keep the children quiet. 

The cold weather kept us indoors. 

I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting. 

使役意义动态动词

cause 致使，导致（能接直接宾语，双宾语，复合宾语）

What caused his death? 

This has caused us much anxiety. 

What caused the plants to die.（=what made them die.）

force 迫使，强迫 （宾语后常接介词短语、副词及不定式等）

force one’s way through a crowd 从人群中挤出一条路来。

force a way in / out / through 冲入/出/过

force an entry into a building 强行进入一建筑

force the war upon him 强迫某人作战

force someone into doing something 强迫某人做某事