在大脑的工具箱中，习惯也许是最强有力的一个。习惯是由大脑底部的基底核驱动的，那是一块高尔夫球大小的组织。基底核控制着你的行为，但它藏得很深，本能地运行，所以你意识不到它。任何事只要你重复足够多次，就会形成对你有控制作用的习惯。好习惯让你按“较高层次的你”的意愿行事，而坏习惯是由“较低层次的你”控制的，阻碍你实现“较高层次的你”的想法。如果你明白大脑的这一部分是如何工作的，你就能养成一系列更好的习惯。例如你可以养成一种习惯，让你觉得“必须”去健身房锻炼。 练出这种能力需要一些努力。第一步是认识到习惯是怎么产生的。习惯本质上是惯性，一种继续把你一直做的事情做下去（或者继续不做你一直不做的事情）的强烈倾向。 研究显示，如果你能坚持某种行为约18个月，你就会形成一种几乎要永远做下去的强烈倾向。在很长一段时间里，我没有意识到习惯对人行为的控制有多强。我在桥水看到过这种情况：有的人在抽象意义上赞同我们的原则但难以践行。我还观察到，我的一些朋友和亲人想实现一些对他们有利的目标，行为上却总是另一回事。 后来我读了查尔斯·都希格的畅销书《习惯的力量》，让我眼前一亮。我在此处的介绍有限，假如你很感兴趣的话，我建议你也读一下。都希格的核心观点是，分三步骤的“习惯回路”能起到重要作用。第一步是信号，用都希格的话说，“用信号来告诉你的大脑进入自动运行模式，以及使用哪种习惯”。第二步是形成常规，“可以是肢体性、心理性或情感性的常规”。第三步是奖励，这能帮助你的大脑发现这个特定的回路是不是“值得记下来以备后用”。 反复练习可以加强这个回路，直到逐渐变成自动反应。在驯兽师所说的“操作性条件反射”（一种使用正向强化法的训练方式）中，成功的关键就是形成这种期待和渴望。例如，驯狗者用声音（通常使用发声器）来强化狗的行为。每次发出这种声音，他们就给狗一个它想要的奖励（通常是食物），直到最终狗只要听到这种声音，就会做出驯狗者希望的行为。都希格说，对人类而言，奖励几乎可以是任何东西，“从能够带来生理愉悦的食物或药物到精神性的回报，如赞扬或自我庆祝带来的自豪感”。 习惯能让你的大脑进入“自动导航模式”。用神经科学术语说，就是你让基底核从大脑皮层那里接管控制权，这样你想都不用想就能执行。读都希格的书让我知道，如果真的想改变，你最好是先决定养成哪些习惯，戒掉哪些习惯，然后执行。为了帮助你，我建议你写下自己最致命的三个坏习惯。现在就写。然后从中选一个，下决心戒掉。你能做到吗？这将带来很大的改变。如果你能把三个坏习惯都戒掉，你的人生轨迹将大大改善。你也可以决定要养成哪些习惯，然后执行。 我养成的最有价值的习惯是利用痛苦来激发高质量的反思。如果你也能养成这种习惯，你将明白是什么造成了你的痛苦，以及该如何做，而这将大大提高你的效率。Habit is probably the most powerful tool in your brain’s toolbox. It is driven by a golf-ball-sized lump of tissue called the basal ganglia at the base of the cerebrum. It is so deep- seated and instinctual that we are not conscious of it, though it controls our actions.
If you do just about anything frequently enough over time, you will form a habit that will control you. Good habits are those that get you to do what your “upper-level you” wants, and bad habits are those that are controlled by your “lower-level you” and stand in the way of your getting what your “upper-level you” wants. You can create a better set of habits if you understand how this part of your brain works. For example, you can develop a habit that will make you “need” to work out at the gym.
Developing this skill takes some work. The first step is recognizing how habits develop in the first place. Habit is essentially inertia, the strong tendency to keep doing what you have been doing (or not doing what you have not been doing). Research suggests that if you stick with a behavior for approximately eighteen months, you will build a strong tendency to stick to it nearly forever.
For a long time, I didn’t appreciate the extent to which habits control people’s behavior. I experienced this at Bridgewater in the form of people who agreed with our work principles in the abstract but had trouble living by them; I also observed it with friends and family members who wanted to achieve something but constantly found themselves working against their own best interests.
Then I read Charles Duhigg’s best-selling book The Power of Habit, which really opened my eyes. I recommend that you read it yourself if your interest in this subject goes deeper than what I’m able to cover here. Duhigg’s core idea is the role of the three-step “habit loop.” The first step is a cue—some “trigger that tells your brain to go into automatic mode and which habit to use,” according to Duhigg. Step two is the routine, “which can be physical or mental or emotional.” Finally, there is a reward, which helps your brain figure out if this particular loop is “worth remembering for the future.” Repetition reinforces this loop until over time it becomes automatic. This anticipation and craving is the key to what animal trainers call operant conditioning, which is a method of training that uses positive reinforcement. For example, dog trainers use a sound (typically a clicker) to reinforce behavior by pairing that sound with a more desirable reward (typically food) until the dog will perform the desired behavior when it merely hears the click. In humans, Duhigg says, rewards can be just about anything, ranging “from food or drugs that cause physical sensations, to emotional payoffs, such as the feelings of pride that accompany praise or self-congratulation.”
Habits put your brain on “automatic pilot.” In neuroscientific terms, the basal ganglia takes over from your cortex, so that you can execute activities without even thinking about them.
Reading Duhigg’s book taught me that if you really want to change, the best thing you can do is choose which habits to acquire and which to get rid of and then go about doing that. To help you, I recommend that you write down your three most harmful habits. Do that right now. Now pick one of those habits and be committed to breaking it. Can you do that? That would be extraordinarily impactful. If you break all three, you will radically improve the trajectory of your life. Or you can pick habits that you want to acquire and then acquire them.
The most valuable habit I’ve acquired is using pain to trigger quality reflections. If you can acquire this habit yourself, you will learn what causes your pain and what you can do about it, and it will have an enormous impact on your effectiveness.
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