转染，转化，转导？三者区别的简述

        在将目的基因导入受体时，我们常遇到这样三个词：转染（Transfection）、转化（Transformation）以及转导（Transduction）。在感叹汉字博大精深可以完美翻译这三个Trans的同时，也难免让人一头雾水，看起来都差不多啊。究竟有何不同呢？下面作个简单的陈述。   

Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. ——Wikipedia Transduction

Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells. The term is often used for non-viral methods in eukaryotic cells. It may also refer to other methods and cell types, although other terms are preferred: "transformation" is more often used to describe non-viral DNA transfer in bacteria and non-animal eukaryotic cells, including plant cells. ——Wikipedia Transfection

In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s). Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, but it can also be effected by artificial means in other cells. ——Wikipedia Transformation

        转导是三者中最容易区分的，转导所用到的载体一定是病毒载体；转化则是利用非病毒载体将外源DNA导入细菌，酵母，植物细胞中。自然界存在一些细菌，它们会自发发生转化过程，即直接从外界环境中跨膜吸收外源DNA，但现在也可以通过人工方法获得这样的细胞，最著名的即为CaCl2处理大肠杆菌获得的感受态细胞。转染通常指的是利用非病毒载体将外源基因导入真核细胞（通常是哺乳动物细胞）的过程，它也可以利用感受态细胞进行，除此之外人工脂质体法、基因枪法、显微注射法、电穿孔法也都是适用的方法。因此也有人认为，转染和转化是一体两面的。

转染、转化、转导区别

        由上总结，判断三者最简便的方法是根据受体细胞的类型来确定。但话说回来，转染、转化、转导，都是为了达成一个目的而存在的：将外源基因导入受体。从这一点来说，即使你无法很好地分清楚三者，也不会影响你对实验整体思路的把握。