从句讲义

英语的句子从语法结构的角度可以分为三类：

 1）简单句，即只包含一套主谓结构的句子。如：I like apples.  

2）并列句，即包含两套或两套以上主谓结构的句子，这些主谓结构之间要用并 列连接词来连接。如：I like apples, but he likes bananas. 

3）复合句，即一个主句+一个或多个从句从句，从句要由连词，连接代词或连接 副词来引导。如：I like apples which are good to people’s health. 根据从句在句子中所充当的成分，可以将其划分为：名词性从句、定语从句和状 语从句。 

1. 名词性从句 名词从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 

1.1 主语从句 在句子中担当主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句可以由下列连词、连接代词和连 接副词引导，且不能省略。 连词：that, whether 连接代词：what, whatover, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which 连接副词：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however 

1.1.1 由连词 that，whether 引导的主语从句 连词 that，whether 在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，在从句中不担任成 分，不能省略，且由它们引导的主语从句，多用 it 做形式主语。如：

1) That the earth is round is true. = It is true that the earth is round. 

2) Whether the news is true or not is not known. = It is not known whether the news is true or not.  

1.1.2 由连接代词引导的主语从句。 What 有时可以用来表示 the thing whitch 这种意思，引导从句，表示一样东西或 一件事情。它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语或定语，不能省略。注意翻译时不 能把它们译为疑问句。由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语 it 引导。who， whom，which，what 可以和 ever 构成合成词，和 what 一样引导从句，ever 起强 调作用。此类句子不能用形式主语 it 引导，引导词在句子中担任成分，不能省略， 语序为陈述句的语序。如： 

1) Who killed the man is unknown. = It is unknown who killed the man. 

2) Whatever he told you mustn’t be revealed to others.  

3) Which one will have to stay is not decided. = It is not decided which one will have to stay. 

1.1.3 由连接副词引导的主语从句。 连接副词在从句中作状语。如： 

1) When the meeting will end is not clear. = It is not clear when the meeting will end.  

2) Wherever the treasure is hidden hasn’t been found. = It hasn’t been wherever the treasure is hidden.  

1.2 表语从句 在从句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。它位于主句中的系动词之后，常用的关联词 和主语从句相同。如： 

1) That is what he wants. 

2) All we request is that he (should) stay here one more night. 

[虚拟语气] 3) My suggestion is that you (should) try your best to finish that today. 

[虚拟语气] 4) The question is whether we can finish our work on time.  

1.3 宾语从句 在句子中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。它位于及物动词或介词之后。宾语从句要注 意下列几点。 1.3.1 只有引导宾语从句的 that 可以省略，其余的名词性从句中的 that 都必须保 留。 

1.3.2 宾语从句使用陈述句的语序。 

1) I don’t know when he will arrive. 

2) They didn’t tell me who would be here tonight.  

1.3.3 宾语从句位于介词和及物动词之后的用法一致。 

1) I am not interested in where they have gone. 

2) I am worried about whether they will return that to me.  

3) Give the book to whoever needs it. [这里不能使用 whomever] 

4) The secret won’t be revealed except that he betrays us.  

5) He didn’t tell them the story in that he didn’t believe them.  

1.3.4 在 sure，certain 等形容词的后面也可以有宾语从句。 

1) I am not sure when they will arrive. 

2) I am rather certain that they won’t stay here today. 

1.3.5 形式宾语 it 的使用 当宾语为一从句，且宾语后面有形容词或名词作宾语补足语时，常用形式宾语 it 替代，而将宾语从句放在句子的末尾。

1) I don’t think it necessary that we all (should) stay here the whole day. [虚拟语气] 

2) He found it rather interesting that he was the first one to know the result.  

1.3.6 宾语从句的时态 从句的时态要大致与主句时态保持一致。主句为现在时，从句可根据句意使用任 何事态；如主句为过去时，从句只能使用过去的某种时态（一般过去，过去进行， 过去完成等）；但若从句描述的为真理性内容，则无论主句为何时态，都用一般 现在时。 

1) The story tells us that we have to work hard to get a fortune.  

2) He always says that he would go swimming every afternoon when he was a kid.  

3) He said that he had passed the exam. 

4) He said that he would pass the exam. 

5) His father told him that the earth goes around the sun.  

1.3.7 if 和 whether 的区别 if 和 whether 常可以互换使用，但下列情况下只能使用 whether。 

1) 后面跟不定式：He doesn’t tell us whether to stay or leave.  

2) 前面有介词：He raised the question of whether we should do that for them.  

3) 后面与 or not 连用：I wonder whether they will be here or not.  

