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Review: 英语句子的种类有两种，按句子的用途可分为陈述、疑问、祈使和感叹句四种。 而按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句 主语+谓语 主语+谓语+宾语 主语+系动词+表语 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 2）并列句 简单句+并列连词+简单句 3) 复合句 主句+引导词+从句 判断下列句子是简单句，并列句，还是复合句？ 1.He often reads English in the morning. 2.You help him and he helps you. 3.My suggestion is that we should study step by step. 4.Both Tom and Mike are American boys. 5.He said that he has known all before. 复合句：主句+引导词+从句 定语从句 【定义】起定语作用，用来修饰名词或代词的从句。 名词性从句 1、主语从句 2、宾语从句 3、表语从句 4、同位语从句 在英语的句子结构中，如果本该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当，那么这个句子就叫__名词性从句__。 【定义】起名词性作用的从句，叫名词性从句。 换言之，在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语部分，换由一个句子来充当，这样的句子就是名词性从句。 关联学习： Related Conception (相关概念) 表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。 The boy is Li Ming.主语：The boy 名词，表语：Li Ming 名词 Miss. Liang , a 24-year-old girl, teaches us English . 主语：Miss. Liang 同位语：a 24-year-old girl 宾语： English 名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。 1. The boy is Li Ming. 2. What he said is correct. 在句中充当主语的从句叫做主语从句。例如2. 用it作形式主语的主语从句 如果主语从句太长，为了避免句子结构头重脚轻，可以用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句谓语部分之后。 It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film yesterday. It is reported that China has sent another man-made satellite into orbit. It dose't matter whether he is wrong or not. 3. We love peace. 【名词作宾语】 4. He said that he has known all before.【从句作宾语】 在句中充当及物动词或介词或be+adj.后宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。 We always mean what we say.我们向来说话算数。 He goes to the library every day except when it is raining. He is confident that he will win. 某些表示心理状态的形容词在句中作表语时，后面可跟宾语从句。 It 作形式宾语 it 不仅可以作形式主语，还可以作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的that从句放在句尾，特别是用在带复合宾语的句子中。 I think it quite clear that he preferred coffee to tea. I think it best that you should seek for a solution to the problem. 在口语或非正式文体中，引导宾语从句的连词that 常可省略。但形式宾语it后面的that 不能省略。 5. You are a student. 【名词作表语】 6. The fact is that she never knew the secret.【从句作表语】 在句中充当表语的从句(即放在be动词后面)叫做表语从句。 注意： The reason for his absence was that he was ill in hospital. 其他从属连词引导的表语从句 because ,as,as if,as though等也可用来引导表语从句。 Things are not as they seem to be. 事情并不是像它们表面上看起来那样。 I think it is because you are too serious. He felt as though he had gone back to 20 years ago. 7.Miss. Liang , a 24-year-old girl, teaches us English .【名词作同位语】 8.The news that our team had won made us happy. 【从句作同位语】 在句中用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句. 其用途是对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明 该名词的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词 通常是news,idea,fact,word,hope,advice等。 【练习】请判断出下列的句子属于哪种从句： 1.What I want to do is to go shopping.【主语从句】 2. The news that they won the game spread the whole school.【同位语从句】 3. I don’t think that he is an honest boy.【宾语从句】 4. The fact is that he stole the car.【表语从句】 5. The problem is what we should do next.【表语从句】 6. The news that he couldn’t come makes us upset.【同位语从句】 7. Our purpose is that he can realize his faults.【表语从句】 8. Do you know the fact that he stole the car?【同位语从句】 试区分以下定语从句和同位语从句： Do you know the fact that he stole the car?【同位语从句】 解释：句子是完整的，that 只是一个连接词 Do you know the fact that they were talking about?【定语从句】 解释：定语从句是对先行词起修饰作用，句子是不完整的。 一、定语和同位语从句相同点： 1. 都跟在名词后； 2. 都可以翻译成 “…的” The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. 我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。【同位语从句】 The news that you told us is really encouraging. 你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。