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What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?心血管疾病的风险有哪些？ The most important behavioural risk factors of heart disease and stroke are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol. The effects of behavioural risk factors may show up in individuals as raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity. These “intermediate risks factors” can be measured in primary care facilities and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other complications. 心脏病和中风最重要的行为风险因素是不健康的饮食、缺乏身体活动、吸烟和有害使用酒精。行为危险因素的影响可能在个人中表现为血压升高、血糖升高、血脂升高以及超重和肥胖。这些“中间危险因素”可以在初级保健设施中测量，表明心脏病发作、中风、心力衰竭和其他并发症的风险增加。 Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Health policies that create conducive environments for making healthy choices affordable and available are essential for motivating people to adopt and sustain healthy behaviours. 戒烟、减少饮食中的盐、多吃水果和蔬菜、经常进行体育活动和避免有害使用酒精等，已被证明可以降低心血管疾病的风险。为使人们能够负担得起和得到健康选择创造有利环境的卫生政策，对于鼓励人们采取和维持健康行为至关重要。
There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs. These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change – globalization, urbanization and population ageing. Other determinants of CVDs include poverty, stress and hereditary factors. In addition, drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood lipids are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent heart attacks and strokes among people with these conditions. 心血管疾病的危险因素有哪些？ 心脏病和中风最重要的行为风险因素是不健康的饮食、缺乏身体活动、吸烟和有害使用酒精。行为危险因素的影响可能在个人中表现为血压升高、血糖升高、血脂升高以及超重和肥胖。这些“中间危险因素”可以在初级保健设施中测量，表明心脏病发作、中风、心力衰竭和其他并发症的风险增加。 戒烟、减少饮食中的盐、多吃水果和蔬菜、经常进行体育活动和避免有害使用酒精等，已被证明可以降低心血管疾病的风险。为使人们能够负担得起和得到健康选择创造有利环境的卫生政策，对于鼓励人们采取和维持健康行为至关重要。 心血管疾病也有一些潜在的决定因素。这些都反映了推动社会、经济和文化变革的主要力量——全球化、城市化和人口老龄化。心血管疾病的其他决定因素包括贫困、压力和遗传因素。 外，高血压、糖尿病和高血脂的药物治疗对于降低心血管风险和预防这些疾病人群的心脏病发作和中风是必要的。
What are common symptoms of cardiovascular diseases?心血管疾病常见的症状？Often, there are no symptoms of the underlying disease of the blood vessels. A heart attack or stroke may be the first sign of underlying disease. Symptoms of a heart attack include: ·pain or discomfort in the centre of the chest; 胸部中央的疼痛或不适； ·pain or discomfort in the arms, the left shoulder, elbows, jaw, or back.手臂，左肩，肘，下巴或背部的疼痛或不适。 In addition the person may experience difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath;患者可能会出现呼吸困难或呼吸短促； nausea or vomiting; light-headedness or faintness; a cold sweat; and turning pale. 恶心或呕吐；头晕或头晕；出冷汗；脸色苍白。 Women are more likely than men to have shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and back 女性比男性更容易有呼吸短促、恶心、呕吐和背部疼痛。 or jaw pain.The most common symptom of a stroke is sudden weakness of the face, arm, or leg, most often on one side of the body. 或者下巴疼痛。中风最常见的症状是面部、手臂或腿部突然无力，通常 发 生在身体的一侧。 Other symptoms include sudden onset of:其他症状包括突然出现： ·numbness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body;面部、手臂或腿麻木，尤其是身体一侧； ·confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding speech;困惑，说话或理解语言困难； ·difficulty seeing with one or both eyes;单眼或双眼视力障碍； ·difficulty walking, dizziness and/or loss of balance or coordination;·行走困难、头晕和/或失去平衡或协调； ·severe headache with no known cause; 不明原因的严重头痛 ·fainting or unconsciousness.昏厥或无意识 |
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