4) 引导主语从句：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.  

1.4 同位语从句 同位语从句常跟在下列名词的后面。 information fact idea news thought belief doubt question suggestion suspicion view argument 

同位语从句常用 that 引导，that 在从句中没有句子成分，且不能省略。个别情况 也可以使用 why，whether，who，how 等词引导。如： 

1) His doubt whether he has that disease worries him a lot.  

2) We don’t know the reason why | that he murdered that man.  

3) The question who will be the manager is not clear. 

4) The question how the problem will be solved is not easy to answer.  

2. 定语从句 

在句子中充当定语的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的引导词如下： 关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose 关系副词：when, where 需要特别注意的是，what 是不能用来引导定语从句的。 

2.1 定语从句的引导词在从句中都有句子成分。其中，关系代词可以做从句的主 语或者宾语（whom 只能作宾语，who 只能作主语）；关系副词可以做从句的状 语；whose 在定语从句中作定语。 

1) Pumas are cat-like animals which they are found in America. [错误] 

2) Pumas are cat-like animals which are found in America. 

3) The village where we visited last night was nice. [错误] 

4) The village that we visited last night was nice. 

5) The park that they went last week was closed. [错误] 

6) The park where they went last week was closed.  

7) The boy whose parents died when he was young has a rather strong will.  

2.2 一般情况下，定语从句要紧跟在其所修饰的名词之后，但某些情况下，他们 之间也可能会有一些别的词将其分开。要注意辨认哪一个词才是定语从句要修饰 的词，从而决定使用什么样的引导词。 

2.3 关系代词引导的定语从句中，关系代词用来替代从句所修饰的名词在从句中 作主语或者定语。其中，关系代词 that 引导的定语从句既可以用来修饰人也可以 用来修饰物，who 只能用来修饰人，which 只能用来修饰物（which 引导的定语 从句也可以用来修饰一整句话）。关系代词引导的定语从句既可以修饰单数名词 也可以修饰复数名词。如果关系代词在从句中作主语的话，从句的谓语动词的单 复数要有其所修饰的名词的单复数来决定。 

1) The boy who is brave is my brother. 

2) The boy is the only one among the villagers who is alive in the earthquake.  

2.4 关系代词 that 和 which 或 who（whom）在大多数的情况下都可以互换使用， 但只有下列情况，不能使用 that A) 关系代词在定语从句中位于介词之后。 B) 定语从句前面有逗号。 1) This is the room to which these chairs and tables belong. 

2) This is the room that | which these chairs and tables belong to. 

3) The tourists, who took the other route, survived the flood. 

4) The tourists that | who took the other route survived the flood.  除了上述两种情况之外，在考试中如果选项中既有that又有which | who | whom， 则答案一定是 that。 

2.5 关系代词前带介词的定语从句 有些关系代词前面根据句子结构要求，前面需要有介词，该用什么介词，要由定 语从句的句子结构决定。 

1) This is the kind of story that they are fond of.  

2) This is the kind of story of which they are fond. [错误] 

3) This is the place at which (=where) they found the lost boy. 

4) This is the place in which they live. 

5) This is the place which | that they live in. 

6) This is the place where they live.  

2.6 特殊的关系代词 as as 也可以用来引导定语从句。用作关系代词的 as 通常与 such，the same，as 连 用。 As 引导的定语从句可以放在所修饰的名词的后面，也可以用在句首或句中， 指代整个的一句话，如 as is known to all，as we all know，as is often the case 等。 1) I will buy the same shirt as you have.  

2) He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.  

3) He is a teacher, as | which is clear from his manner.  

4) As was expected, he performed the task with success.  

3. 状语从句 

在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、 原因、让步、方式、比较目的结果状语从句。状语从句的引导词在从句中没有任 何句子成分。 

3.1 时间状语从句 常用的连词有：when，， whenever （无论什么时候），since，as，until，hardly… when，no sooner…than，as soon as，before，after，the moment，the，minute（一…… 就……） 

3.2 条件状语从句   常用 if，unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as 只要。 

3.3 原因状语从句 常用 because，as，since 引导。如果表示必然的因果关系，一般用 because；而 since 表示一种间接或附带的原因；用 as 只是提一下。 

3.4 让步状语从句 常用 though/although，as（尽管），even if/though，however，whateve，wherever， whoever，no matter ，how/what/who 等引导。 

3.5 方式状语从句  常用 as，just as，as if/though 等引导。 

3.6 目的状语从句   常用 so that，in order that，lest（以免，以防），in case 引导。 

3.7 结果状语从句   常用 so…that，such...that 引导。