武汉加油! 白衣天使从来都是白衣天使,白衣天使从来也都不是白衣天使! 在今天武汉封城的特殊日子,发布DCR小组的好兄弟、武汉同济医院王桂华教授翻译的文章。 祝愿所有人平安,武汉加油!!!  1.华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院胃肠外科中心美国结直肠外科医师协会致力于通过推进结肠、直肠和肛门疾病的科学、预防和管理来确保高质量的医疗。临床实践指南委员会负责引领国际力量,通过制定基于现有最佳证据的临床实践指南,定义结直肠肛门疾病的优质医疗。这份指南具有广泛性而并非特定性,供所有需要了解如何应对指南中提及的各种情况的人使用,包括临床医生、护理工作者和渴求相关疾病治疗信息的患者。其旨在提供制订临床决策所参考的信息,而非确定特定的治疗方案。我们需要认识到这份指南不应被视作包括所有合适的治疗方法,也不能排除可以达到相同效果的合理治疗方法。对于任何特定方案是否适当的最终标准应该由医师根据患者各方面的个体情况来评判。美国每年约有100000人行结肠或小肠造口手术。结肠或小肠造口用于处理各种临床情况,包括肿瘤、憩室和炎症性肠病1。遗憾的是,与其他类型常规的外科手术相比,造口手术出现并发症的比例更高。最近一项基于全国外科手术质量改善计划的人群研究数据显示,平诊造口术的未调整并发症发生率为37%,急诊手术的未调整并发症发生率为55%2。此外,医院之间风险调整后并发症率差异显著,这提示有必要进一步改善临床结果2。然而,造口术真正的病理状态包括对患者生活质量的严重影响及造口护理相关的远期并发症3–10。多达一半的造口是“有问题的”,包括皮肤刺激和造口用品佩戴困难,这些均需要延长医疗服务时间并增加医疗费用(延长住院日和/或增加门诊患者就诊需求)4,11,12。与传统的并发症发生率类似,造口并发症在各大医院之间仍有较大差别,表明造口手术的质量仍有待提高4,11。造口或造口位置不佳、术后并发症和围术期护理不足将加重造口术后管理的问题。这份指南旨在为外科医生和其他希望改善造口患者护理和结局的卫生保健者提供指导。这份临床实践指南重点在于需要造口的患者的外科治疗,包括造口类型的选择、造口建立和还纳的技术、造口手术相关并发症的防治和围术期处理。这份指南的编写并不是为了确定特定临床状况下是否建立造口,因为这个问题已经由特定疾病(例如憩室炎、直肠癌、溃疡性结肠炎)的临床指南所确定。此外,这份指南关注的是成人结肠和小肠造口,而非尿路造口、可控性回肠代膀胱术或儿童造口,也没有广泛回顾造口的护理学文献,如皮肤护理或特定器具、管理系统的使用。这份系统评价始于2014年1月29日以“造口术”、“造口”、“结肠造口”、“小肠造口”和“造口旁”为关键词的检索,对国家指南交流中心和PubMed所有现存的临床实践指南的检索。五份指南被确认均与造口护理和/或患者教育相关。我们汇总了了这五份指南的全文13-17。我们也获取了现有临床指南中参考文献的全文。接着我们以“造口术(加权)”、“结肠造口术(加权)”和 “小肠造口术(加权)”为主题词系统检索了Ovid Medline和Cochrane Database of Collected Reviews。这三项检索限定为英文文献、摘要可获取、人类研究。我们通过这次初步检索确定了2394篇参考文献,并阅读了这些文献的标题和摘要。经过初步筛选,确定了几个主题:1)造口建立;2)造口还纳;3)造口并发症(预防与治疗);4)造口护理师价值的证据。有关这四个主题的所有系统评价、实验和其他≥20例患者的比较研究、非比较研究(也包含一些更小规模的研究),和所选中的综述文献,我们均获取了全文。对这些文章的参考文献列表进行选择性搜索后我们发现了其他相关文章,特别是在造口护理学领域,这些文章也以全文形式获取。因为没有可选的MeSH主题词(限定于英语、摘要可获取、人类),2014年1月29日我们以“造口旁疝”为关键词对Ovid Medline上关于造口旁疝的研究单独进行了检索。