|
Evidence is an important factor in court cases and often helps a jury decide the verdict of a case. Professionals in the criminal justice and law industries collect, use and examine evidence to prepare timelines and relay information to juries. If you're participating in jury duty or you work in a position that often collects or examines the evidence, it may be beneficial to learn about different types of evidence used in court cases. In this article, we define evidence and explore 21 different types of evidence you may encounter in a courtroom. 证据是法庭案件中的一个重要因素，通常有助于陪审团决定案件的判决。刑事司法和法律行业的专业人员收集、使用和审查证据，以准备时间表并将信息传递给陪审团。如果您正在参与陪审团职责，或者您从事经常收集或审查证据的职位，那么了解法庭案件中使用的不同类型的证据可能会有所帮助。在本文中，我们定义了证据并探讨了您在法庭上可能遇到的 21 种不同类型的证据。 Understanding different kinds of evidence is essential for anyone interested in pursuing a career as a law enforcement officer, forensics specialist or legal professional. Here are 21 types of evidence introduced in jury trials that can affect a case:对于任何有兴趣从事执法人员、法医专家或法律专业人士职业的人来说，了解不同类型的证据都是必不可少的。以下是陪审团审判中引入的可能影响案件的 21 种证据： 1. Admissible evidence可采证据Admissible evidence is a type of evidence that judges allow lawyers to present in court. Judges determine admissibility based on relevance, authenticity and value. Admissible evidence is factual, pertains to a specific case and possesses a value that exceeds other considerations, such as bias or shock value. Legal teams discover before a trial begins whether the judge approved any evidence they submitted.可接受的证据是法官允许律师在法庭上出示的一种证据。法官根据相关性、真实性和价值确定可受理性。可接受的证据是事实性的，与特定案件有关，并且具有超过其他考虑因素的价值，例如偏见或冲击值。法律团队在审判开始前发现法官是否批准了他们提交的任何证据 2.Inadmissible evidence不可接受的证据Inadmissible evidence is evidence that lawyers can't present to a jury. Forms of evidence judges consider inadmissible include hearsay, prejudicial, improperly obtained or irrelevant items. For example, investigators use polygraph tests to determine whether a person is lying about the events of a case. The results often qualify as inadmissible because they work by measuring a person's level of anxiety. If a person experiences anxiety for other reasons or is able to remain calm under pressure, the test can produce inaccurate results.不可接受的证据是律师不能向陪审团出示的证据。法官认为不可接受的证据形式包括传闻、偏见、不当获得或不相关的物品。例如，调查人员使用测谎仪测试来确定一个人是否对案件事件撒谎。这些结果通常被认为是不可接受的，因为它们通过测量一个人的焦虑程度起作用。如果一个人因其他原因感到焦虑或能够在压力下保持冷静，则测试可能会产生不准确的结果。 3. Direct evidence直接证据Direct evidence is a general term for any type of evidence that links a defendant directly to a crime. This type of evidence is typically easy to understand for a jury. For instance, if a jury watches a video of a defendant committing a crime, it usually requires no further examination or testing to determine its accuracy. Examples of direct evidence include:直接证据是将被告与犯罪直接联系起来的任何类型的证据的总称。对于陪审团来说，这种类型的证据通常很容易理解。例如，如果陪审团观看被告犯罪的视频，通常不需要进一步检查或测试来确定其准确性。直接证据的例子包括：
4. Circumstantial [ˌsɜːkəmˈstænʃəl] evidence间接证据Circumstantial evidence describes information that doesn't directly connect a defendant to a crime but rather implies a connection exists. These examples don't directly prove that a defendant is guilty, but they provide background or context to a crime. Attorneys often rely on circumstantial evidence if direct evidence isn't available or to compile a timeline of a crime. Examples of circumstantial evidence include:间接证据描述的信息并不直接将被告与犯罪联系起来，而是暗示存在联系。这些例子不能直接证明被告有罪，但它们提供了犯罪的背景或背景。如果没有直接证据或编制犯罪时间表，律师通常会依赖间接证据。间接证据的例子包括：
5. Statistical evidence统计证据Statistical evidence refers to numerical data used to prove or disprove guilt in jury trials. Judges typically only allow certain statistics in court. They usually determine that legal teams can introduce statistics resulting from scientific research while denying less reliable methods such as polls. Statistics usually establish possibilities or correlations, so individual members of a jury may consider a particular statistic's connection to a crime differently.统计证据是指在陪审团审判中用于证明或反驳有罪的数字数据。法官通常只允许在法庭上提供某些统计数据。他们通常认为法律团队可以引入科学研究产生的统计数据，同时否认民意调查等不太可靠的方法。统计数据通常建立可能性或相关性，因此陪审团的个别成员可能会以不同的方式考虑特定统计数据与犯罪的联系。 6. Real evidence真实证据Real evidence, also known as physical evidence, is a material object with a connection to the defendant's potential role in a crime. There are two types of physical evidence. Individual physical evidence involves pieces that are unique to a person, such as DNA or fingerprints. Class physical evidence relates to a certain segment of the population, which may help professionals narrow down a list of suspects. Examples of class physical evidence include blood type, tire tread and weapon manufacturers.