今天我们推出的是 【医学术语入门】
欢迎大家批评指正! 欢迎添加小编微信。
要想学习医学术语,先要了解其基本定义、学会分析单词构成成分、掌握常见构词成分(combining form)、词根(root)、词缀(prefix suffix),方能窥知一二、略有所成。 一、什么是医学术语?Medicalterminology is language that is used to accurately describe the human body andassociated components, conditions, processes and procedures in a science-basedmanner. It is to be used in the medical and nursing fields.【1】 医学术语是一门语言,它以科学为基础的方式用来精确描述人体和与之相关的部分、条件、过程和程序。它用于医学和护理领域。 二、学习医学术语的宗旨【2】Analyze words by dividing theminto component parts. 通过划分构词成分来分析单词。 Relate the medical terms to thestructure and function of the human body. 将医学术语与人体的解剖结构和功能相联系。 Be aware of spelling and pronunciationproblems.
注意拼写和发音问题。 三、单词构成的常见公式
词根 + 连接元音 + 后缀 或 词根 + 连接元音 + 词根 + 连接元音 + 后缀
四、医学术语的重要成分词根(root):单词的基础(the foundation of the word)。每个医学术语必有一个或更多。 后缀(suffix):单词的结尾(word ending)。每个医学术语必有一个后缀。 前缀(prefix):单词的开头(word beginning)。并非每个医学术语都有前缀。 连接元音(combining vowel):通常是 o ,连接词根与词缀或词根与词根。 构词成分(combining form):由词根和连接元音组成(root + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM)。
五、三大通则从后缀往前理解整个术语的含义 若后缀是元音打头,则去掉连接元音:gastritis,不是「gastroitis」 用元音连接两个词根:gastroenterology,不是「gastrenterology」
六、学习方法用斜杠「/」来划分每个术语 识记常见词根词缀 制作单词抽认卡(flash cards) 按时复习
七、常见词根、词缀和构词成分总结常见构词成分
Combining Form 构词成分 | Meaning | Example (Definition) | aden/o | Gland 腺体 | adenopathy 腺体病 (gland disease) | carcin/o | Cancer 肿瘤 | carcinoma 上皮组织来源的恶性肿瘤 (cancerous tumor) | cardi/o | heart 心脏 | cardiac 心脏的 (pertaining to the heart) | chem/o | chemical 化学的 | chemotherapy (treatment withchemicals | Cis/o | To cut 切开 | Incision (process of cutting into) | Dermat/o | skin 皮肤 | Dermatology 皮肤病学 (study of the skin) | Enter/o | Small intestines 小肠 | Pertaining to the small intestines | Gastr/o | Stomach 胃 | Gastric 胃的 (pertaining to the stomach) | Gynec/o | Female 女性 | Gynecology 妇科学 (study of females) | Hemat/o | Blood 血 | Pertaining to the blood) | Hydr/o | Water 水 | Hydrocele 水囊肿 (Protrusion of water含水的凸起) | Immune/o | Immune 免疫 | Immunology 免疫学 (study of immunity) | Laryng/o | Voice box 喉 | Laryngeal 喉的 (pertaining to the voice box) | Morph/o | Shape 形态 | Morphology 形态学 (study of shape) | Nephr/o | Kidney 肾 | Nephromegaly 巨肾 (enlarged kidney) | Neur/o | Nerve 神经 | Neural 神经的 (pertaining to a nerve 与神经有关 ) | Ophthalm/o | Eye 眼 | Ophthalmic (pertaining to the eye) | Ot/o | Ear 耳 | Otic 耳的 (pertaining to the ear) | Path/o | Disease 病 | Pathology 病理学 (study of disease) | Pulmon/o | Lung 肺 | Pulmonary 肺的 (pertaining to the lungs) | Rhin/o | Nose 鼻子 | Rhinoplasty 鼻成型术 (surgical repair of the nose) | Ur/o | Urine, urinary tract 尿路 | Urology 泌尿外科 (study of the urinary tract) |
2. 常见前缀Prefix 前缀 | Meaning | Example (Definition) | a- | Without, away from 无 | Aphasia 失语症 (without speech) | An- | Without 缺 | Anoxia 缺氧 (without oxygen) | Ante | Before, in front of 前 | Antepartum 产前的 (before birth) | Anti- | Against 抗 | Antibiotic 抗生素 (against life) | Auto- | Self 自体的 | Autograft 自体移植物 (a graft from one’s own body) | Brady- | Slow | Bradycardia 心动过缓 (slow heartbeat) | Dys- | Painful, difficult 困难 | Dyspnea 呼吸困难 (painful breathing) | Endo- | Within, inner 内 | Endoscope 内窥镜 (instrument to view within) | Epi- | Upon, over 