在确定的228篇参考文献中,进行了标题和摘要审阅,并获得了具有主要患者数据的报告的全文,但病例报告和非常小的病例系列除外。我们还检索了这些文章的参考文献,以寻找其他的研究,并获得了这些文献。检索截止时,共有263篇文献以全文形式被查到。文中每个主题相关的这些证据被以证据列表的形式汇总。虽然这一指南的总体证据质量较差,但所包含的陈述得到了高质量的观察性研究和一定的实验研究的支持。根据推荐等级Grades of Recommendation)、评价(Assessment)、发展(Development)、评效(Evaluation)(GRADE)体系选择每一项陈述的最终推荐等级18。Table 1. The GRADE system-grading recommendations
| | | | | | | | 没有重要限制或来自观察性研究的压倒性证据的随机对照试验 | | | | | 有重要限制(不一致结论、方法学缺陷、间接或不精确)或来自观察性研究的很强的证据的随机对照试验 | | | | | | | | | | 没有重要限制或来自观察性研究的压倒性证据的随机对照试验 | 弱推荐,最佳决策可能因实际情况或患者社会价值观变化 | | | | 有重要限制(不一致结论、方法学缺陷、间接或不精确)或来自观察性研究的很强的证据的随机对照试验 | 弱推荐,最佳决策可能因实际情况或患者社会价值观变化 | | | | | | 造口手术一般用于良性或者恶性疾病,在择期或紧急情况下进行,小肠或结肠造口,临时性或永久性造口,在根治性手术时造口或姑息性手术时造口。尽管造口多种多样,但造口手术时原则却是普一致的的:造口的肠管必须血运良好,并且经过充分松解使得张力最小。在本节中,我们提出了基于证据的造口手术建议。造口部位选择的技巧我们将在这份指南中一个单独的部分讨论。1. 如果条件允许,腹腔镜辅助下造口优于开腹手术造口手术。推荐等级:基于低质量证据的强推荐,1C。尚无随机对照试验比较通过传统开放手术和微创手术造口的差异。然而,多个观察性研究证实,与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜造口术在短期内安全且效果良好。腹腔镜手术的优点包括减少疼痛和麻醉需求,缩短住院时间,早日恢复肠道功能,减少总体并发症19-22。并且腹腔镜辅助下造口可能更易于还纳23。多数腹腔镜操作需要2-3个戳卡,其中一个置于预定的造口位置处4,25。中转开腹不常发生,概率在0%-16%,并且更多近期的报道中概率则为个位数19–22,26–29。腹腔镜辅助造口时,术者须特别注意避免拖出的肠管(双腔造口)及系膜(单腔造口)的扭转30。标记近端和远端肠管,在肠管穿过筋膜后,再次建立气腹,确定其方向是否正确26,28,30。在合适的病例,一种微创操作可代替腹腔镜手术,即环切皮肤造口术(trephine ostomy creation)。这种手术方式通过拟行造口处的一个小切口做造口。在多数病例中这种手术方式可以在区域麻醉下进行,据报道89%-94%可免于开腹手术31,32。一个对比环切皮肤造口术和腹腔镜辅助下造口的前瞻性研究表明两种方式的短期结果均可接受32。2. 在大多数情况下,回肠袢式造口优于横结肠袢式造口。推荐等级:基于中等质量证据的弱推荐,2B。至少5个小型随机对照实验和许多观察性研究用于研究回肠袢式造口和横结肠袢式哪一个是粪便转流的更优选择(通常认为是横结肠袢式造口)33-44。基于个证据,也进行了几项Meta分析,并且结论具有争议,某种程度上由于研究之间存在异质性45-48。总之,现有的证据表明回肠袢式造口和横结肠袢式造口均能有效转流粪便48,减轻吻合口漏的后果46。此外,回肠双腔袢式和结肠袢式造口有相近的并发症发生率,但并发症的形式却不同。下文即是对这些不同形式并发症的总结。关于感染性并发症发生小肠袢式造口相对占优势。结肠造口还纳后切口感染率显著高于回肠造口,范围在5%-20%,相比之下回肠造口约为3%33,34,39–41,44,45,47。