英语语法 一、there be1. there be句型(一)(1)句型结构为:there be(is/are)+某物/某人+地点/时间(介词短语),意为“某处/某地有某人或某物”,表示存在的一种状态,句中be动词的选择由其后面的名词确定.有两种句式: ①There is +单数名词/不可数名词+介词短语。 ②There are +名词复数形式+介词短语。 ③be动词后面的名词如果是由and连接的几个名词时.be动词应遵循就近原则,即与邻近名词的数保持一致。 (2)there be结构的否定句直接在be动词后面加not。 (3)there be结构的疑问形式直接把be动词提前,句末加问号。 肯定回答:Yes,there is/are. 否定回答:No,there isn't/aren't . -Are there any books about Chinese history? 有关于中国历史的书吗? -Yes.there are./No,there aren't. 是的,有。/不,没有。 -Is there a computer in your study? 你的书房有电脑吗? -Yes,there is,/No,there isn't. 是的,有。/不,没有。 2. there be句型(二)(1)针对there be结构的名词提问,常常用what's+地点状语,名词无论是单数形式还是复数形式,be动词都用is,且常省略there。如: There is a desk in the room. (对画线部分提问) 房间里有张桌子。 —— What's in the room? 房间里面有什么? There are (many students) in the classroom.(对括号内部分提问) 教室里有许多学生。 —— ( )? 教室里面有什么? (2)针对there be结构中名词的数量提问,用how many或how much提问,后面要紧跟这个名词 .如: There' s a coat on the bed(对画线部分提问) 在床上有一件衣服。 ——How many coats are there on the bed? 在床上有多少件衣服? There' re some meat in the bowl?(对画线部分提) 在碗里有一些肉。 —— ()?在碗里有多少肉? 3. there be句型(三)there be与have(has)的用法区别:there be句型表示“某处/某时有某物或某人”,强调的是一种客观存在,但have表示“某人或某物有……”,强调的是拥有或占有,即某物或某人与主语是所属关系,但有时它们也可以相互转换。 二、时态1. 一般现在时(常与频度副词never, seldom, sometimes, often,usually等连用)一般现在时表示: (1)现在所处的状态。Jane is at school. (2)经常或习惯性的动作。I often go to school by bus. (3)主语具备的性格和能力。He likes playing football. (4)客观真理。The earth goes round the sun. 常用的时间状语:often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等等。 行为动词的一般现在时,助动词是do/don’t和does/doesn’t. 当主语是第一、二人称和所有复数形式时,行为动词用原形。肯定式:I go to school on foot. 否定式:I don’t go to school on foot. 疑问式:Do you go to school on foot? —Yes, I do. —No, I don’t. 当主语是第三人称单数时,动词用第三人称单数形式,在词尾加-s或-es。肯定式:He goes to work by bus. 否定式:He doesn’t go to work by bus. 疑问式:Does he go to work by bus? —Yes, he does. —No, he doesn’t. 重点句型 :—How do you usually come to school? —I usually come to school by subway. —How often do you go to the library? Once/Twice/Three times a week/Very often/Every day/Seldom go to… =on foot= walk to I often go to school on foot. =I often walk to school. go to…by bike = ride a bike to ... go to…by car = drive a car to ... go to…by plane = fly to ... go to…by bus = take a bus to ... 2. 现在进行时⑴现在进行时表示正在发生或进行的动作,常与now, at the moment, look, listen等词语或者短语连用。 ⑵结构:主语+be(is,am,are)+现在分词。如: Mary is having lunch with her parents now. 玛丽正和她的父母一起吃午餐。 They are doing their homework at home. 他们正在家里做家庭作业。 现在进行时态的肯定、否定和疑问式 肯定式:I am running. You are running. He/She is running. 否定式:I’ m not running. You aren’ t running. He/She isn’ t running. 一般疑问句及回答: —Are you running? —Yes, I am./—No, I am not. —Is he/she running? —Yes, he/she is./ No. he/she isn’ t. ⑶动词的现在分词的构成规则:① 一般在词尾加-ing。 如:drink-drinking ②以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去e,再加ing。如: make-making close-closing have-having ③以重读闭音节结尾的动词,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,应先双写这个辅音字母,再加ing。如: sit-sitting begin-beginning shop-shopping 三.