三、“转” (1980s初~1990s末) 文中标识: 下划线:历史上的第一次 橙色:命名相关 绿色:ENT相关 蓝色:神外相关 紫色:分级系统 灰色:长期随访报告 红色:大事件 粗体:重要手术入路或技术 参考文献和图例序号均接《上篇》 1、关于肿瘤颅内扩展(intracranialextension,ICE)
图19
图20
图21
图22
图23
图24 2、关于面神经和听力保护
图25
图26
图27
图28
图29
图30
图31
图32 大事件:这是ENT提出的首个不以颞骨为中心的后外侧入路,对后颅窝硬膜内的优势不言而喻;术野的前界为面神经管后壁,并未经面神经隐窝进入鼓室(当然必要时也可联合),而是利用后颅窝开颅和切除乙状窦获得的后方空间,获得更为从后向前显露鼓室、颈静脉球的视角,从而对面神经和听力传导系统完全保护。必须注意的是,Sanna教授是Fisch面神经前移位技术理念的“死忠派”(见“合”,Sanna对其他学派的各种怼),这一看似“自抽耳光”的入路其实是有明确前提的,主要针对颈静脉孔区非血供丰富型肿瘤如鞘瘤(1997文章还提出了其鞘瘤分型,见下)、脑膜瘤等,是这类肿瘤的主力入路,而对球瘤仅限于部分C1型。另外,该后外侧入路也不同于神外入路,后者强调颈静脉突JP的磨除以打开颈静脉球后下壁,因此视角更后更下(见下)。
图33
图34 大事件:“面神经桥”技术并非什么新技术,早在1968 House和Glasscock提出扩大面神经隐窝技术时其实已经形成(继续打开面后气房增加一个进入鼓室的通道而已),但此时再次提出,对后来者包括神外影响深远,是这一阶段上述各种保守理念与Fisch永久性面神经前移位技术的经典理念发生碰撞的代表产物,至今仍是争议的焦点(见“合”)。 3、神外“髁旁入路”的兴起
图35
图36 大事件:仅仅3个病例,就提出了3种若干年后才被神外正式命名的入路,奠定了2种当今神外处理颈静脉孔区肿瘤最主要的入路,绝对的神作,Hakuba教授,领先于时代的神外颅底大师,当之无愧。但此篇文献却与Kempe那篇一样,淹没于浩瀚文海中,后来者少有提及和引用,而自我标榜为首创,令人唏嘘。
图37
图38 大事件:此分型是之后神外各种鞘瘤分型的模板,都是在此基础上略微改动。关于入路,主要还是从ENT的视角去审视,联合了颈静脉球瘤和听神经瘤的标准入路。
图39
图40
图41
图42
图43:右图为远外侧示意图,注意两图枕髁磨除范围的不同
图44 大事件:上述Sasaki团队是继Kempe、Hakuba之后在90s年代最早提出并广泛应用髁旁入路者,Sadaki教授也是神外听神经瘤领域研究膜性结构最著名者之一。
图45 大事件:第一次考虑了鞘瘤与球瘤不同的起源和对静脉系统的影响,不仅利用了磨除枕髁后的后外下视角,还利用了多出来的空间来向后移位静脉系统,从而从前方的pars nervosa进行切除,更符合鞘瘤的起源特点,同时保护了只是被压迫而非侵蚀的静脉系统,这是较ENT进步之处。另外,Samii此后也是继承Hakuba“乙状窦后入路经颈静脉孔上扩展”的主要成员之一(见“合”)。
图46
图47 大事件:George是颅颈交界区领域绝对的神外大神,其入路体系分为两大版块,一是处理枕骨大孔腹侧的“前外侧”和“后外侧入路”(详见《前世今生:远外侧入路》),另一即为此“juxtacondylar”入路。个人将其也翻译为“髁旁”,但比其他人提出的髁旁多了C1磨除和控制VA的步骤(其本人正是神外处理VA的鼻祖),因此对这一区域更为可控。与Sanna的POTS入路相比,也是后外侧视角,具有同样的优势和劣势,但强调了C1横突切除,对C2至枕骨大孔之间的椎动脉的分离和控制,以及对颈静脉孔后下壁即颈静脉突的切除,从而获得更为后下方的视角,无需切除枕髁而是贴着(juxta)枕髁。另外须注意的是,George的文献中,自始至终都将颈静脉突JP误认为是颈静脉结节JT,其描述和图片均明显表明是对两者的命名混淆了;Harsh在2008年的文末评论中,第一次点明这就是Rhoton文献中的远外侧髁旁扩展,此结构为颈静脉突,以及需分离附着此处的头外侧直肌。2011年,George在其巨著《Pathology and surgery around the vertebral artery》中将该入路的手术步骤进一步细化为15个步骤,并汇报了1989~2005年手术的75例大型球瘤、16例鞘瘤、5例脑膜瘤及7例其他肿瘤的良好结果[87](图48、49)。 图48 ,注意图中的JT其实应该为JP 图49
图50
图51
图52
图53 大事件:Sekhar是神外颅底的杰出代表之一,其入路早期都极为复杂,一个大入路往往可拆解出几个小入路,其对颈静脉孔区的入路的进化历程是逐渐聚焦的,“极外侧经颈静脉入路”最终成为其“极外侧入路”体系的一部分,自然而然强调了后外下视角的基本属性,但同时包含了经典迷路下的外侧视角和相关步骤因而相当强大,也是ENT的Sanna教授为数不多的予以肯定的神外入路。
图54
图55
图56 参考文献: 44. Kinney,S.E., Glomus jugulare tumors withintracranial extension. Am J Otol, 1979. 1(2): p. 67-71. 45. Jackson,C.G., et al., The surgical treatment ofskull-base tumors with intracranial extension. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,1987. 96(2): p. 175-85. 46. Al-Mefty,O., et al., A combined infratemporal andposterior fossa approach for the removal of giant glomus tumors andchondrosarcomas. Surg Neurol, 1987. 28(6):p. 423-31. 47. Sanna,M., et al., Lateral approaches to themedian skull base through the petrous bone: the system of the modifiedtranscochlear approach. J Laryngol Otol, 1994. 108(12): p. 1036-44. 48. Pellet,W., M. Cannoni, and A. Pech, The widenedtranscochlear approach to jugular foramen tumors. J Neurosurg, 1988. 