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 fengweizhu子 2018-01-12
非常敬佩wang02老师深厚的临床功底!

看了大家的发言,临床思路非常广阔,使我受益匪浅,临床思维得以扩宽!的确,对一位患者做出正确诊断,首先必须进行广泛的鉴别诊断,不应仅仅给出某一个倾向性诊断,而应给出相关的多个鉴别诊断,通过对病史、体征、辅助检查进行详细分析后,逐步缩小包围圈,推翻修正原先错误的诊断、或证实强化原先正确的诊断,直至最后得出确切的诊断。

本人的肌病功底浅薄,收治该例患者时颇有些困惑,该患者的表现都不是我所了解的、书上所描述的常见肌病的类型。无奈之下,只有查阅文献、拓宽并引导临床思路。
(呵呵,记得风版曾经发过一个帖子,叫《跳出文献来看病》;但无奈该例患者实在不是我的知识面所能把握的,无奈,只有回归文献、恶补相关肌病知识,掌握其临床表现及鉴别要点,然后再跳出文献,回归患者,考虑诊断。正所谓“读书而不临证,不可以为医;临证而不读书,亦不可以为医”也,呵呵!)

为何我个人同意wang02老师的意见呢?原因有2点:
一、本例患者的临床症状及体征(尤其是:没有肌强直(无论叩击或挤压受累肌肉均未引出)、肌无力、肌容积改变,甚至是疼痛严重时,连痉挛都未观察到)
二、本例患者的EMG表现。(尤其是:静息状态下并未呈电静息(electrically silent)状态、亦未见后放(after-discharge)现象)

下面首先谈谈患者的鉴别诊断谱,为此,特别推荐大家有兴趣的话可以拜读一下Angel S. Perez、Tulio E. Bertorini、Pushpa Narayanaswami于2006年发表于《J Clin Neuromusc Dis》杂志上的《A Woman With Spontaneous Focal Muscle Movements》一文,该文虽然只是一篇看似不起眼的Case Review、而且描述的是一位波纹肌病(Rippling muscle disease)患者;但是,该文的鉴别诊断部分精彩异常,至少对我这样肌病功底浅薄的人来说,的确拓宽、澄清了诊断思路,受益匪浅!而且,大家所提出的各种诊断可能,在该文中基本都做了描述和鉴别,希望对大家有所帮助。

Step 1. 文献复习


郑版此例患者的核心症状之一、也是最具特征性诊断价值的,是肌肉异常运动。下面,就让我们来看看上文的作者是如何提出鉴别诊断的:
(以下文字均自《A Woman With Spontaneous Focal Muscle Movements》一文翻译而来)

The following is a brief discussion of neuromuscular hyperexcitability syndromes implicated in our differential diagnosis.
以下内容,是该患者所涉及的与神经肌肉兴奋性过度综合征(syndrome of neuromuscular hyperexcitability)(图1)有关的鉴别诊断的简要讨论。


