为了强调、突出等词语的目的而颠倒原有语序的句式叫做倒装句。在倒装句中,颠倒了的成分可以恢复原位而句意基本不变,句法成分不变。
一、only 的倒装 按英语习惯,当“only + 状语”位于句首时,其后句子要用部分倒装,其中,only 后的状语可以是副词、介词短语、从句等,例如: Only then did he realize that he was wrong. Only then did I understand what she meant. Only recently have I become convinced that we made the right decision in moving. The pilot reassured the passengers. Only then did I realize how dangerous the situation had been. 飞机驾驶员要乘客们放心,这时我才明白刚才的情况有多危险。Only in this way are you able to do it well. Only in this way can our honour be saved. Only in this way can we learn English. Only on one point do I agree with you. Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard. 注意,在 only 后作状语的是从句时,从句不要用倒装,要部分倒装的是主句。如: Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. Only when we landed did we see how badly the plane had been damaged. 二、副词 so 的倒装 这类倒装主要见于以下两种情形: 1、当副词 so 后接形容词或副词位于句首时,其后要用部分倒装,例如: So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷,我们只好呆在家里。 So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快,我们几乎没法想象它的速度。 So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然,我们来不及逃跑。 2、当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者,通常就要用“So + 助动词 + 主语”这种倒装结构,例如:You are young and so am I. She likes music and so do I. If he can do it, so can I. 三、倒装句中的主谓一致 在“副词 here, there, now, then, up, down, in, out, away 等作状语或表语的介词短语或分词短语+谓语动词+主语”的倒装结构中,谓语动词的数由动词后面的主语决定,例如: On the wall hang two maps. 墙上挂着两张地图。 On the wall hangs a world of map. 墙上挂着一张世界地图。 Here is your coat. 这是你的外套。 Here are your running-shoes. 这是你的跑鞋。 Such is the result. 结果就是这样。 Such are the results. 这就是结果。 here 和 there 之后以及诸如 back, down, off, up 等一类的副词小品词之后,名词主语一般置于谓语之后。这类副词常与诸如 come 和 go 等转移动词一起连用,例如: There goes the last train! Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 当我们给人东西或确定位置时,这种倒装常用在 be 之后,例如: Here’s a cup of tea for you.---->给东西 Here are your letters. ---->给与或指明There’s (重读) Johnny smith. ---->确定位置地点状语后面如有表示位置的动词 (如 lie, live, sit, stand) 或转移的动词 (如 come, go, rise),用作主语的名词可以放在动词之后。这种情形主要出现在描写文中,例如:At the top of the hill stood the tiny chapel. In the fields of poppies lay the dying soldiers. In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. At the top of the hill it stood out against the sky. 否定或近似否定副词(往往是时间或频度副词,如 never, rarely, seldom),或是具有否定作用的副词,如 little, on no account 等,例如:Never/Seldom has there been so much protest against the Bomb. Little does he realize how important this meeting is. On no account must you accept any money if he offers it. There has never/seldom been so much protest against the Bomb. 从未 / 很少发生过这么强烈的反对原子弹的抗议活动。He little realizes how important this meeting is. 另外,有些含有否定意义的介词短语置于句首时,其后也要用倒装,例如:In no case should you give up. On no accounts must this switch be touched.In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.Under no circumstances should you lend him any money. No way will I go on working for that man. 按英语习惯,当 never, hardly, seldom, little, few, not until, not, no, no sooner, by no means, under no circumstances 等否定词置于句首时,其后要用部分倒装。如:Never did I see him again. Little did I dream that the girl was my niece. Seldom does he go out for dinner. Hardly does she have time to listen to music. No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. Not until we lose our health do we realize its value. No sooner had she agreed to marry him than she started to have terrible doubts. Under no circumstances are children allowed in the bar. 八、涉及 not only … but also … 的部分倒装not only … but also … 前后连接两个句子时,not only 后的句子要用部分倒装,但 but also 后的分句不用倒装。如: Not only did he come, but he saw her. Not only does she speak Spanish, (but) she also knows how to type. Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. Not only did they present a musical performance, but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of Western brass instruments. 他们不但做了音乐表演,而且简短地介绍了西方铜管乐器的历史。九、类似So/Neither do I 的部分倒装 so/neither/nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时,其句型是:so/neither/nor + 特殊词 + 主语。使句此句型需注意以下几点:1、内容是肯定时,用 so,内容是否定时,用 neither 或 nor。2、“特殊词”与前句中的情态动词、助动词或 be 相同,或根据前句的时态,用do, does, did。You are young and so am I. You aren’t young and neither am I. She likes music and so do I. If he can do it, so can I. She hasn’t read it and nor have I. 在so ... that … 结构中,若将so + adj. / adv. 置于句首,则其后的主句要用部分倒装,例如: So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. So much did they eat that they could not move for the next hour. So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 类似地,当 such … that … 结构的 such … 置于句首时,such 后的句子也要使用部分倒装,例如:Such a nice man did he seem that we all believe him. 有时为了强调或者为了使句子平衡或者为了使上下文连接得更加紧密,就将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首,谓语动词也常置于主语前,构成完全倒装,例如:By the door stood an armed guard. At the next table was a pretty girl waiting for someone. Among these people was his friend Jim. By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand.At the front of the book is a table of contents, giving details of what is in the book. as 作“虽然”解,引导让步状语从句时,必须将表语、状语或动词原形提到 as前面。此时应注意几点:一是若提前的表语是没有形容词修饰的单数可数名词,要省略不定冠词;二是若提前的是动词原形(多为不及物动词),与之连用的通常是 may, might, will, would 等,且这些词都要保留在原来的位置上(主语后);三是 though 有时也可像as这样使作倒装,例如:Tired as I was, I tried to help them. Try as he would, he couldn’t open the door. Search as they would, they would find nobody in the house. Hard as (though) they tried, they couldn’t make her change her mind. Boy as he was, he behaved like a girl. 有时为了强调,可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首,从而构成倒装,例如:Buried in the sands was an ancient village. Standing beside the table was his wife. To be carefully considered are the following questions.
|