横结肠袢式造口术后脓毒血症略为常见(OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.30–0.99)48,还有造口脱垂,在42%横结肠袢式造口的患者中发生38,46,48。最后,由于更小的气味、较少因造口脱垂而调整穿衣以及更便利的造口护理,回肠袢式造口的患者可能比横结肠双腔造口患者有更好的生活质量33,38,49,50。但是,一项小规模的随机对照实验表明“社交限制”在回肠和结肠造口患者之间并无差异。相反,造口还纳后梗阻性并发症发生则结肠造口占优势。还纳后肠梗阻更常出现于回肠造口(OR=2.13)39,41,45,47,48,尽管这并没有得到一致证明46。在已发表的临床试验表明回肠造口更多的排泄量也与更高比例的脱水、更加需要饮食调整和更高的再入院率相关38,44,47,48。总之,现有证据表明小肠袢式造口和横结肠袢式造口均能有效转流粪便,减轻吻合口漏的后果。但回肠袢式造口脱垂的风险更低,也更少出现感染性并发症,并且可能改善患者体验。出于这些原因,当代结直肠外科实践中通常倾向于支持回肠造口。然而,所有转流性造口均有很高并发症,而且对一些特殊的临床情况,进行特定的造口方式转流可能更有利。比如,有些作者提出对于过度肥胖的患者,可能更容易做横结肠袢式造口35,39。同时,对于有盲肠穿孔风险的恶性结肠梗阻患者,一些外科医生主张在回盲瓣远端做造口进行转流。3. 只要有可能,回肠造口和结肠造口都应高于皮肤表面。推荐等级:基于低质量证据的强推荐,1C。一些前瞻性观察研究报道在各医疗中心之间“有问题的”造口比例差异很大,这表明手术技术对造口并发症的发生有很大影响4,11,43。尽管许多因素导致造口功能或造口设备佩戴不适,但在外科医生可以控制的因素是造口突出皮肤上方的高度。一项高质量多中心的造口功能的观察性研究(其中仔细测量了造口突出表面的高度)发现造口突出皮肤表面高度与患者护理造口的好坏之间有很强的相关关系4。在一定范围内,造口的突出皮肤表面的高度与造口并发症之间存在线性逆相关11。其他观察性研究和外科专家的意见证实了这些发现52-55。一般来说,回肠造口时造口高度要超过皮肤表面2cm,结肠造口时造口高度要超过皮肤表面1cm。然而,并不是在所有临床情况中,这个标准都可以达到,比如那些腹壁比较厚和系膜挛缩的患者,例如肥胖、克罗恩病、类癌及硬纤维瘤病患者。然而,如果技术可行,外科医生应该避免做与皮肤齐平的造口。可使用一些技术来增加造口肠管长度包括选择性肠系膜血管结扎、“盲端造口”造术和选择肥胖患者的上腹部造口。4. 当使用支撑杆进行袢式造口时,可使用软的或硬的造口支撑棒。推荐等级:基于低质量证据的弱推荐,2C。几乎没有证据支持或在反对在进行袢式造口时使用支撑棒,有些外科医生对所有的袢式造口手术都使用,有些是选择性的,有些则完全不使用。一项单独的、小型随机对照试验比较了回肠造口术中使用支撑棒与完全不使用棒,结果显示早期造口回缩率没有显著差异56。关于所使用的支撑棒的类型,已经有了一些研究。虽然目前还没有比较硬造口支撑棒和软的造口支撑棒的随机试验,但已经有一些小型的观察性研究证明了各种软造口支撑棒的优点,比如红色橡胶导管57-59。与硬支撑棒相比,软的支撑棒可以更容易地安置和更换造口器具。当造口存在明显的张力时,硬支撑棒可能会发挥作用,但这是有争议的。5. 可以考虑使用防粘连材料来减少临时性造口部位的粘连。等级的推荐:基于中等质量证据的弱推荐,2B虽然只有4%的转流的回肠造口患者需要开腹还纳,但腹腔粘连常常使这些手术复杂化或延长手术时间60。三项随机试验研究了防粘连材料在临时造口术中的使用及其对随后还纳的影响61-63。在研究羟甲基纤维素与透明质酸盐(Seprafilm, Genzyme, Cambridge, MA)的两项试验中,在首次手术中使用透明质酸盐时,回肠造口肠管周围的粘连明显减少,但两组的还纳手术时间无差异61,62。相反,一项使用可喷雾水凝胶屏障(SprayGel, Confluent Surgical Inc., Waltham,MA)的研究表明,粘连指数降低,总的手术时间减少约6分钟63。