Stiff-Person Syndrome
僵人综合征

This syndrome is an acquired disorder of adult life, beginning in the third through sixth decades. The course is slowly progressive, with persistent aching and tightness in axial and proximal limb muscles, particularly in the neck and lower back, with episodic muscle spasms, often provoked by sensory stimulation or emotion.[1–3]
僵人综合征是一种成人后天获得性疾病,于30岁~60岁期间起病。
病程缓慢进展,表现为躯干中轴肌及肢体近端肌肉的持续性疼痛、紧绷感,颈部肌肉和下背部尤为明显,伴常为感觉刺激或情绪波动所诱发的发作性肌肉痉挛。
Spasms of paraspinal muscles results in a characteristic extreme lordosis; the patient may be unable to bend at the waist to touch the toes or to sit in a chair. These painful spasms and the stiffness impair gait and daily activities, resulting in severe incapacitation. Stiffness of chest wall muscles may restrict respiration. Cranial muscles have been involved in up to 25% of patients in some series.[2]
椎旁肌痉挛常造成特征性的脊柱前凸,患者常因此无法弯腰而触及脚趾或坐于椅上。
痛性痉挛、肌强直常造成患者步态异常和日常生活受限,使得患者活动能力严重受损。
胸壁肌强直可能导致呼吸受限。
之前的一篇文献曾报道,高达25%的患者颅面部肌肉亦受累。
The stiffness and spasm are relieved by sleep, general anesthesia, and administration of neuromuscular blocking agents. Muscle spasms may be severe enough to cause fractures or joint dislocations. Cocontraction of agonist and antagonist muscles is obvious; the examiner may be able to trigger an extreme spasm with noise or sudden extremity movement.
睡眠后、全身麻醉后、应用神经肌肉阻滞剂后,患者的肌强直、痉挛常缓解或消失。
严重的肌肉痉挛甚至可以导致骨折或关节脱位。
主动收缩肌和拮抗收缩肌的协同收缩现象非常明显;
给予噪音刺激或突然剧烈运动后,常可诱发严重的肌肉痉挛。
Muscle strength and sensory examination results are normal. Autonomic symptoms include diaphoresis, increased heart and respiratory rate, hyperthermia, and hypertension.
患者肌力正常、感觉系统检查亦正常。
患者可以出现多汗、心率增快、呼吸加速、体温升高、高血压等自主神经症状。
The continuous motor unit activity is thought to result from a failure of normal inhibitory mechanism in the brain and spinal cord. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase can be detected in serum (up to 65%), as well as in cerebrospinal fluid (85%).[4,5] This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and is specific for GABA-ergic neurons in the central nervous system.
持续的运动单位活动(continuous motor unit activity, CMUA)被认为系脑和脊髓的正常抑制机制受损所致。
高达65%的患者于血清中可以检出谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体、高达85%的患者于脑脊液中可以检出谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体。在谷氨酸转化为γ-氨基丁酸的反应过程中,谷氨酸脱羧酶起催化作用,在中枢神经系统的γ-氨基丁酸能神经元中尤为如此。
In addition to testing for the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, needle electromyography (EMG) is the most useful diagnostic test, demonstrating continuous motor unit activity in muscles that are not contracting volitionally. Diazepam is the most effective therapy; other medications considered effective include baclofen, clonazepam, valproic acid, clonidine, vigabatrin, and tiagabine. When the patient is responding poorly to therapy, immunosuppressive therapy with steroids, azathioprine, or plasmapheresis may prove useful. Intravenous immunoglobulin has been reported to improve the quality of life.[1] Intrathecal baclofen and intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin A and rituximab have been helpful in isolated cases.[6–8]
除需检测是否存在谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体外,针极肌电图是最重要的诊断手段。
针极肌电图显示持续的运动单位活动、肌肉不自主收缩。
最有效的治疗药物为地西泮;
其它被人为有效的药物包括:巴氯芬、氯硝安定、丙戊酸、可乐定、氨己烯酸、噻加宾。
当患者对上述药物的反应性较差时,免疫抑制剂、类固醇激素、硫唑嘌呤、血浆置换治疗往往有效。
据报道,静脉输注免疫球蛋白有助于改善患者的生活质量。
在个案报道中,鞘内给予巴氯芬、肌肉注射A型肉毒素(botulinum toxin A)、美罗华(rituximab)往往也有助于病情改善。

Cramp-Fasciculation Syndrome
痛性痉挛-肌束震颤综合征

The syndrome is characterized by muscle aching, cramps, stiffness, exercise intolerance, and peripheral nerve hyperexcitability,[3] mainly affecting young to middle-aged adults. Tahmoush et al[9] described fasciculations and myokymia that involved the deltoids, calf, and quadriceps. Muscle strength is normal. EMG shows frequent fasciculations, and supramaximal stimulation produces multiple electrical potential afterdischarges after the M response. In 33% of patients, fasciculations and abnormal electrical potentials were abolished by curare but not nerve block. Antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels were recently found in this disease and have been described in 5 of 32 patients by Vernino and Lennon.[10] The same study also described antibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in 2 of 32 patients.
痛性痉挛-肌束震颤综合征,以肌肉疼痛、痉挛、强直、运动耐受力差、周围神经兴奋性过度为特点,主要累及青少年至中年的人群。
据Tahmoush等人的描述,三角肌、腓肠肌、股四头肌会出现肌束震颤和肌纤维颤搐。
患者肌力正常。
肌电图可见频发的肌束震颤,给予超大刺激后,于M波产生后可见多发的后放电位(multiple electrical potential afterdischarges)。
33%患者的肌束震颤和异常电位,可被箭筒毒(curare)所终止,但经神经阻滞却无法终止。
最近,Vernino和Lennon研究了32例痛性痉挛-肌束震颤综合征患者,在5例患者中发现了电压门控性钾通道抗体;同时,在2例患者中还发现了神经节乙酰胆碱受体抗体。
Carbamazepine causes significant reduction of symptoms.
卡马西平可以明显改善患者的症状。

