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编 前 语 近期，中国沿海连续发生了多起重大航行事故，无论是作为海事监管机构，还是船长、船员，都要提高警惕，总结经验教训。一位有着多年航行经验的老船长，针对这些事故发生的原因，总结了如何避免船舶碰撞事故的经验和建议，我们来看看... 近期中国沿海的多起重大航行事故：  ✦ 2019年3月12日8时44分，香港南丫岛锚地以南水域，发生撞船事故，一艘油轮与渔船发生碰撞，导致渔船沉没。 At 08:44 on March 12, 2019, a collision occurred in waters south of Lamma Island anchorage in Hong Kong. An oil tanker collided with a fishing boat, causing fishing boat sank. ✦ 2019年3月12日1时09分，浙江岱山县一艘渔船在返航时与大型货船发生碰撞，渔船沉没，船上14人落水，2人救起， 12人失联。 At 01:09 on March 12, 2019, a fishing boat collided with a cargo ship while backing to homeport in county of Daishan, Zhejiang province, causing fishing boat sank, fourteen people fell overboard, two were rescued and 12 were missing. ✦ 2019年2月28日1时30分，在浙江舟山近海，两条16万载重吨油轮发生碰撞，虽未造成人员伤亡，但两条油轮的外板及肋骨均多处大面积严重受损，同时由于两条油轮均载有大量的货油，因此对环境造成了重大威胁。 At 01:30 on February 28, 2019, two tankers of 160,000 DWT collided off the coast of Zhoushan, Zhejiang province, even no casualties, but both tankers suffered extensive damage to their hull plates and frames. It poses a major threat to the environment due to both tanks carrying large amounts of cargo. ✦ 2019年2月23日13时40分，一条渔船在海上作业期间被一货轮撞沉，两名船员跳船，立即被同编组渔船救起，其余5名船员失联。 At 13:40 on 23 February 2019, a fishing boat was sank due to collision with a cargo ship while trawling at sea，two crew members jumped into water and were immediately rescued by a fishing boat nearby, other five crew members were missing. ✦ 2019年1月12日13时00分，在上海港，两条货轮发生了撞船事件，其中一条严重受损，另一条被撞后沉没。 At 13:00 on January 12, 2019, two cargo ships collided in Shanghai port, one of which was seriously damaged and the other sank after collision. 茫茫大海上，“你走你的阳关道，我过我的独木桥”，为何会频频发生不愉快的碰撞行为呢？ 通过分析这些事故案例， 原因基本归结为以下8点：  1. 驾驶台值班人员缺乏情景意识，过度依赖航行设备，例如：ARPA和ECDIS; Bridge team lack of situation awareness and only rely on navigational equipment, such as: ARPA and ECDIS; 2. 因人为因素，未正确遵守避碰规则； Due to human factors, the COLREG are not properly observed; 3. 当出现复杂局面和/或有疑惑时，未及时呼叫船长上驾驶台； When there is a complex situation and/or in doubt, fail to call the captain to the bridge in time; 4. 未做到谨慎驾驶并采用安全航速，复杂水域未备车航行； Do not navigate with caution and using safe speed, M/E is not stand by in complex waters; 5. 不了解渔船的航行习惯及作业方式，不熟悉渔船的号灯及号型； Don't understand the fishing boat's habits of navigation and operation, not familiar with the fishing boat's signal lights and shapes; 6. 安全意识薄弱，疏忽瞭望； Lack of safety awareness and neglect of the lookout; 7. 航行设备使用不当，导致对局面造成错误评估、判断； Improper use of navigational equipment, leads to wrong assessment and judgment of the situation; 8. 计划航线设计不合理，未经过全部驾驶员认真审核就仓促执行。 The voyage plan designed was unreasonable, and was implemented in haste without careful check by all officers.  原因也知道了，重点是如何避免这些类似的船舶碰撞事故呢？ 重 点 来 啦~
1. 船长需在船进行包括避碰规则在内的关于安全航行的培训，以加强航行当值人员的安全意识，确保正规了望在任何时间段都能得以维持。 The captain shall train the crew regarding safe navigation on the ship, including COLREG, to enhance the safety awareness of watch keeper and ensure that proper lookout can be maintained at any time. 2. 船长和轮机长应根据当时的航行条件，并依据公司体系文件的规定安排适合当时环境条件的驾驶台和机舱值班团队。 The captain and chief engineer shall, in accordance with the prevailing navigational conditions and the company's safety management system, arrange the bridge and engine-room watching team to suitable for the prevailing environmental conditions. 3. 船长应督促船上进行BRM/BTM的训练，以增强驾驶台团队的情景意识，使驾驶台资源得到更合理利用及保证沟通的有效性。 The captain shall carry out BRM/BTM training on the ship, so as to enhance the situational awareness of the bridge team, make reasonable use of bridge resources and ensure the effectiveness of communication. 4. 驾驶员应认真学习各种导航设备的使用技巧及注意事项，并了解各种导航设备的局限性，以避免因设备使用不当，导致造成错误判断，从而产生碰撞危险，尤其是雷达、电子海图、AIS的正确使用及相关参数的设定。 Officers should study the skills of usage and precautions of all navigational equipment, and understand their limitations, so as to avoid collision risk due to wrong judgment through improper usage of navigational equipment, especially the correct usage and the setting of relevant parameters of radar, electronic chart, AIS. 5. 