69(6): p. 887-94. 49. Bordi,L.T., A.D. Cheesman, and L. Symon, Thesurgical management of glomus jugulare tumours--description of a single-stagedposterolateral combined otoneurosurgical approach. Br J Neurosurg, 1989. 3(1): p. 21-30. 50. Samii,M. and W. Draf, Surgery of Tumors of theLateral Posterior Skull Base and Petrous Bone, in Surgery of the Skull Base: An Interdisciplinary Approach, M. Samiiand W. Draf, Editors. 1989, Springer-Verlag: Berlin. p. 410-425. 51. Mischke,R.E. and T.J. Balkany, Skull baseapproach to glomus jugulare. Laryngoscope, 1980. 90(1): p. 89-94. 52. Sanna,M., et al., Revision glomus tumor surgery.Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 2006. 39(4):p. 763-82, vii. 53. Farrior,J.B., Anterior hypotympanic approach forglomus tumor of the infratemporal fossa. Laryngoscope, 1984. 94(8): p. 1016-21. 54. House,J.W. and D.E. Brackmann, Facial nervegrading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1985. 93(2): p. 146-7. 55. Brackmann,D.E., The facial nerve in theinfratemporal approach. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1987. 97(1): p. 15-7. 56. Jackson,C.G., et al., Conservation surgery forglomus jugulare tumors: the value of early diagnosis. Laryngoscope, 1990. 100(10 Pt 1): p. 1031-6. 57. Maniglia,A.J., et al., Inferiormastoidectomy-hypotympanic approach for surgical removal of glomus jugularetumors: an anatomical and radiologic study emphasizing distances betweencritical structures. Laryngoscope, 1992. 102(4): p. 407-14. 58. Martin,C. and J.M. Prades, Removal of selectedinfralabyrinthine lesions without facial nerve mobilization. Skull BaseSurg, 1992. 2(4): p. 220-6. 59. Lambert,P.R., M.E. Johns, and R.H. Winn, Infralabyrinthineapproach to skull-base lesions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1985. 93(2): p. 250-8. 60. Jackson,C.G., et al., Hearing conservation insurgery for glomus jugulare tumors. Am J Otol, 1996. 17(3): p. 425-37. 61. Jackson,C.G., The infratympanic extended facialrecess approach for anteriorly extensive middle ear disease: a conservationtechnique. Laryngoscope, 1993. 103(4Pt 1): p. 451-4. 62. Jackson,C.G., Basic surgical principles ofneurotologic skull base surgery. Laryngoscope, 1993. 103(11 Pt 2 Suppl 60): p. 29-44. 63. Mazzoni,A. and M. Sanna, A posterolateralapproach to the skull base: the petro-occipital transsigmoid approach.Skull Base Surg, 1995. 5(3): p.157-67. 64. Mazzoni,A., et al., Lower cranial nerveschwannomas involving the jugular foramen. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1997. 106(5): p. 370-9. 65. Gjuric,M., et al., Cranial nerve and hearingfunction after combined-approach surgery for glomus jugulare tumors. AnnOtol Rhinol Laryngol, 1996. 105(12):p. 949-54. 