Isaacs Syndrome
神经性肌强直/艾萨克综合征/Isaacs综合征

Also called neuromyotonia, this is a condition characterized by progressive stiffness, myokymia, and cramps. Myokymia are spontaneous, transient, or persistent movements that affect a few bundles within a single muscle that usually are not extensive enough to cause movement at a joint. The movements are undulating, like ‘‘worms moving under the skin.’’
Isaacs综合征也称神经性肌强直,以进行性肌强直、肌纤维颤搐、痛性痉挛为特征。
肌纤维颤搐呈自发性、短暂性或持续性,累及单块肌肉的少量肌束,通常不会出现全身广泛性肌纤维颤搐,且关节不会出现肌纤维颤搐;
肌纤维颤搐呈波纹起伏状,仿佛“皮肤下有蚯蚓在蠕动”一般。
Neuromyotonia affects children and adults, with equal incidence in both sexes. Most patients are younger than 40 years at onset. The manifestations are more distal than proximal. Face, tongue, and pharyngeal muscles may also be involved. There is muscle hypertrophy. Weakness is absent or mild, especially in overactive muscles. Stiffness and myokymia are present at rest and increase on attempts at contraction, thereby limiting mobility.[11,12] Persistent or intermittent abnormal postures of hands and feet are characteristic. Hyporeflexia is present in a large percentage of patients.
儿童及成人均可发生Isaacs,男、女发病率相等。
大部分患者均于40岁以下发病。
肢体远端较近端表现更为明显。
面肌、舌肌、咽肌亦可受累。
肌肉肥大。
通常没有肌无力或仅有轻度肌无力,尤其是活动过多的肌肉。
肌强直和肌纤维颤搐于静息时出现,于肌肉试图收缩时更为明显,患者因此而活动受限。
手部及足部的持续性或间歇性姿势异常,也是神经性肌强直的主要特点。
大部分患者,腱反射减弱。
Another feature of this syndrome is delayed muscle relaxation, which differs from true myotonia by absent percussion myotonia and increased rather than decreased stiffness during continued activity.[3] There is also autonomic involvement, with hyperhidrosis and tachycardia. Mental disturbances characterized by personality change, insomnia, and irritability (Morvan syndrome) occur in 25% of patients.[12]
Isaacs综合征的另一个特点是肌肉松弛延缓。
Isaacs综合征与真性肌强直的主要区别在于:
1. Isaacs综合征患者,无叩击性肌强直;
2. 持续活动期间,肌强直加剧而非减轻。
Isaacs综合征也会出现自主神经受累,表现为多汗和心动过速。
精神异常主要表现为人格改变、失眠,25%的患者还会出现易激(Morvan综合征/脊髓空洞症伴发的上肢肢端营养不良/侧角植物神经营养障碍)。
EMG is the most valuable diagnostic test and reveals continuous motor activity. There are spontaneous action potentials, with configuration representing either motor units or single-muscle-fiber discharges. Myokymia, fasciculations, and electrical neuromyotonia are also seen. The motor activity persists during sleep and general and local anesthesia but is abolished by neuromuscular blockers.
肌电图是最有价值的诊断手段,肌电图可见持续的运动电位活动;存在自发性动作电位,伴运动单位放电或单个肌纤维放电;也可见肌纤维颤搐、肌束震颤、神经性肌强直电位。
睡眠期间、局麻、全麻时,运动电位活动仍持续存在;但予神经肌肉阻滞剂后可消失。
Isaacs syndrome is an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels in peripheral nerves.[13,14,15] There is also an inherited form, with the gene abnormality on chromosome 12.[16]
Isaacs综合征是一种因周围神经电压门控性钾通道抗体所致的自身免疫性疾病;
但也有因第12号染色体基因变异所致的遗传性Isaacs综合征的报道。
Phenytoin usually controls symptoms. Similar benefits have been reported with carbamazepine, valproic acid, and mexiletine. Plasma exchange and prednisone offer shortterm benefit in some cases.
苯妥英通常可以控制症状。
据报道,卡马西平、丙戊酸、美西律也可使症状得到控制。
有些患者,予血浆置换和强的松行短期治疗后,症状也可得到改善。