这是否具有临床意义是有争议的,并且没有成本效益研究支持(或反对)防粘连材料的常规使用。6. 行永久性造口时放置轻量型聚丙烯补片,以降低造口旁疝的发生率。推荐等级:基于中等质量证据的强推荐,1B。四项随机对照试验表明,造口时放置人工补片能显著降低造口旁疝的发生率64-67。在这些研究中使用的补片是部分可吸收的,具有大孔径的轻量型聚丙烯补片。大多数研究的随访时间相对较短(4项研究中有3项不足12个月),而一项研究报告了造口术后5年的长期结果。在本研究中,21例(81%)传统造口手术中有17例诊断造口旁疝,15例(13%)联合补片加固的造口手术中有2例诊断为造口旁疝。在更小的预防性补片加固的非随机研究中也报道了一致的结果68,69。关于生物材料在预防性造口部位加固中的应用,已发表的资料有限。一项非常小的随机对照试验报告了在造口时使用猪脱细胞真皮(Permacol, Covidien, Norwalk, CT)的10例患者中0例发生了造口旁疝,而10例未加固的造口的患者中有3例发生了造口旁疝70。然而,由于平均随访时间只有6.5个月,这些结果很难诠释。对16例应用生物材料加固的造口手术的患者进行回顾性研究,未发现疝复发或补片侵蚀的发生(中位随访38个月)71。最近发表的一项使用非交联猪脱细胞真皮(Strattice, Lifecell, Bridgewater, NJ)进行造口加固随机、对照、多中心的试验,选择113例患者,发现在随后的24个月的随访中疝发生率无显著差异(6/58 vs 7/55)72。7. 腹膜外隧道式造口可降低造口旁疝的发生率。推荐等级:基于低质量证据的弱推荐,2C。腹膜外隧道式末端结肠造口是一种降低造口旁疝发生率的方法68。有几项研究比较了腹膜外隧道式和腹膜内末端结肠造口。一项随访至少6个月(最长5年)的试验显示,传统结肠造口手术造口旁疝的发生率为62例中的5例,而隧道式结肠造口手术造口旁疝的发生率为66例中的0例73。一个7项观察性研究的Meta分析显示,腹膜外隧道式造口造口旁疝的风险显著降低(6.4% vs 13.3%)68。不幸的是,所有纳入的研究并没有报告随访时间。最近,2个小的观察性研究比较了腹膜外隧道式结肠造口手术和传统的腹腔镜结肠造口手术69,70。在一项研究中,22例患者中只有1例在2年随访时间内发生造口旁疝,而在另一项研究中,12例患者中0例在22个月随访时间内发生造口旁疝。这些结果需要更长时间随访的随机试验的证据,才能提出更有力的建议。8. 对于新的回肠造口的患者,术后护理路径可以防止因脱水而再次入院。推荐等级:基于低质量证据的强推荐,1C。脱水是回肠造口术后并发症之一,影响多达30%的患者,是回肠造口术后再入院最常见的指征74-76。为了解决这个问题,一些中心已经实施了术后护理路径,包括患者教育、患者自我护理加强、标准化出院标准、出院后摄入和排泄量的跟踪、访视护士教育和早期随访。在已发表的报告中,这些项目与较低的脱水再入院率有关,表明了此类项目的应用前景77-79。对于临时回肠造口和结肠造口,需要二次手术以恢复肠道连续性。Hartmann还纳手术历来被认为是一种复杂的手术;然而,即使是相对简单的回肠造口还纳手术也有显著的并发症60,80–83。一项关于回肠造口还纳术的并发症的系统回顾研究,发现回肠造口还纳的并发症率为17%,死亡率为0.4%,4%的患者需要开腹手术,7%的患者出现肠梗阻60。本节的目的是为造口还纳手术的技术方面提供循证指导。关于造口还纳手术的时间循证学证据不足。然而,现有的研究表明,根据临床情况,选择早期(3周内)或者晚期关闭造口是安全的84-88。1. 对于回肠袢式造口还纳,吻合器和手工缝合技术都是可接受的。推荐等级:基于中等质量的证据的强推荐,1B。4个随机对照试验比较了吻合器吻合和手工吻合在回肠袢式造口中的应用89-92。总的来说,结果是相似的,手工吻合组术后肠梗阻的风险更高,手术时间更长93。最近,一项多中心随机对照试验(HASTA试验)登记了27个中心的337名患者。