【定语从句】 二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处 1、含义不同：同位语从句是对前面名词的解释说明，知道具体内容，指同一件事（可以划等号）；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词，不知道具体内容。 e.g. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. （从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。） The news that you told us is really encouraging. （从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。） 2、引导词 区别：同位语从句中，that：无成分，用于肯定句； 定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。 e.g. 1）Dad made a promise that he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test. （that 不充当任何成分） 2) Dad made a promise that excited all his children. （that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。） I. Tell the function of the clauses in the following sentences说出下列从句的功能：A: Appositive（同位语）; B: Attributive（定语） 1.His proposal that we go there on foot is acceptable.[ A] 2.Many teachers hold the view that teenagers should not spend too much time online.[ A] 3.The first request that he made was to ask for freedom.[B] 4. Do you have any idea where we will be sent?[A] 5. Is this the company where your father works?[B] 6. This is the reason that he gave for his absence.[B] 7. He made an excuse that his car broke down on the way.[ A] 引导词 从属连词（3个）：that 、if、 whether 连接代词 （9个）：who、 whom 、 what、 which、 whose、 whoever whomever、 whatever、 whichever、 连接副词（4个）：when、 why、where、 how 名词性从句引导词的用法（1）： 从句中的每一个引导词都有3个功能，分别如下: 1.从属连词: “that”---无词义、不作成份、起连接作用 “if”--- “是否”、不作成份、起连接作用 “whether”---“是否”、不作成份、起连接作用 2.“that”---无词义、不作成份、起连接作用 1、That we will realize our dreams in the future is certain .【主语从句】 2、The fact is that Beijing will hold 29th Olympic Games this year.【表语从句】 3、I know that well begun is half done . 【宾语从句】 4、He heard the news that Liuxiang set a new world record .【同谓语从句】 “whether”---“是否”、不作成份、起连接作用 1、Whether she will come back on time depends on weather . 【主语从句】 2、The problem is whether you could give us some valuable advice . 【表语从句】 3、I asked him whether he could do me a favor .【宾语从句】 4、Could you tell me the question whether English is useful for us now. 【同谓语从句】 If与whether的区别： If 只能引导两种名词性从句：宾语从句、不放于句首的主语从句。Whether四种从句均可以引导。 请思考： 1、Whether she will come back on time depends on weather . 2、I asked him whether he could do me a favor . 1、It depends on weather if she will come back on time . 2、I asked him if he could do me a favor . If与whether的区别： 1、If 只能引导两种名词性从句：宾语从句、不放于句首的主语从句。Whether四种从句均可以引导。 2、whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语，不用if 。 3、whether or not 连在一起可以，但if不可以。而“whether-----or not = if -----or not” 请用if / whether填空： 1、I asked her __________ she had a bike. 2.______ we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 3. We’re worried about ________ he is safe. 4. I don’t know ___________ he is well or not. 5. I don’t know ________ or not he is well. 6. The question is _________ he should do it. 7.The doctor can hardly answer the question ______ the old man will recover soon. 名词性从句引导词的用法（2）： *连接代词 *“who”---“谁”、作主语、起连接作用 *“whom”---“谁”、作宾语、起连接作用 *“what”---“事情”、作主表宾、起连接作用 * “which”---“哪----”、作定语、起连接作用 * “whose”---“谁的”、作定语、起连接作用 ★举例： “who”---“谁”、作主语、起连接作用 ★1、Who will go to the college is still uncertain . 【主语从句】 ★2、The trouble is who could lend me some money .【表语从句】 ★ 3、He want to know who picked up his mobile phone .【宾语从句】 ★“whom”---“谁”、作宾语、起连接作用 ★1、Whom you will learn from is worth thinking over . 【主语从句】 ★2、The thing I am anxious about is whom he will turn to for help .【表语从句】 ★3、His mother asked him whom he could believe in .【宾语从句】 ★“what”---“事情”、作 主 表 宾语、起连接作用 ★1、What I desire to get is a good reputation . 【主语从句】 ★2、What he will tell me is what I have been expecting to know .【表语从句】 ★3、They agree with what I said just now . 