Rippling Muscle Disease (RMD)
波纹肌病

This is a rare and generally benign disorder that may be genetic or acquired. Acquired RMD is mostly associated with myasthenia gravis, but cases without myasthenia have also been reported.[17,18] Clinical features include muscle cramps, pain, and stiffness, which are exacerbated by exercise. Legs are more affected than arms. Self-propagating contractions, or ‘‘rippling,’’ of muscles induced by stretch or percussion are distinctive of this disorder. Additional physical findings are myoedema evoked by percussion and percussion-induced rapid contraction (PIRC), a sign similar to percussion myotonia. Serum creatin kinase (CK) is usually elevated. Pharmacologic therapy includes dantrolene and immunosuppressants.
波纹肌病为一种罕见的遗传性或后天获得性疾病,通常为良性。
大多数后天获得性波纹肌病伴有重症肌无力,但不伴重症肌无力的波纹肌病也有报道。
波纹肌病的临床特点包括:肌肉痛性痉挛、肌强直,症状于活动后加剧。
下肢较上肢更易受累。
肌肉伸展或叩击肌肉时,可见肌肉呈自身传播性收缩(self-propagating contraction),或呈波纹起伏状收缩,是波纹状肌病的显著特点。
其它体检发现包括:叩诊肌肉后可诱发肌丘反应/假性肌强直(myoedema/pseudomyotonia)、与叩击性肌强直相似的叩诊肌肉后可诱发肌肉快速收缩(percussion-induced rapid contraction, PIRC)这一体征。
血清肌酸激酶通常升高。
可以予丹曲洛林或免疫抑制剂进行治疗。
Needle EMG is important because the rippling phenomenon and PIRC are electrically silent, characteristic findings in this disorder of neuromuscular irritability.
针极肌电图非常重要;因为:
肌肉呈波纹起伏状收缩时、叩诊肌肉后诱发肌肉快速收缩时,肌电图仍呈电静息状态;
这一肌电图表现,是波纹肌病的重要特征。