术后,13.4%的患者发生肠梗阻,而10.3%的吻合器吻合和16.6%的手工缝合的患者发生肠梗阻(p=不显著),吻合器组吻合口漏发生率为3%,手工缝合吻合口漏发生率为1.8% (p =不显著)89。吻合器组的手术时间明显缩短约15分钟(p < 0.001)89。几项观察性研究表明,使用吻合器吻合时,住院时间较短;但是,必须考虑到这些研究中存在偏见的可能性94-96。最近,一项74名患者的单中心随机试验表明,在标准回肠造口术中加入腹腔镜,腹腔镜组中,并发症发生率较低,住院时间较短(4天vs 5天)97,98。手术时间平均延长15分钟。这项技术可以解决标准回肠造口闭合术造成肠梗阻的风险,但目前还没有足够的证据支持。2. 在可行的情况下,应当对造口部位皮肤进行重塑,并且与其他方法相比,荷包缝合皮肤可能具有优势。等级的推荐:基于中等质量证据的强推荐,1B。造口闭合的切口传统上是保留开放的,愈合是次要目标。然而,在现代实践中,这些切口的皮肤通常是部分或完全关闭的。这种做法的优点是避免开放性伤口,从而需要更长的伤口填塞时间。各种各样的方法被用来切开皮肤,然后在造口还纳时关闭皮肤切口。至少有9项研究,包括5项随机试验,比较了各种方法。5项研究(2项随机对照试验)比较了回肠造口和/或结肠造口还纳后荷包缝合方法(在切口中心留一个小口)与传统的线型缝合的差异,结果显示前者的缝合方法显著降低了切口感染率(两项随机对照试验的比例分别为0% vs 37%,7%vs 39%)99-103。此外,几项研究表明,荷包缝合的病人舒适度提高99,100。其他研究(包括2项随机对照试验)比较了造口(还纳)切口一期缝合与一期延迟缝合、创面填塞和/或留置引流缝合104-106。这些研究发现,一期缝合切口感染率在0%至10%之间,二期缝合切口感染率为8%至20%之间104-106。一项随机试验研究了一种抗生素植入物,但这对切口感染率没有影响(两组均为10%)107。3. 对于经验丰富的医生来说,腹腔镜Hartmann造口还纳相对于开放手术还纳是一个安全选择。等级的推荐:基于低质量证据的强推荐,1C。虽然没有随机试验比较开放和腹腔镜Hartmann造口还纳术,许多观察性研究证明了腹腔镜手术的安全性80,108。一项非随机对照研究的系统回顾汇集了450名接受腹腔镜或开放性Hartmann造口还纳的受试者的数据。80。腹腔镜手术与较低的并发症发生率、较低的出血量和较短的住院时间相关,而在吻合口漏和死亡率方面则无差异80。尽管这些数据表明,在有经验丰富的外科医生的医学中心使用腹腔镜手术的安全性和潜在的良好结果,但要注意在这些观察性研究中选择偏倚的可能性。造口手术可能造成各种短期和长期并发症,包括造口旁疝、脱垂、狭窄、回缩、造口旁静脉曲张109、皮肤问题和代谢紊乱。本节的最初目的是为处理这些情况提供基于循证医学证据的指导,然而,只有造口旁疝的并发症的处理建议有足够的证据。1. 造口旁疝的修补一般采用补片或重新造口的方法。推荐等级:基于低质量证据的强推荐,1C。目前还没有比较不同方法修补造口旁疝的RCT试验。然而,多项回顾性观察研究表明,在疝部位进行一期缝合修补,复发率非常高(46%-78%)110-116。一项观察性研究的系统回顾得出结论:一期缝合存在69.4%的疝复发的风险117。因此,对于适合进行开腹手术或腹腔镜手术的患者,补片修补或重新造口比一期缝合修补更适合。重新造口对于非常大的造口旁疝可能是必要的,因为手术疝复位后仍有明显的软组织缺损残留,这可能影响造口用品的粘贴。当然,对于造口可以还纳的患者,有症状的造口旁疝可能是造口还纳的指征。2. 人工补片可用于造口旁疝修补术,短期内肠道侵蚀或补片感染的风险较低。推荐等级:基于低质量证据的强推荐,1C。既往,由于害怕污染和随之而来的补片感染,在肠道开放的情况下使用补片是不被鼓励的。然而,在已发表的关于造口旁疝修补的研究中,补片感染的风险被证明较低,补片感染的合发生率率从2.2%到2.6%不等117。在包括16项关于开放补片造口旁疝修补术的系统综述中,仅有1例补片侵蚀邻近肠管的报道117。