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视频
Rotation Rotation can take place by the summation of the small rotational movements within adjacent vertebrae of the vertebral column, for example, twisting movement of the neck or body. At a pivot joint which is a uniaxial joint, one bone rotates relative to another adjacent bone. At the atlantoaxial joint, the first cervical vertebra (C1, atlas) rotates around the dens of the second cervical vertebra (C2, axis). Rotation of head from side to side can occur. The another example, the proximal radioulnar joint is also a pivot joint between the upper end of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and its annular ligament. The rotation of the radius can occur in its length during pronation and supination movements of the forearm. At the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip, rotation can also occur through the rotation of the humerus and femur around their long axis. Medial (internal) rotation refers to the movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body, lateral (external) rotation is converse, the anterior surface of the limb moves away from the midline. Pronation and supination Pronation and supination are the movements of the forearm and hand that rotate the distal end of the radius medially and laterally around and across the anterior aspect of the ulna while the proximal end of the radius rotates in itself place. Pronation refers to the medial rotation of the radius so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly. This motion results in the distal end of the radius to cross over the distal ulna at the distal radioulnar joint. This crossing over makes the radius and ulna into an X-shape position. Supination is the opposite rotational movement compared to pronation, rotating the radius laterally and uncrossing it from the ulna, returning the pronated forearm to the anatomical position. When the elbow joint is flexed, pronation moves the hand so that the palm faces inferiorly, supination is converse, moves the hand so that the palm faces superiorly. 参考翻译： 旋转是通过相邻脊柱内的小旋转运动的总和来进行，例如，颈部或身体的扭转运动。 在作为单轴关节的枢轴关节，一个骨骼相对于另一个相邻骨骼旋转。在寰枢关节，第一颈椎（C1，寰椎）围绕第二颈椎（C2，寰椎）的齿突旋转。头部会左右旋转。另一个例子，近侧桡尺关节，即由桡骨上端和尺骨桡侧切迹及其环状韧带形成的枢轴关节。在前臂的旋前和旋后运动中，桡骨的旋转可以发生在其全长上。 在肩关节和髋关节的球窝关节，旋转也可以通过肱骨和股骨绕其长轴旋转来实现。内（向内）旋转是指使肢体前表面朝向身体中线的运动，外（向外）旋转是相反的，肢体前表面远离中线。 旋前和旋后 旋前和旋后是前臂和手的运动，在桡骨近端在其位置旋转的同时，桡骨远端向内侧和外侧绕尺骨的前部旋转。 旋前是指桡骨的内侧旋转，使手掌向后，背向前。这种运动导致桡骨远端在桡尺远端关节处越过尺骨远端。这个交叉使桡骨和尺骨成为X形。 旋后是与旋前相反的旋转运动，桡骨向外侧旋转，解除与尺骨的交叉，使旋前的前臂回到解剖位置。 当肘关节弯曲时，旋前使手掌朝下移动，旋后相反，使手掌朝上移动。 -*-*-*-*-*-*-*- 重要词汇： rotation 旋转 vertebrae 脊椎 vertebral column 脊柱 uniaxial joint 单轴关节 atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节 atlas 寰椎 axis 枢椎 radioulnar joint 桡尺关节 radius 桡骨 notch 切迹 ulna 尺骨 pronation 旋前 humerus 肱骨 femur 股骨 supination 旋后 -*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*- 推荐有价值的参考书： |
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