真实证据，也称为物证，是与被告在犯罪中的潜在角色有关的物质对象。物证有两种类型。个人物证涉及一个人独有的片段，例如DNA或指纹。类别物证与人群的某一部分有关，这可能有助于专业人士缩小嫌疑人名单的范围。类物证的例子包括血型、轮胎胎面和武器制造商。 7. Prima facie evidence初步证据Prima facie evidence, sometimes called presumptive evidence, uses other types of evidence gathered from a crime scene to make a plausible assumption. A rebuttal from an opposing legal team can later determine prima facie evidence to be inaccurate. For example, if a prosecutor concludes a person is deceased because of the defendant's alleged crimes, the defense team may counter this prima facie evidence by introducing doubt about the connection between the victim and the crime.初步证据，有时称为推定证据，使用从犯罪现场收集的其他类型的证据来做出合理的假设。对方法律团队的反驳可以在以后确定初步证据不准确。例如，如果检察官断定某人因被告被指控的罪行而死亡，辩护团队可以通过对受害者与犯罪之间的联系提出怀疑来反驳这一初步证据。The Latin term prima facie means “at first glance,” or “at first appearance,” and it is generally used to describe how a situation appears on initial observation. In the legal system, prima facie is commonly used to refer to either a piece of evidence which is presumed to be true when first viewed, or a legal claim in which enough evidence is presented to support the validity of the claim 8. Demonstrative evidence示范性证据Demonstrative evidence is information that legal teams present to a jury through visual aids, such as charts or diagrams. It typically includes the presentation of physical evidence, such as clothing from a crime scene that may connect the defendant to a crime. This type of evidence can help a jury better understand a lawyer's argument about the alleged behaviors of the defendant.示范性证据是法律团队通过视觉辅助工具（如图表或图表）向陪审团提供的信息。它通常包括出示物证，例如犯罪现场可能将被告与犯罪联系起来的衣服。这种类型的证据可以帮助陪审团更好地理解律师关于被告涉嫌行为的论点。 9. Documentary evidence书面证据Documentary evidence includes any type of written, verbal or visual recordings. In most cases, it refers to paper documents, such as handwritten notes or letters. Photographs, audio recordings and video also make up documentary evidence, which legal teams use to prove the validity of facts in a case.书面证据包括任何类型的书面、口头或视频记录。在大多数情况下，它是指纸质文档，例如手写笔记或信件。照片、录音和视频也构成书面证据，法律团队使用这些证据来证明案件中事实的有效性。 10. Impression evidence印象证据Impression evidence refers to imprints left in the material found at a crime scene that may link a defendant to a crime. Forensics experts handle impression evidence carefully because it may deteriorate or wash away easily. They often create molds of the evidence to preserve them for use during an investigation. Attorneys may present impression evidence to a jury if it's relevant and can affect the outcome of a case. Examples of impression evidence include:印象证据是指在犯罪现场发现的材料中留下的可能将被告与犯罪联系起来的印记。法医专家会仔细处理印象证据，因为它可能会变质或容易被冲走。他们经常创建证据的模型以保存它们以在调查期间使用。如果印象证据相关并可能影响案件的结果，律师可以向陪审团提交印象证据。印象证据的示例包括：
11. Testimonial evidence证词证据Testimonial evidence is information provided by a witness who responds to questions from one or both legal teams under oath. Attorneys from the prosecution and the defense present witnesses, and they often answer questions from attorneys on both sides. Direct examination occurs when witnesses respond to questions from the attorney who presented them. Cross-examination occurs when they respond to questions from the opposing legal team.证词证据是由证人提供的信息，他在宣誓后回答一个或两个法律团队的问题。控方和辩方的律师提供证人，他们经常回答双方律师的问题。当证人回答提出问题的律师的问题时，就会发生直接询问。当他们回答对方法律团队的问题时，就会发生交叉询问。 12. Character evidenceCharacter evidence is information that attempts to portray the defendant in a positive or negative way. A common type of character evidence is testimony from a witness who knows the defendant and can attest to their typical behavior. Lawyers usually use character evidence to prove a defendant's motive in a case. 13. Habit evidence习惯证据Legal teams use habit evidence to highlight a defendant's consistent actions during specific circumstances. For example, a lawyer may argue that their client accused of committing a crime at a college library at 3 p.m. on a Tuesday met with a study group at 3 p.m. every Tuesday in a different location on campus. Therefore, the defendant was not at the scene of the crime when it occurred. Unlike presumptive evidence, which considers a defendant's unfavorable behavior in the past, habit evidence is admissible in court.