Myotonic Syndromes
肌强直综合征

These conditions are distinguished by the presence of clinical and electrical myotonia and a delay in muscle relaxation after contraction because of prolonged excitation of the muscle membrane. The important myotonic syndromes are briefly discussed below.
肌强直综合征可以通过以下表现加以鉴别:临床检查及电生理检测军发现肌强直、因肌膜兴奋性延长(prolonged excitation)所致的肌肉收缩后松弛延时缓慢。
一些重要的肌强直综合征将在下文中加以简要讨论。
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is inherited as an autosomal dominant (chromosome 19q13.3) condition with a high degree of penetrance. The mutation responsible is the unstable expansion of a trinucleotide repeat (CTG) n, from less than 30 to several hundreds. The size of the expansion correlates with disease severity.[19]
1型强直性肌营养不良是一种外显率高的常染色体显性遗传性疾病,致病基因位于19号染色体长臂13区3带。
系三核苷酸CTG重复序列异常不稳定扩增所致,扩增后的拷贝数介于小于30个至数百个之间。
CTG重复序列异常扩增的拷贝数与疾病的严重程度成正比。
The weakness is progressive; masseters, facial, forearm, hand, and pretibial muscles are particularly affected. Cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine, central nervous system, and ocular system involvement has been well described.
1型强直性肌营养不良呈进行性肌无力,咀嚼肌、面肌、前臂肌、手部肌、胫骨前肌尤易受累。
心脏、呼吸系统、胃肠道系统、内分泌系统、中枢神经系统亦可受累。
Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is caused by a CCTG tetranucleotide expansion located in intron 1 of the zinc finger protein 9 gene on chromosome 3q21.[20,21]
2型强直性肌营养不良系3号染色体长臂21区的锌指蛋白9基因(zinc finger protein 9 gene)中的内含子1发生四核苷酸CCTG重复序列异常扩增所致病。
In proximal myotonic myopathy, muscle weakness affects mainly proximal and axial muscles. Facial muscles are less involved. Early cataracts have been described. Clinical myotonia is less prominent than in myotonic dystrophy. The mutation is same as that of myotonic dystrophy type 2, and it is likely that both entities represent variations of the same disease.
近端强直性肌病的肌无力主要累及肢体近端肌和躯干中轴肌。
面肌较少受累。
也有近端强直性肌病患者表现出早期白内障的报道。
临床上,近端强直性肌病所致的肌强直没有强直性肌营养不良所致的肌强直明显。
近端强直性肌病的基因变异与2型强直性肌营养不良的基因突变相同;因此,近端强直性肌病与2型强直性肌营养不良可能是同一种疾病的两种不同表型。
Muscle stiffness and spasms induced by voluntary movements, especially after rest, are characteristics of myotonia congenita. The spasms tend to abate with continued exercise. This disease can be inherited as an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive trait. Both are caused by abnormalities in the CLCN gene on chromosome 7q35, encoding the skeletal muscle chloride channel.[22]
先天性肌强直(Thomsen病)的特征性表现为:随意运动可诱发肌强直、肌痉挛;休息后则更为明显;但持续运动可使肌痉挛减轻。
先天性肌强直(Thomsen病)既可以为常染色体显性遗传、也可以为常染色体隐性遗传。
无论遗传方式如何,先天性肌强直(Thomsen病)均因7号染色体35区的CLCN基因突变所致;该基因编码骨骼肌细胞的氯通道。
Paramyotonia congenita is a dominant disorder caused by point mutations in the gene encoding the skeletal muscle sodium channel (SCN4A).[1] Patients have paradoxic myotonia (myotonia that worsens with repeated activity) and periodic paralysis. The facial and forearm muscles are predominantly involved. The symptoms are provoked by cold and exacerbated by exercise. During attacks, serum potassium level is high-normal or elevated and serum sodium level is low.
先天性副肌强直是一种显性遗传病,系因17号染色体长臂23区的SCN4A基因点突变所致病;该基因编码骨骼肌细胞的钠通道。
患者表现为反常性肌强直(即在活动中出现肌强直,随持续或反复活动而加重)和周期性麻痹。
以面肌和前臂肌受累为主。
寒冷或冷水可诱发症状;活动后症状更加恶化。
发作期间,血钾水平常为正常值高限(high-normal)或高于正常值、血钠水平则常降低。
Schwartz-Jampel syndrome has autosomal recessive inheritance.[23] Clinical features include bone abnormalities, dwarfism, facial and ocular anomalies, gait difficulties, and severe voluntary and percussion myotonia. Mutations in the perlecan gene (HSPG2) have been reported.
软骨营养不良性肌强直/睑裂狭小-肌痛-侏儒综合征(Schwartz-Jampel综合征)是一种常染色体隐性遗传病。
临床特点包括骨组织异常、侏儒症、面部及眼部异常、步行困难、严重的随意运动性肌强直(voluntary myotonia)和叩击性肌强直。
有报道指出,软骨营养不良性肌强直/睑裂狭小-肌痛-侏儒综合征(Schwartz-Jampel综合征)与基底膜蛋白多糖基因(硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白多糖基因2/HSPG2)有关。

Hypothyroid Myopathy
甲状腺功能减退性肌病(Hoffmann综合征)