上 | Epigastric 上腹部 (upon or over the stomach) | Eu- | Normal, good 正常 | Eupnea 平静呼吸 (normal breathing) | Hetero- | Different | Heterograft 异种移植 (a graft from another person’s body) | Homo- | Same | Homozygous 纯合子 (having two identical genes) | Hydro- | Water 水 | Hydrotherapy 水疗法 (water therapy) | Hyper- | Over, above 超过 | Hypertrophy 肥大 (overdevelopment) | Hypo- | Under, below | Hypoglossal 舌下的 (under the tongue) | Infra- | Under, beneath, below | Infraorbital 眶下的 (below, under the eye socket 眼窝 ) | Inter- | Among, between | Intervertebral 椎间盘 (between the vertebrae) | Intra- | Within, inside | Intravenous 静脉内的 (inside, within a vein) | Macro- | Large | Macrocephalic 巨头 (having a large head) | Micro- | Small | Microcephalic 小头 (having a small head) | Neo- | New | Neonate 新生儿 (newborn) | Pan- | All | Pancarditis 全心炎 (inflammation of all the heart) | Para- | Beside, beyond, near | Paranasal 鼻旁的 (near or alongside the nose) | Per- | Through | Percutaneous 经皮的 (through the skin) | Peri- | Around | Pericardial 心包的 (around the heart) | Post- | After | Postpartum 产后 (after birth) | Pre- | Before, in front of | Prefrontal 前额的 (in front of the frontal bone) | Pseudo- | False | Pseudocyesis 假孕 (false pregnancy) | Retro- | Backward, behind | Retrograde 逆行 (movement in a backwards diretion) | Sub- | Below, under 下 | Subcutaneous 皮下的 (under, below the skin) | Super- | Above, excess | Supernumerary 额外的 (above the normal number) | Supra- | Above 前 | Suprapubic 耻骨前 (above the pubic bone) | Tachy- | Rapid, fast | Tachycardia 心动过速 (fast heartbeat) | Trans- | Through, across | Transurethral 经尿道的 (across the urethra) | Ultra- | Beyond, excess | Ultrasound 超声 (high-frequency sound waves) |
3. 数字前缀Prefix | Meaning | Example (Definition) | Bi- | Two | Bilateral 双侧 (two sides) | di- | Two | Diplegic 双侧瘫 (paralysis of two extremities四肢) | Hemi- | Half | Hemiplegia 偏瘫 (paralysis of one side of the body | Mono- | One | Monoplegia 单瘫 (paralysis of one extremity) | Multi- | Many | Mutigravida 经产妇 (woman pregnant more than once) | Nulli- | None | Nulligravida 未孕妇 (woman with no pregnancies) | Poly- | Many | Polyuria 多尿 (large amounts of urine) | Quad- | Four | Quadriplegia 四肢瘫痪 (paralysis of all four extremities) | Semi- | Partial, half | Semiconscious 半意识 (partially conscious) | Tri- | Three | Triceps 三头肌 (muscle with three heads) | Uni- | one | Unilateral 单侧 (one side) |
4. 常见后缀Suffix 后缀 | Meaning | Example (Definition) | -algia | Pain 疼痛 | Gastralgia 胃痛 (stomach pain) | -cele | Hernia 疝, protrusion 突出 | Cystocele 膀胱突出症 (protrusion of the bladder) | -cise | Cut | Excise 切除 (to cut out) | -dynia | Pain | Cardiodynia 心痛 (heart pain) | -ectasis | dilatation 扩张 | Bronchiectasis 支气管扩张 (dilated bronchi) | -ectopia | Displacement 异位 | Corectopia 瞳孔异位 (pupil of the eye not centered) | --gen | That which produces 致 | Mutagen 诱变剂 (that which produces mutations) | -genesis | Produces, generates 生成 | Osteogenesis 骨生成 (produces bone) | -genic | Producing | Carcinogenic 致癌的 (producing cancer) | -ia | State, condition状态 | Hemiplegia 偏瘫 (condition of being half paralyzed) | -iasis | Abnormal condition | Lithiasis 结石症 (abnormal condition of stones) | -ism | State of | Hypothyroidism 甲状腺功能减退 (state of low thyroid) | -itis | Imflammation 炎 | Cellulitis 蜂窝织炎 (inflammation of cells) | -logist | One who studies 学家 | Cardiologist 心脏病学家 (one who studies the heart) | -logy | Study of 学科 | Cardiology 心脏病学 (study of the heart) | -lysis | Destruction | Osteolysis 溶骨 (bone destruction) | -malacia | Abnormal softening 软化 | Chondromalacia 软骨软化 (abnormal cartilage softening) | -megaly | Enlargement, large 扩大 | Cardiomegaly 心脏扩大 (enlarged heart) | -oma | Tumor, mass 癌 | Carcinoma 癌 (cancerous tumor) | -osis | Abnormal condition | Cyanosis 发绀 (abnormal condition of being blue) | -pathy | Disease 病 | Myopathy 肌病 (muscle disease) | -plasia | Development, growth 发育 | Dysplasia 发育不良 (abnormal development) | -plasm | Formation, development | Neoplasm 新生物 (new formation) | -ptosis | Drooping 脱垂 | Roctoptosis 直肠脱垂 (drooping rectum) | -rrhage | Excessive, abnormal flow | Hemorrhage 出血 (excessive bleeding) | -rrhea | Discharge, flow 分泌物 | Rhinorrhea 鼻溢 (discharge from the nose) | -rrhexis | Rupture 破裂 | Hysterorrhexis 子宫破裂 (ruptured uterus) | -sclerosis | Hardening 硬化 | Arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化 (hardening of an artery) | -stenosis | Narrowing 狭窄 | Angiostenosis 血管狭窄 (narrowing of a vessel) | -therapy | Treatment 疗法 | Chemotherapy 化疗 (treatment with chemicals) | -trophy | Nourishment,development | Hypertrophy 肥大 (excessive development) | -uria | Condition of the urine 尿 | Hematuria 血尿 (blood in the urine) |
5. 手术相关后缀Suffix | Meaning | Example (Definition) | -centesis | Puncture to withdraw fluid 穿刺术 | Anthrocentesis (puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint) | -ectomy | Surgical removal 切除术 | Gastrectomy 胃切除术 (surgically remove the stomach) | -ostomy | Surgically create an opening 造口术 | Colostomy 结肠造口术 (surgically create an opening for the colon through the abdominal wall) | -otomy | Cutting into 切开术 | Thoracotomy 胸廓切开术 (cutting into the chest) | -pexy | Surgical fixation 固定术 | Nephropexy 肾固定术 (surgical fixation of a kidney) | -plasty | Surgical repair 整形术 | Dermatoplasty 植皮术 (surgical repair of the skin) | -rrhaphy | suture 缝合 | Myorrhaphy 肌缝合术 (suture together muscle) |
6. 检查相关后缀Suffix | Meaning | Example (Definition) | -gram | Record or picture 图 | Electrocardiogram 心电图 (record of heart’s electricity) | -graph | Instrument for recording 记录仪 | Electrocardiograph 心电图仪 (instrument for recording the heart’s electrical activity) | -graphy | Process of recording 方法 | Electrocardiography 心电图描记法 (process of recording the heart’s electrical activity) | -Meter | Instrument for measuring 测定仪 | Audiometer 听度计 (instrument to measure hearing) | -metry | Process of measuring 测定 | Audiometry 听力测定 (process of measuring hearing) | -scope | Instrument for viewing 镜 | Gastroscope 胃镜 (instrument to view stomach) | -scopy | Process of visually examining | Gastroscopy 胃镜检查法 (process of visually examining the stomach) |
参考文献 【1】维基百科 https://en./wiki/Medical_terminology 【2】THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE, TENTH EDITION P2 文章来源:丁香园医生、译匠 转载来源:翻译教学与研究
|