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法律翻译技巧(3)

 白鹤云轩 2022-12-09 发布于广东

词类的转换

      在翻译中,词类转换是一个重要的技巧。在实际翻译中,将动词换成名词,将名词改成介词这类灵活的方法往往可救译者于“危难”,一句翻不下去的话,一经转换便起死回生。这说明,词性本身有可能对翻译造成障碍,翻译时不能死盯着原文的词性。①必要时,法律翻译亦需要对词性进行转换。举例如下:

1.名词转换为动词

例1:

The development of international trade on the basis of equality and mutual benefits an important element in promoting friendly relations among States. ②(在平等互利的基础上发展国际贸易,是促进各国间友好关系的一个重要因素。)

例2:

The resale of cultural relics in private collections to make a profit shall be strictly forbidden(严禁将私人收藏的文物倒卖牟利。)

例3:

The confidentiality restrictions and obligations imposed by this Section shall terminate two (2)yeas after the expiration or termination of this Agreement.(本条规定的保密限制和义务、在本协议期满终止两年后终止。)

例4:

This Contracts subject to the approval of the Examination and Approval Authority before the same may become effective(本合同经审批部门批准后方能生效。)

例5:

This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatory States(本公约须经签署国批准接受或者核准。)

2.形容词转换为副词

The Peoples Courts ,the People's Procuratorates and the Public Security Organs shall,in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall coordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure the correct and effective enforcement of the law.

 (人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关办理刑事案件,应当分工负责,互相配合,互相制约,以确保准确有效地执行法律。)此外,在这一句中,名词“enforcement”被转换成了动词。

正译与反译

       正译和反译也是法律翻译中的一个重要技巧。所谓正译,就是说,原文从正面讲,就从正面译,原文从反面说,就从反面译。所谓反译,就是从原文相反的方面来进行翻译。一般来说,翻译时主要采用正译法。但有时由于两种语言的词义和语法习惯不同,原文从正面说,译文从正面如找不到恰当的对等,那就要利用反义词加否定的语气进行翻译就是反译。①正译好理解。反译要多说几句。一种有意思的说法是:“翻译就是反译。翻译工作大部分时间就是反其意而行之。”反译又有“语序、时序之倒反”、“方位、逻辑之倒反”、“量度之倒反”、“文化之倒反”、“价值观念的倒反”、“数字之倒反”等等。②就法律翻译而言,这一翻译技巧的使用频率不算高

例1:

任何一方均不对合营公司的债务或其他义务向任何第三人负连带责任。(Neither/No party shall be liable jointly and severally to any third party for the joint venture's debts or other liabilities and obligations. )

例2:

任何一方仅以其出资额为限对公司承担责任。(Nove of the Parties shall have any liability to the Company except to the extent of his or her agreed amount of capital contribution)

例3:

The proposal concerning pollution was called up in the meeting last week.(有关防止污染问题的议案,上周已经在会上提出来了。)再如“消防队”是“fire brigade”的反译。此类的例子还有很多,比如 arms conference(裁军会议)、gas mask(防毒面具)、Unfair Competition Act(反不正当竞争法)、pornography campaign(扫黄)等。

语序调整

       为了使译文符合目标语言的表达习惯,在将原文翻译成目标语言时,必须对语序进行调整。与之前的几种技巧类似,语序的调整并没有特别的规律,原文中的词在译文中既可以放在前面,也可以放在后面,甚至可以放在中间。译者需要根据上下文的需要,合理地调整语序。例如:

例1:

The Party A hereby agrees to produce Product promptly after the Effective Date in accordance with the laws and regulations of PRC, and the provisions of this Contract. (甲方同意依照中华人民共和国法律法规以及本合同的条款,在本合同生效后立即生产产品。)

解析:

      在原文中,“in accordance with the laws and regulations of PRC, and the provisions of this Contract. ”等词作为状语被放在句子的后面,在译文中按照中文的习惯,将其被放在了谓语的前面

例2:

The Party A may sell,transfer or otherwise dispose of all or any part of its interest in the Contract to any third party only with the prior written consent of Party B. (甲方只有在事先取得乙方书面同意条件下,才可向第三方出售、转让或以其他方式处分其在合同项下的全部或部分权益。)

解析

      在原文中,“only with the prior written consent of Party B”等词作为状语成分放在句子后,译文将其放在句首,这种表达更符合汉语习惯

例3:

The Purchasing Plan of the Company shall be established by the Board of Direc-tors in view of actual market conditions,expected sales volumes, the employees' ability toabsorb new technology and any other factors considered important by the Board

(公司的购买计划由董事会在考虑市场实际情况、预计的产品销售额、雇员吸收新技术的能力以及董事会认定的其他重要因素后加以确定。)

解析

     在原文中,"in view of actual market conditions,expected sales volumes,the employees' ability to absorb new technology and any other factors considered important by the Board. ”等词作为状语被放在句子的后面,译文将其被放在了句子的中间

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