复杂水域、能见度不良或认为有必要时，船长应亲自指挥操纵船舶，以保证航行安全。 The master shall operate the ship personally to ensure safe navigation in complex waters, poor visibility or when necessary. 6. 与航行无关且可能影响安全航行的任何物品，禁止携带入驾驶台，尤其是手机及各种报刊杂志等。 Any article that is not involved to the navigation and may affect the safe navigation is prohibited to take into the bridge, especially mobile phone, newspaper and magazine, etc. 7. 船长每日就寝前应将有关航行、锚泊要求及注意事项详细而明确地写入船长夜航命令簿，并放在规定的地点。 The master shall write down the requirements and matters needing attention regarding navigation and anchoring in detail and explicitly in night order book before bedtime every day, then put it on the specified place. 8. 当值驾驶员应严格执行驾驶台常规命令，接班前认真阅读船长夜航命令簿，签字后严格执行。 The duty officer should execute the master's standing orders strictly, read the night order book carefully before taking over, and execute it strictly after signature. 9. 计划航线要经过所有驾驶员认真审核并签字后，方可实施，以团队的力量最大限度的减少因人为疏漏，而导致的航行风险。 The voyage plan can only be implemented after carefully checked and signed by all officers, so as to minimize the navigational risk caused by human error. 10. 针对近期，商船与渔船频繁发生碰撞事故的情况，如下各点供参考： In view of frequent collision accidents happened between merchant ships and fishing boats recently, the following items for your reference: 1）了解渔船的航行习惯及特点： Understand the fishing boat's usually practice of navigation and fishing operation: 和商船相比，渔船出海或返航航行时往往多条渔船结伴航行，商船要从其中间穿越难度非常大；渔船捕捞作业时专注捕捞，驾驶台往往无人值守；渔船在能见度不良时，有高速行驶及雾中摸索航行的习惯；渔船在航行时，遇到商船在其附近通过的情况下，喜欢冒险抢大船船头，造成紧迫局面；部分渔船驾驶员对先进的助导航设施不愿意使用或不会使用； When a fishing boat sails out or back, usually many fishing boats sail together, so it is very difficult for merchant ships to cross between them; Fisherman only focus on fishing when fishing operations, the bridge is often unattended; Fishing boats have the habit of sailing at high speed in poor visibility and grope for sailing in fog; Fishing boats like to take risks to pass the bow of large ships when merchant ships are passing nearby, causing an close-quarters situation; Some fishermen are unwilling or unable to use advanced navigational equipment; 2）在计划进入渔区航行时，应通过公司、代理提前了解渔船作业情况，科学制定计划航线，提醒值班驾驶人员加强关注； Before sailing into the fishing area, we should know the situation of the fishing area in advance through the company and the agent, the voyage plan should be made carefully and the duty officers should be reminded to pay more attention to fishing boats; 3）充分考虑能见度和不良气象影响，结合本船操纵性能、周围船舶动态和交通密度，保持安全航速； Proceed at a safe speed by taking into full account the visibility, adverse weather effects, the ship's maneuverability, movement of surrounding vessel and traffic density; 4）在夜间和能见度不良时，充分评估本船雷达对渔船等小型物标的探测能力，避免错误判断局面，并适当加强驾驶台值班； Should be fully aware the radar detection ability on small target such as fishing boats when at night or in poor visibility, to avoid misjudgment to situation, also improve the bridge watching level to meet the prevailing circumstances; 5）必要时船长上驾驶台指导船舶航行； If necessary, the master shall be on the bridge to operate the ship by himself; 6）在避让渔船过程中，应考虑渔船操纵性能和作业上的特殊性，特别谨慎地评估现场局面，确保驶过让清； In the process of giving way to the fishing boat, the maneuverability and the operation particularity of the fishing boat should be considered, make sure to keep well clear; 7）避免在航行时采用自动舵或小角度改向避让，否则会因渔船难以及时察觉到商船改向，而造成紧迫局面； Action taken to avoid collision with fishing boat, a succession of small alterations of course and/or auto-pilot should be avoided. Otherwise, it will be difficult for fishing boats to detect the course change of the merchant ship in time, causing a close-quarters situation; 8）驾驶台当值人员要熟悉渔船在进行捕鱼作业时的号灯和号型。 OOW should be familiar with the signal lights and shapes of fishing vessels.
不听老人言，吃亏在眼前... 这些注意事项一定要切记在心， 注意再注意！ 祝大家航行平安。 来源：华洋海事中心张学武船长 |
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