66. VonDoersten, P.G. and R.K. Jackler, Anteriorfacial nerve rerouting in cranial base surgery: a comparison of threetechniques. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1996. 115(1): p. 82-8. 67. Pensak,M.L. and R.K. Jackler, Removal of jugularforamen tumors: the fallopian bridge technique. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,1997. 117(6): p. 586-91. 68. Pluchino,F., G. Crivelli, and M.A. Vaghi, Intracranialneurinomas of the nerves of the jugular foramen. Report of 12 personal cases.Acta Neurochir (Wien), 1975. 31(3-4):p. 201-21. 69. Gacek,R.R., Schwannoma of the jugular foramen.Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1976. 85(2pt.1): p. 215-24. 70. Call,W.H. and J.L. Pulec, Neurilemoma of thejugular foramen. Transmastoid removal. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1978. 87(3 Pt 1): p. 313-7. 71. Hakuba,A., et al., Jugular foramen neurinomas.Surg Neurol, 1979. 11(2): p. 83-94. 72. Quinones-Hinojosa,A., E.F. Chang, and M.T. Lawton, Theextended retrosigmoid approach: an alternative to radical cranial baseapproaches for posterior fossa lesions. Neurosurgery, 2006. 58(4 Suppl 2): p. ONS-208-14;discussion ONS-214. 73. Crumley,R.L. and C. Wilson, Schwannomas of thejugular foramen. Laryngoscope, 1984. 94(6):p. 772-8. 74. Kaye,A.H., et al., Jugular foramenschwannomas. J Neurosurg, 1984. 60(5):p. 1045-53. 75. Horn,K.L., W.F. House, and W.E. Hitselberger, Schwannomasof the jugular foramen. Laryngoscope, 1985. 95(7 Pt 1): p. 761-5. 76. Franklin,D.J., G.F. Moore, and U. Fisch, Jugularforamen peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Laryngoscope, 1989. 99(10 Pt 1): p. 1081-7. 77. Cokkeser,Y., D.E. Brackmann, and J.N. Fayad, Conservativefacial nerve management in jugular foramen schwannomas. Am J Otol, 2000. 21(2): p. 270-4. 78. Sasaki,T. and K. Takakura, Twelve cases ofjugular foramen neurinoma. Skull Base Surg, 1991. 1(3): p. 152-60. 79. Kawahara,N., et al., Dumbbell type jugular foramenmeningioma extending both into the posterior cranial fossa and into theparapharyngeal space: report of 2 cases with vascular reconstruction. ActaNeurochir (Wien), 1998. 140(4): p.323-30; discussion 330-1. 80. Nakamizo,A., et al., Posterior transjugular andtranscervical approach for glomus tumours within the head and neck. Br JNeurosurg, 2013. 27(2): p. 212-7. 81. Cinibulak,Z., J.K. Krauss, and M. Nakamura, NavigatedMinimally Invasive Presigmoidal Suprabulbar Infralabyrinthine Approach to theJugular Foramen Without Rerouting of the Facial Nerve. Neurosurgery, 2013. 73(1 Suppl Operative): p. ons3-15;discussion ons14-5. 82. Samii,M., et al., Surgical treatment of jugularforamen schwannomas. J Neurosurg, 1995. 82(6): p. 924-32. 83. George,B., C. Dematons, and J. Cophignon, Lateralapproach to the anterior portion of the foramen magnum. Application to surgicalremoval of 14 benign tumors: technical note. Surg Neurol, 1988. 