Patients with this disorder complain of proximal weakness, fatigue, cramps, stiffness, myalgia, and myoedema. Slowed relaxation of ankle jerks is seen on clinical examination. The severity of muscle symptoms correlates with the degree and duration of hypothyroidism. CK level is elevated in almost all patients, and levels normalize with thyroid replacement. Elevations in serum CK and myoglobin levels are directly related to the degree of weakness. EMG result is usually normal, but denervation potentials and myopathic motor units may be observed. Myoedema is electrically silent, and cramps are characterized by normal-appearing motor unit discharges.[3]
甲状腺功能减退性肌病(Hoffmann综合征)患者表现为近端肢体肌无力、易疲、痛性痉挛、肌强直、肌痛、叩击肌肉后不出现凹陷而引起肌丘反应/假性肌强直(myoedema/pseudomyotonia)。
查体时可见踝反射迟钝。
症状的严重程度与甲状腺功能减退的程度和病程相关。
大多数患者的肌酸激酶水平升高;予甲状腺素替代疗法后,肌酸激酶水平降至正常。
血清肌酸激酶和肌红蛋白水平的增高程度与肌无力程度直接相关。
肌电图检查往往正常,但可能会观察到失神经电位和肌病所表现出的运动单位异常电位。
肌丘反应/假性肌强直(myoedema/pseudomyotonia)于肌电图上呈电静息状态、且痛性痉挛于肌电图上亦呈正常的运动单位放电表现。
Other neurologic complications, such as neuropathy and psychomotor retardation, can be present in addition to systemic symptoms.
除全身性症状外,还可出现诸如神经病变和精神运动性阻滞等神经病学合并症。

Metabolic Myopathy
代谢性肌病

Patients with a defect in glycogen, lipid, or purine metabolism may present with intermittent fatigue, myalgia, myoglobinuria, and exercise-induced contractures. These symptoms are particularly seen in the glycogen storage diseases. A contracture is an involuntary muscle shortening that is electrically silent and cannot be relieved by massaging or stretching the affected muscle. Unlike cramps, these contractures do not occur outside the setting of exercise.[3]
糖原代谢、脂质代谢、嘌呤代谢缺陷的患者,可以出现间歇性疲劳感、肌痛、肌红蛋白尿以及运动诱发的肌挛缩等症状;
尤其是糖原贮积病的患者,更易出现这些症状。
肌挛缩(contracture)是指肌肉不自主性收缩变短,但肌电图上呈电静息状态;按摩或伸展受累肌肉后均无缓解。
肌挛缩(contracture)与痛性痉挛(cramps)的不同之处在于:肌阵挛只有在肌肉运动时出现,肌肉静息状态时则不会出现。
CK level is usually elevated. The more common metabolic disorders are phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease), phosphofructokinase deficiency (Tarui disease), and particularly carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency.
肌酸激酶水平通常升高。
较常见的代谢性肌病有:肌磷酸化酶缺乏症/糖原贮积病Ⅳ型(McArdle病)磷酸果糖激酶缺乏症/糖原贮积病Ⅶ型(Tarui病)肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶缺乏症

Drug- or Toxin-Induced Myopathy
药物/毒物所致肌病

Many medications can cause muscle pain, weakness, stiffness, or cramps. Also, myotonia, myokymia, and myoglobinuria have been described with systemic illnesses such as malignant hyperthermia, acute renal failure, and compartment syndrome.
许多药物可以引发肌痛、肌无力、肌强直、痛性痉挛。
另外,诸如恶性高热症、急性肾功能衰竭、筋膜室综合征/室隔综合征(compartment syndrome)等全身性疾病也可导致肌强直、肌纤维颤搐、肌红蛋白尿的发生。
Patients receiving cholesterol-lowering agents (statins, clofibrate) complain of muscle cramps and weakness.[24] β-Adrenergic agonists, colchicine, and zidovudine can cause muscle pain. Diuretics are associated with cramps. Etretinate and pentazocine increase muscle tone.[25,26] Penicillamine, clozapine, and oxaliplatin have been reported to produce myokymia. In some patients, propranolol, cyclosporine, iodides, clofibrate, and penicillamine have been reported to cause myotonia.[19] Toxins such as herbicides, insecticides, and toluene can cause myokymia.
服用他汀类药物、氯贝丁酯/安妥明等降胆固醇药物的患者,可能会出现痛性痉挛和肌无力。
服用β-肾上腺素能受体激动剂、秋水仙碱、齐多夫定的患者,可能会出现肌痛。
利尿剂可能会引发痛性痉挛。
依曲替酯/阿维A酯、镇痛新/喷他佐辛可能会引发肌强直。
青霉胺、氯氮平、奥沙利铂可能会引发肌纤维颤搐。
服用心得安/普萘洛尔、环孢素A、碘化物、氯贝丁酯/安妥明、青霉胺的部分患者,可能会出现肌强直。诸如除草剂、杀虫剂、甲苯等毒物也可能会引发肌纤维颤搐。

WHAT IS THE DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH MUSCLE CRAMPS AND SPONTANEOUS FOCAL MUSCLE MOVEMENTS?
对肌肉痛性痉挛和自发性局部肌肉运动患者如何进行临床评估?