对于开放造口旁疝补片修补的各种术式的已被报道,包括onlay补片修补术、肌后间隙补片修补和Sugarbaker或slit techniques法腹腔内修补术式117。目前还没有对这些术式进行比较的实验,但在2012年的一项系统综述中,采用这4种技术的疝复发的总发生率为:Onlay补片修补后的复发率为17.2%(95% CI, 11.9%–23.4%),Sublay补片修补术后的复发率为6.9% (1.1%–17.2%),Keyhole法修补术后的复发率为7.2% (1.7%–16.0%),Sugarbaker法修补术后的复发率为 15% (3.2%–37.9%)117。这些数据的局限性包括它们为回顾性和许多研究的随访时间较短。3. 生物材料可代替人工补片用于造口旁疝修补。推荐等级:基于低质量证据的弱推荐,2C。在严重污染的情况下, 以胶原基质为基础的生物补片通常用于代替补片进行疝修补。使用生物材料进行造口旁疝修补的一些小型回顾性回顾报道了疝复发率在7%到27%之间118-122。然而这些研究的随访时间很短(9-18个月)。在这种情况下,需要有更长的随访时间的进一步的比较研究来确定生物修复材料的功效和成本效益。4. 腹腔镜下造口旁疝修补术是一种安全的手术方式,可以代替开放法造口旁疝修补术。推荐等级:基于低质量证据的强推荐,1C。尽管尚无随机对照实验将腹腔镜与开放造口旁疝修补术进行比较,但许多观察性研究已明确了腹腔镜补片修补的可行性,其复发率与开放补片修补的复发率相似123-134。最常用的两种腹腔镜下造口旁疝修补术是Sugarbaker法补片修补术和Keyhole/slit法补片修补术。在Sugarbaker法补片修补术中,一个完整的补片放置在腹膜下方,造口肠袢从补片外侧穿到腹壁缺损处。Keyhole/slit法补片修补术用1-2张带有开孔的补片,造口肠袢从开孔处穿过,然后出腹壁。目前尚无比较这两种修补手术的随机对照研究,然而,几项回顾性对照研究报道应用Slit法补片修补术后的复发率(58%–72.7%) 显著高于改良Sugarbaker法修补术(0%–15.4%)124,125。但是Slit修补术后的随访时间是改良Sugarbaker法修补术的2倍。一项Meta分析调查了11个回顾性研究的临床数据,证明Keyhole/slit法造口旁疝修补术后的复发率为20.8% (160例), 高于Sugarbaker 法修补术(11.6%, 110 例) 117。最近一项前瞻性、多中心的非对照试验,对61例造口旁疝患者实施了腹腔镜下双层合成补片Sugarbaker法修补术,随访26个月后的复发率为6.6%,揭示了此技术的应用前景131。所有造口患者都需要接受教育、培训和社会心理支持,以很好的适应造口相关的自我护理1,135。此外,如皮肤刺激症状和渗漏等造口相关的问题也比较常见,患者在医院和家中都需要医疗帮助来解决这些问题3,53,136。缺乏足够的造口护理可能会导致患者无法提高自我护理技能,进而导致抑郁和/或社交孤立,以及增加医疗保健需求和费用3,137-139。在一项针对接受造口手术的癌症患者的大型研究中,有84%的患者表示他们在处理造口渗漏方面遇到过技术困难136。并且,患者认为技术困难与自己没有得到足够的准备信息有关,从而可能导致情感,社会和婚姻问题136。此外,有证据表明,卫生保健提供者通常不擅长处理造口相关问题。全科医生和肿瘤科护士的调查问卷证实,他们没有接受过充分的培训,无法为造口手术患者提供全面的护理,他们依靠造口专科护士来共同管理患者140,141。此外,非专业医生和专科医生的造口手术部位选择质量也有所不同,而标准是由造口专科护士确立的142。由于以上所有原因,美国结直肠外科医生协会认为,造口手术患者的包括术前、围手术期和术后护理由造口专科护士来完成是最佳的,例如经伤口造口失禁护士协会(WoCn)认证委员会认证的护士143。但是,不是所有的临床情况都能提供这种最佳护理,尤其是在偏远地区和紧急情况下。但是,只要有可能,行造口的患者都应寻求造口专科护士的帮助。