情态动词情态动词基本用法:情态动词+动词原形can能力(体力,智力,技能)/允许或许可(口语中常用)/可能性can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now. (语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中) must必须,应该(表主观要求):must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。例如:He must be a man from America. You must obey the traffic rules. should应当,应该(表义务责任)/本该(含有责备意味) will意愿,决心请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉will not/won’t do 四.数词数词有两种: 1.表示数目的词叫基数词,如one,two,three,four等; 2.表示顺序的词叫序数词,如first,second,third,fourth等,使用序数词时前面必须加the,但之前有this/that /my等限 五.常用的表达方式1.表示时间的介词用法 (I)in用于一段时间。如年份、季节、月份等。 如:in 2012在2012 in spring在春季 in February在二月 (2)on用于具体的某一天或某一个特定的上午、下午或晚上。 如:on Saturday 在星期六 on October lst,2012 在2012年10月1日 on a rainy morning在一个下雨天的早晨 (3)at用于具体的时刻。如:at 7:30在7:30 (4)一些固定搭配。如: at night ,at noon , in the morning/afternoon/evening 2. 介词用法小结:(1)in意为“在…里”。如: The boxes are in the drawer. 盒子在抽屉里。 (2)on意为“在…(表面)上”。如: The fork is on the plate叉在盘子上。 (3)behind意为“在……后面”。如: What can you see behind the chair? (4)under意为“在…下”。如: What's under the bed? 床下面是什么? (5)near意为“在…附近”。如: My home is near a bookshop 我家在书店附近。 (6)next to...意为“挨近,靠近”。如: Who is sitting next to you? 谁坐在你旁边? (7)in front of意为“在……前面”。如: There is a big tree in front of the garage. 在车库的前面有一棵大树。 (8)in the center of意为“在……中心”。如: There is a park in the center of the city. 在城市的中心有一个公园。 (9)on the left/right of意为“在……左边/右边”。如: Tom sits on the left of Jack.汤姆坐在杰克的左边。 (10)at the back of意为“在……后面”。如: Who is that boy sitting at the back of the classroom坐在教室后面的男孩是谁? 3.特殊疑问词小结(l)what意为“什么”。如: what class什么班级 what time几点 what color什么颜色 what kind of什么种类的 what day星期几 (2)which+n.意为“哪一个(些)”。 (3)问方式及状况:how 问数量多少: how many+可数名词复数 how much+不可数名词 问多少钱:how much+ -般疑问句 (4)问频率:How often+ 一般疑问句,意为 “多久一次…..”。(5)问多长时间或物体有多长:how long (6)问年龄:how old (7)问多远/多高/多宽 how far/high/tall/wide (8)问原因:why (9)问地点:where (10)问何时:when (11)问是谁who 4.问路与指路的表达方式(1)问路的表达方式: Is there a... nearby/near here? Where is...? Can you tell me the way to...? Could you tell me how to get to...? How can I get to:..? Which is the way to..? (2)指路的表达方式: go down/along the street go straight tum left/right on the right/left There is a... on the left/right 5. how long,how far与how often的用法(1)how long意为“多久”,常常对一段时间提问。如: You can keep the book( for a week).(对括号内部分提问)你能借这本书一周。 ( ) ?我能借这本书多久? (2)how far意为“多远”,常常对表示距离的词提问。如: It is (five kilometers) away from here to my school(对画线部分提问)从这到学校有5公里远。 ( )?从这儿到你学校有多远? (3)how often意为“多久一次”,常常对表示频率的词提问。 表示频率的词有:always,never,seldom,often,usually,every day,once/twice a week等。如:He often goes to the park.(对画线部分提问)他经常去公园。 ( )?他多久去一次公园? 巧辩异同 1. a few与few a few “一些”,few“很少,几乎没有”,修饰可数名词。a little与little a little“一些”,little“很少,几乎没有”,修饰不可数名词。 2. talk, say, speak与tell(1) talk“交谈”,表示通过谈话方式交换意见、消息等。 (2) speak“说话”,强调开口发声,后常接某种语言。 (3) say “说”,强调所说的话的内容。 (4) tell“告诉”,有时兼含“嘱咐”“命令”等。 tell a truth说真话, tell a lie说谎, tell a story 讲故事等固定搭配。 拓展: go+v.-ing 表示去做某事: go fishing 去钓鱼 go shopping 去购物 go boating 去划船 |
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