The clinical history and physical examination are most valuable. Careful and meticulous clinical observation is essential to determine whether there is myotonia, myokymia, or rippling movements. The diagnostic evaluation of patients presenting with syndrome of neuromuscular hyperexcitability should include a complete metabolic panel, including Ca and Mg , thyroid function tests, and serum CK levels. Needle EMG is of foremost importance.
临床病史和体格检查的临床价值最为重要。
仔细精确的临床观察对于明确患者是否有肌强直、肌纤维颤搐、波纹起伏状肌肉收缩来说,是必不可少的。
对于神经肌肉兴奋性过度综合征患者而言,其诊断评估应包括全套代谢检查,如Ca2 、Mg2 、甲状腺功能、血清肌酸激酶水平测定等。
然而,最为重要的,还是针极肌电图检查。

Step 2. 回归临床


接着,让我们跳出文献、回归本例患者:
纵观上述鉴别诊断谱,我们姑且将其划分为两类,划分的标准就是:是否存在肌强直。
(当然,大家也可以是否伴肌无力、是否伴肌容积改变分别进行不同的总结;但考虑到本例患者,我个人觉得还是以是否存在肌强直进行鉴别最有意义。)

常伴肌强直的疾病:
僵人综合征(Stiff-Person Syndrome)、神经性肌强直/艾萨克综合征/Isaacs综合征(Isaacs Syndrome)、各种肌强直综合征(Myotonic Syndromes)。

可能伴也可能不伴肌强直的疾病:
痛性痉挛-肌束震颤综合征(Cramp-Fasciculation Syndrome)、波纹肌病(Rippling Muscle Disease, RMD)、甲状腺功能减退性肌病/Hoffmann综合征(Hypothyroid Myopathy)、各种代谢性肌病(Metabolic Myopathy)、药物/毒物所致肌病(Drug- or Toxin-Induced Myopathy)。

本例患者,无论静息、活动、叩击、挤压受累肌肉,均未发现或引出肌强直;因此:
常伴肌强直的疾病不考虑,基本排除;
重点考虑并鉴别可能伴也可能不伴肌强直的疾病。
那么,逐一地分析一下:

(1)是否为痛性痉挛-肌束震颤综合征(Cramp-Fasciculation Syndrome)?
痛性痉挛-肌束震颤综合征(Cramp-Fasciculation Syndrome)在Neurology这本杂志上的报道最多,但回顾文献后可发现,除肌肉异常运动外(肌束震颤/Fasciculation),最重要的还有2点:肌肉痉挛(Cramp)、肌电图检查发现运动单位电位正常、但可见后放现象(normal motor unit potentials but after-discharges on EMG)。
本例患者即使在疼痛最为严重时,连痉挛都未观察到;另外,肌电图也未见后放现象。这两个重要特点,提示:不符合痛性痉挛-肌束震颤综合征。

(2)是否为波纹肌病(Rippling Muscle Disease)?
不论波纹肌病(Rippling Muscle Disease)的发生是否与小凹蛋白3突变有关,至关重要的是肌电图检查。因为:肌肉呈波纹起伏状收缩时、叩诊肌肉后诱发肌肉快速收缩时,肌电图仍呈电静息状态;这一肌电图表现,是波纹肌病的重要特征。纵观相关波纹肌病文献,肌电图呈电静息状态已成必备诊断标准之一。
本例患者,肌电图于静息状态下可见不自主收缩放电现象,并无电静息现象,可以肯定地推翻波纹肌病(Rippling Muscle Disease)的诊断。

(3)是否为甲状腺功能减退性肌病/Hoffmann综合征(Hypothyroid Myopathy)?
本例经甲状腺功能检查,各项指标均正常。
可以排除甲状腺功能减退性肌病/Hoffmann综合征的诊断。