本章节的目的是概述支持造口护士在造口患者护理中的价值的证据。本文的局限性包括数据来源于极少的基于人群的研究和/或随机试验,以及许多研究中包括了尿路造口的患者。1. 造口患者宣教应包括术前和术后部分,并尽可能包含一个专业人员,例如WoCn护士。推荐等级:基于中等质量证据的强推荐,1B。多项观察研究和横向研究以及1个小型RCT研究支持造口护士进行围手术期教育138,139,144-147。Chaudhri及其同事将造口手术前的42位患者随机分配到术前强化教育计划中,发现这种干预措施可缩短住院时间(8天 vs 10天),减少出院后非计划医疗干预措施的需要,缩短熟练造口护理的时间(5.5天 vs 9天),以及节省成本139。几项大型回顾性研究表明,造口护士的术前教育与减少造口相关的并发症相关(23%比32%),并且显著减少了术后皮肤问题和渗漏问题144,147。基于造口患者调查表的大量研究结果表明,造口护士的宣教受到患者的高度重视,并且与更好的心理社会适应能力相关136,146,148。Follick等人发现,不充分的造口健康教育是患者者经常担心的问题。84%的患者(接受调查的患者术后平均时间为4.5年)报告说,他们在处理自身造口方面遇到了技术上困难。并且患者认为自己没有受过足够的健康教育与这些技术困难有关,而这些技术困难又与情感,社交和婚姻问题有关136。相反,由WoCn认证的护士进行术前教育能改善对造口的长期适应调整146。尽管以上研究集中在术前教育,但术后、院内教育对患者也很重要149。Hedrick150使用造口调整量表评分系统研究了医院造口护士护理与术后适应之间的关系。他们发现,在医院看过造口护士的患者具有更高的适应分数,并且而造口护士被认为是让他们适应的最重要因素。几部已发布的指南为有关造口患者的术前和术后教育提供了指导1,16。WoCn出版的《临床医生最佳实践指南》概述了术前和术后的教育主题1。推荐的术前教育主题包括消化道解剖学和生理学,拟定的手术方式,造口用品的演示,描述造口术后对生活方式的调整以及心理准备。推荐的术后主题包括造口的解剖学和功能、造口袋程序操作培训、营养摄入、穿衣、药物、身体形象、心理问题(例如悲伤,沮丧和焦虑)、社会和娱乐问题、人际关系、性和亲密问题、常见的并发症,如渗漏和皮炎以及可获取的资源,包括支持小组和在线资源1。尽管这些指南基于专家意见而不是证据,但它们为可能被要求为新手术患者提供教育的非WoCn从业人员提供了有用的指导。2. 术前造口部位标记应尽可能由受过训练的人员进行。推荐等级:基于低质量证据的强推荐,1C。造口部位标记可能会影响一些结局,包括造口相关的并发症,例如渗漏和皮炎,患者适应造口和独立照顾自己的能力以及医疗服务和费用。就造口相关并发症而言,多项观察性研究表明,术前部位标记与术后问题减少相关4,144,145,147,151-153。研究表明,缺少造口部位标记是发生“问题造口”的危险因素,有时将其认为是需要额外护理和用品以保证24小时佩戴住造口袋4,144,151,152。几项研究还表明,造口部位标记与减少患者无法有效护理的造口有关,并且使患者更好地适应了造口12,147,153。尽管专家认为缺少术前标记会导致医疗保健成本增加,但缺乏证据证明这种关联,这是一个需要进一步研究的主题。尽管由经认证的造口护士进行造口部位标记是最理想的(结合到术前教育课程中),但通常都是训练有素的外科医生进行术前的造口定位,尤其是在急诊情况下。Macdonald及其同事研究了外科医生和外科学员选择合适的造口部位的能力,发现外科医生选择的部位与造口护士(标准的)不同,大多数“位置较差”的造口在腹壁很低的位置142。结果发现,结直肠外科医生被选择的造口部位与造口专科护士更为一致。一项对外科学员的调查显示,他们在造口部位选择方面的培训是偶然的,造口专科护士很少提供这种培训142。2007年,美国结肠和直肠外科医师协会与WOCN联合发表了一份关于接受粪便造口手术患者术前造口标记价值的声明(可从以下网站获得:http://www./physicians/position_statements/stoma_siting/)154。