【宾语从句】 ★“which”---“哪---”、作定语、起连接作用 ★1、Which class is suitable for us isn’t most important . ★2、What he wants to ask you now is which team won the game . ★3、Could you tell me which one is right . ★“whose”---“谁的”、作定语、起连接作用 ★1、Whose bag was the most beautiful is still unknown now . ★2、The question is whose friends could lend me a hand . ★3、I want to know whose suggestion is more practical . 名词性从句引导词的用法（3）： 连接代词 “whoever”-- “-----的任何人”、作主语、 “whomever”-- “-----的任何人”、作宾语、 “whatever”-- “----的任何东西”、作主表宾语、 “whichever”--- “无论哪个或哪些---”、作定语、 举例: ★“whoever”-- “---的任何人”、作主语、起连接作用 ★1、Whoever could solve the problem will be rewarded . ★2、The person I will praise is whoever could work out the question . ★3、You should appreciate whoever helped you in the past . ★“whomever”--- “---的任何人”、作宾语、起连接作用 ★1、Whomever you will meet in the meeting is excellent . ★2、The person I could depend on is whomever you believe in . ★3、You should learn from whomever I praised yesterday . ★“whatever”-- “--的任何东西”、作主表宾语、 ★1、Whatever you did in the past was very meaningful . ★2、What we should do is whatever is worth doing . ★3、We should do whatever is worth doing . ★“whichever”-- “--的哪些或哪个”、作定语 ★1、Whichever team win the game is possible . ★2、The fact is whichever teacher could help you learn English well . ★3、You could choose whichever book you want . 名词性从句引导词的用法（4）： 连接副词 “when”-- “什么时候”、作状语、起连接作用 “where”-- “什么地方”、作状语、起连接作用 “why”---- “为什么”、作状语、起连接作用 “how”----- “如何”、作状语、起连接作用 “when”-- “什么时候”、作状语、起连接作用 1、When the meeting will begin isn’t decided now . [主语从句] 2、The trouble is when he could recover from the disease .[表语从句] 3、He asked us when we would graduate from the school .[宾语从句] “where”-- “什么地方”、作状语、起连接作用 1、Where I could buy the book is uncertain now .[主语从句] 2、His question was where we would hold the opening ceremony .[表语从句] 3、I couldn’t tell you where they have been living .[宾语从句] “why”-- “为什么”、作状语、起连接作用 1、Why he killed himself is still a secret now .[主语从句] 2、What surprised me was why they failed again . [表语从句] 3、I just want to ask you why I was fired . [宾语从句] “how”---- “如何”、作状语、起连接作用 1、How the thief stole the bike is still a mystery .[主语从句] 2、What the professor asked us was how we could make our parents happy . [表语从句] 3、I will go to ask my teacher how I could work out the problem .[宾语从句] 用that / what填空： 1.______ he wants is a book. 2. ______ he wants to go there is obvious. 3.The result is ______ we won the game. 4.This is _____ we want to know. 5.Is _____ he told us true ? 6.We should pay attention to ______ the teacher is saying. 7. I have no doubt _____ he will come. 8. I have no idea _____ he did that afternoon. ---Keys: 1 What 2 That 3 that 4 what 5 What 6 what 7 that 8 what 名词性从句练习50题： 1.___ he made an important speech at the meeting was true. A. That B. Why C. What D. How 2. ___we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather . A. If B. Whether C .That D. Where 3.___ is known to us all is that America is a developed country____the First World. A. Which; belong to B. As, belonged to C. What; belonging to D. It; belonging to 4. It’s known to us all ___ a form of energy . A. water is B. that water is C. is water D. that water to 5. It worried her a bit ___ her hair was turning gray. A That B. while C. what D. when 6.What I say and think ___ none of your business. A. is B. are C. has D have 7. ____made the school proud was ____more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities . A. What / because B . What / that C .That / what D. That / because 8.___she couldn’t understand was ___ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons . A .What / why B .That / what C .What / because D. Why / that 9. He is absent from school . It is __ he was punished! A. why B. because C. that D. the reason |
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