29(6): p. 484-90. 84. Bruneau,M. and B. George, The juxtacondylarapproach to the jugular foramen. Neurosurgery, 2008. 62(3 Suppl 1): p. 75-8; discussion 80-1. 85. George,B. and P.B. Tran, Surgical resection ofjugulare foramen tumors by juxtacondylar approach without facial nervetransposition. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 2000. 142(6): p. 613-20. 86. George,B., G. Lot, and P. Tran Ba Huy, Thejuxtacondylar approach to the jugular foramen (without petrous bone drilling).Surg Neurol, 1995. 44(3): p. 279-84. 87. Bruneau,M., et al., The juxtacondylar approach tothe jugular foramen, in Pathology andsurgery around the vertebral artery, B. George, M. Bruneau, and R.Spetzler, Editors. 2011, Springer-Verlag: Paris. p. 641-557. 88. TranBa Huy, P., et al., Long-term oncologicalresults in 47 cases of jugular paraganglioma surgery with special emphasis onthe facial nerve issue. J Laryngol Otol, 2001. 115(12): p. 981-7. 89. Sen,C.N. and L.N. Sekhar, The subtemporal andpreauricular infratemporal approach to intradural structures ventral to thebrain stem. J Neurosurg, 1990. 73(3):p. 345-54. 90. Sekhar,L.N., I.P. Janecka, and N.F. Jones, Subtemporal-infratemporaland basal subfrontal approach to extensive cranial base tumours. ActaNeurochir (Wien), 1988. 92(1-4): p.83-92. 91. Sekhar,L.N., V.L. Schramm, Jr., and N.F. Jones, Subtemporal-preauricularinfratemporal fossa approach to large lateral and posterior cranial baseneoplasms. J Neurosurg, 1987. 67(4):p. 488-99. 92. Sekhar,L.N., et al., Operative exposure andmanagement of the petrous and upper cervical internal carotid artery.Neurosurgery, 1986. 19(6): p.967-82. 93. Sen,C.N. and L.N. Sekhar, An extreme lateralapproach to intradural lesions of the cervical spine and foramen magnum.Neurosurgery, 1990. 27(2): p.197-204. 94. Patel,S.J., et al., Combined approaches forresection of extensive glomus jugulare tumors. A review of 12 cases. JNeurosurg, 1994. 80(6): p. 1026-38. 95. Salas,E., et al., Variations of theextreme-lateral craniocervical approach: anatomical study and clinical analysisof 69 patients. J Neurosurg, 1999. 90(2Suppl): p. 206-19. 96. Seyfried,D.M. and J.P. Rock, The transcondylarapproach to the jugular foramen: a comparative anatomic study. Surg Neurol,1994. 42(3): p. 265-71. 97. Day,J.D., transjugular, in Color Atlas of MicroneurosurgicalApproaches: Cranial Base and Intracranial Midline, J.D. Day, et al.,Editors. 1997, Thieme Stuttgart: New York. p. 213-223. 98. Wen,H.T., et al., Microsurgical anatomy ofthe transcondylar, supracondylar, and paracondylar extensions of thefar-lateral approach. J Neurosurg, 1997. 87(4): p. 555-85. 99. Rhoton,A.L., Jr., The far-lateral approach andits transcondylar, supracondylar, and paracondylar extensions.Neurosurgery, 2000. 47(3 Suppl): p.S195-209. |
|