被要求进行造口定位的外科医生应熟悉正确选择造口位置的原则。WoCn建议的位置选择步骤包括使用多个位置来确定适当的位置(尤其是坐姿),避免出现褶皱和疤痕,考虑穿着衣服/皮带,并经腹直肌造口。尽管最后的建议(经腹直肌造口)是常见的做法,但它是基于专家意见的,因为没有证据支持或反对它。尽管协会强烈支持术前定位,但大家公认术中情况可能不允许在所有情况下都使用最佳的皮肤部位造口。3. 所有患者都应获得造口教育、护理和支持的后续护理。推荐等级:基于低质量证据的强推荐,1C。有大量证据表明,造口护理相关的技术问题以及造口对生活质量的负面影响较为常见3-12,155。此外,由于加速康复理念目前造口手术后的住院时间缩短了,从而医院内造口教育和培训的机会减少了。这提示造口护士的随访和长期护理很重要。两项随机试验和多项观察性研究支持出院后造口护士护理的价值,其可以以家庭,门诊或电话的形式提供155-159。这种后续护理与患者独立自我护理的能力增强、造口相关问题减少、造口术后适应改善、对护理的满意度提高以及生活质量提高相关156-158。长时间之后,永久性造口患者可能持续出现未经处理的造口相关并发症和技术难题160-163。一项743例长期造口术患者的近期研究表明,有61%的患者有客观证据表明出现了造口周围皮肤问题,28%的患者经常出现渗漏,87%的患者使用各种配件工具帮助佩戴造口袋160。经过造口护士的护理后,渗漏、皮肤问题和配件的使用显著减少,生活质量得分提高160。这项研究受到所有患者均已改用新造口袋的限制,因此,造口护士的护理并不是唯一的干预措施。但是这些数据表明,即使是长期造口术的患者也存在与造口相关的重大技术问题并且需要护理。由于非专业的医疗保健提供者不擅长处理造口问题140,141,造口护士需要在围手术期之外为造口患者提供必要的服务。因此,所有有造口的患者均应在需要时并尽可能请一名造口护士进行后续护理。Scott Strong, Daniel Herzig, George Chang, Kirsten Wilkins, Andreas Kaiser, Fergal Fleming, David Rivadeneira, James McCormick, Charles Ternent, Joseph Carmichael, Genevieve Melton-Meaux, James McClane, Martin Weiser, Harvey Moore,Jennifer Irani, William Harb, David Stewart, Madhulka Varma, Patricia Roberts.1. 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王桂华 教授,副主任医师,博士生导师 华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院胃肠外科中心,医学博士,美国Wake Forest 大学博士后,国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金获得者。近年,先后承担国家自然科学基金项目5项,发表SCI第一作者及通讯作者论文16篇,累计影响因子140,包括 “Cell”, “Nature Cell Biology”等杂志。作为共同发明人获得已授权专利3项(中国2项,美国1项),作为共同研发人获得国家I类新药临床批文1项。 学术任职:中国抗癌协会肿瘤代谢专业委员会“细胞代谢与炎癌转化”学组副组长;湖北省临床肿瘤协会青年专家委员会常委。 研究方向:细胞代谢与肿瘤,细胞衰老与肿瘤,肿瘤耐药。 临床擅长:胃肠道肿瘤的微创手术治疗,肿瘤靶向治疗,晚期胃肠道肿瘤的综合治疗和个体化治疗,胃肠道间质瘤的手术治疗和术后综合治疗,肿瘤复发与耐药后的个体化治疗。
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