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编者按：本文由“政治哲学与思想史”编辑部整理，持续更新，欢迎补充！ 卢梭 我起先看一些哲学书籍，如波尔—洛雅勒出版的《逻辑学》，洛克的论文，马勒伯朗士、莱布尼茨、笛卡尔的著作等等。不久我就发现这些作者的学说差不多总是互相冲突的，于是我就拟定了一个要把它们统一起来的空想的计划，我耗费了不少精力，浪费了不少时间，弄得头昏脑胀，结果毫无所获。最后，我放弃了这种方法，采取了另一种比这好得多的方法，我的能力虽然很差，但我之所以还能有些进步，应当完全归功于这个方法。因为毫无疑问，我的能力在研究学问上一向是很有限的。我每读一个作者的著作时，就拿定主意，完全接受并遵从作者本人的思想，既不掺入我自己的或他人的见解，也不和作者争论。我这样想：“先在我的头脑中储存一些思想，不管是正确的还是错误的，只要论点明确就行，等我的头脑里已经装得相当满以后，再加以比较和选择。”我知道这种方法并不是没有缺点的，但拿灌输知识的目的来说，这个方法倒是很成功的。有几年功夫，我只是作者怎样想自己就怎样想，可以说从不进行思考，也几乎一点不进行推理。几年过后我就有了相当丰富的知识，足以使我独立思考而无须求助于他人了。在我旅行或办事而不能阅读书籍的时候,我就在脑子里复习和比较我所读过的东西，用理智的天平来判断每一个问题，有时也对我的老师们的见解做一些批判。虽然我开始运用自己的判断力未免晚了一些，但我并没有感到它已失去了那股强劲的力量，因此，在我发表自己的见解时，别人并未说我是一个盲从的门徒，也没说我只会附和先辈的言论。 卢梭：《忏悔录》（第一部），黎星译，商务印书馆1986年版，第295页。 约翰·罗尔斯 Let me say that in looking at a text of this sort, which is so large, and with so many elements in it, if you are to get as much out of it as you can, you must try to interpret it in the best and most interesting way. There is no point in trying to defeat it, or to show the author was wrong in some way, or that his argument doesn’t follow. The thing is to make as much out of it as you can and to try to get a sense of how the overall view might go, if you put it in the best way. Otherwise, I think it is a waste of time to read it, or to read any of the important philosophers. John Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, ed.Samuel Freeman (MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), pp.52. 托马斯·库恩 When reading the works of an important thinker, look first for the apparent absurdities in the text and ask yourself how a sensible person could have written them. When you find an answer, I continue, when those passages make sense, then you may find that more central passages, ones you previously thought you understood, have changed their meaning. Thomas.S.Kuhn, The Essential Tension, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1977, pp. xii. |
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