(4)是否为各种代谢性肌病(Metabolic Myopathy)?
代谢性疾病的重要特征表现为:运动诱发的肌挛缩(characteristic exercise-induced contractures),肌阵挛只有在肌肉运动时出现,肌肉静息状态时则不会出现;肌挛缩时肌电图上呈电静息状态(contracture is electrically silent on EMG)。
该患者静息时、甚至入睡后,仍见肌纤维颤搐,显然不是肌挛缩;且该患者的EMG于肌肉异常运动出现时未见电静息状态、而是发现了受累肌肉不自主收缩放电现象;
据此,排除代谢性肌病(Metabolic Myopathy)的诊断。

(5)是否为药物/毒物所致肌病(Drug- or Toxin-Induced Myopathy)?
追问病史,患者没有任何相关药物的服用史、任何毒物接触史。
基本排除这一诊断的可能。

这下好了,鉴别诊断 临床推理=没有答案???费解了!困惑了!疑问了!

Step 3. 困惑之处


无奈之下,想到了中文文献,看看有无该类症状的国内患者,诊断为何?
(不得不承认,平时很少看中文文献,内中的原因,相信无需点破。)
CNKI检索的结果出乎意料,国内的同行曾报道过症状体征均极为相似甚至相同的患者,而且诊断基本一致,仅仅是诊断名称的描述略有差异,无非是有的诊断为“良性肌纤维颤搐”、有的诊断为“特发性肌肉颤搐”而已。

通读了一下检索出的20篇中文文献,其中还有1例是我院2006年的病例报道,狂汗!!~~~读完病案及讨论,感觉大部分都是雷同内容、甚至有的连肌电图都没做、鉴别诊断也不全面,有几例我甚至暗自怀疑是否为波纹肌病。
不过,雷同也好,至少可以发现一些共性吧!
中文文献对“良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐”这一疾病的描述,总结起来,无碍乎以下实质内容:
良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐,系指单独表现为肌肉颤搐或以肌肉颤搐为主要表现的一种神经肌肉病,大部分患者可有肌痛表现。肌强直、肌容积改变则不明显。严重的肌肉颤搐使患者感到病变肌肉酸痛感,而以此为主诉来就诊。
良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐大部分是良性的,肌肉活检无异常,肌电图提示有肌肉颤搐放电。
由于人们对本病认识不全或不了解,往往将肌肉颤搐误认为是一种功能性症状。
良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐与恶性肿瘤关系不大,且有极好的治疗效果。
良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐的诊断条件为:
①成人发病,尤其青年。
②亚急性发病,逐渐进展,但可自限。
③病程数天或数月。
④典型的肌肉颤搐,即波动样、虫蠕状、水波纹样肌肉运动,触之有滚动感,肌肉松弛时表现明显,运动可加重或诱发,休息或睡眠时仍持续存在。
⑤肌肉颤搐最常见于腓肠肌,也可累及其它肌肉,包括面肌和躯干肌。
⑥肌电图提示有肌肉颤搐放电。
⑦卡马西平或苯妥英钠治疗有效。

可是读完以后,更加困惑!
诊断似乎是有了,但仔细看了一下这些中文文献所附的英文参考文献,外文参考文献中没有一篇提及“良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐”这一疾病的。
难道外国没有“良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐”疾病诊断?
于是,干脆分别用“myokymia”和“fasciculation”这2个关键词进行广泛撒网式文献搜索,结果更令人困惑,没有查到外文文献关于“良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐”这一诊断的提法。。。。。。
PS:可能与在下的检索水平低劣有关,请大家感兴趣的话也检索一下有无关于“良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐”的英文文献,检索到的话,请发到园子里一起学习!)

至于wang02老师的提法“Benign cramp fasciculation syndrome”,个人觉得就是“痛性痉挛-肌束震颤综合征(Cramp-Fasciculation Syndrome)”,但本例患者未见肌肉痉挛啊,EMG也未见后放现象啊,困惑!

再问wang02老师一个问题:
您如何看待“良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐”这一诊断?
是否有英文文献关于“良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐”的报道?

PS:看来疑惑的不止我一人,风版在9楼位置也发出了同样的声音,呵呵!)

也许,在目前的临床判断基础上,“良性肌纤维颤搐/特发性肌肉颤搐”是本例患者暂时最合适的诊断吧。

一些个人观点,大家继续深入讨论哈!争取好好学习一下肌病!!!

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