法律团队使用习惯证据来突出被告在特定情况下的一贯行为。例如，律师可能会争辩说，他们的客户被指控在周二下午3点在大学图书馆犯罪，每周二下午3点在校园的不同地点与一个学习小组会面。因此，案发时被告不在案发现场。与考虑被告过去不利行为的推定证据不同，习惯证据在法庭上是可以接受的。 14. Hearsay evidence传闻证据Hearsay evidence is information provided outside of a court setting to someone involved in the trial. In most cases, judges don't allow hearsay evidence because the attorney for an opposing law team doesn't have an opportunity to cross-examine the person who provided the information. Some jurisdictions allow it under certain circumstances. Examples of hearsay that a judge may permit include witness admissions that don't benefit the witness by sharing them or statements people make shortly before their expected passing.传闻证据是在法庭环境之外向参与审判的人提供的信息。在大多数情况下，法官不允许传闻证据，因为对方法律团队的律师没有机会盘问提供信息的人。某些司法管辖区在某些情况下允许这样做。法官可能允许的传闻示例包括证人承认，这些证人通过分享证人或人们在预期去世前不久所做的陈述而对证人没有好处 15. Forensic evidence.法医证据或科学证据Forensic evidence, or scientific evidence, is an essential form of evidence in a jury trial. It often introduces indisputable facts that investigators and forensic professionals prove using scientific methods. Forensic evidence primarily refers to genetic information, such as DNA and fingerprints. It also may include evidence proven by physics and other forms of science, such as ballistics. Its reliability makes it an important factor in whether juries decide to convict or exonerate a defendant in criminal cases.法医证据或科学证据是陪审团审判中必不可少的证据形式。它经常引入调查人员和法医专业人员使用科学方法证明的无可争辩的事实。法医证据主要是指遗传信息，如DNA和指纹。它还可能包括物理学和其他形式的科学（如弹道学）证明的证据。它的可靠性使其成为陪审团是否决定在刑事案件中定罪或免除被告罪责的重要因素。 16. Trace evidence痕迹证据Trace evidence includes tiny pieces of physical matter that transfer onto a surface when someone commits a crime. Trace evidence can help investigators examine a crime scene thoroughly and develop connections to suspects. It's typically admissible in court, so legal teams often present it to juries to help them understand certain events that occurred in the case. Examples of this may include:痕迹证据包括当有人犯罪时转移到表面上的微小物理物质。跟踪证据可以帮助调查人员彻底检查犯罪现场并与嫌疑人建立联系。它通常在法庭上是可以接受的，因此法律团队经常将其提交给陪审团，以帮助他们了解案件中发生的某些事件。这方面的示例可能包括：
17. Expert witness evidence专家证人证词Expert witness evidence is similar to eyewitness testimony because it involves an individual's verbal statements provided under oath. Instead of asking questions to someone who witnessed a crime, lawyers recruit experts in their field to answer questions related to a particular case. For example, a doctor may serve as an expert witness in a murder case because they can confirm facts or disprove theories about how a victim's injuries occurred.专家证人证词与目击证人证词相似，因为它涉及个人在宣誓后提供的口头陈述。律师不是向目击犯罪的人提问，而是招募各自领域的专家来回答与特定案件有关的问题。例如，医生可以担任谋杀案的专家证人，因为他们可以确认事实或反驳有关受害者受伤如何发生的理论。 18. Exculpatory evidence开脱罪责的证据[ɪkˈskʌlpətərɪ]serving to exculpateshow or declare that (someone) is not guilty of wrongdoingExculpatory evidence is any evidence that might exonerate the defendant. Defense teams often present exculpatory evidence to juries to introduce reasonable doubt or to justify or excuse a defendant's actions. The Brady Rule, first introduced in 1963, establishes that prosecutors have a responsibility by law to disclose any exculpatory evidence they find to the jury.开脱罪责的证据是任何可能免除被告罪责的证据。辩护团队经常向陪审团提出开脱罪责的证据，以提出合理的怀疑或证明被告的行为是正当的或原谅的。布雷迪规则于1963年首次引入，规定检察官有责任依法向陪审团披露他们发现的任何开脱罪责的证据。 19. Digital evidence数字证据Digital evidence is evidence stored in binary form on computers, mobile phones and other types of electronic devices. This type of evidence has become increasingly more common as technology advances, and attorneys often use it in court. Common forms of digital evidence include text messages, emails and GPS data.数字证据是以二进制形式存储在计算机、移动电话和其他类型的电子设备上的证据。随着技术的进步，这种类型的证据变得越来越普遍，律师经常在法庭上使用它。数字证据的常见形式包括短信、电子邮件和 GPS 数据。 20. Corroborating evidence确凿证据 corroborate[kəˈrɒbəˌreɪt] VERB证实确证Lawyers use corroborating evidence to confirm or authenticate other types of evidence presented in court. In most cases, it adds credibility to witness testimony. Types of corroborating evidence include medical records, court documents, signed affidavits and written statements sworn under oath.律师使用确凿的证据来确认或验证在法庭上提出的其他类型的证据。在大多数情况下，它增加了证人证词的可信度。确凿证据的类型包括医疗记录、法庭文件、签署的宣誓书和宣誓就职的书面陈述。 What is corroborating evidence?什么是确凿证据？ Corroborating evidence is evidence that supports other evidence. If there is evidence that you fired a gun (gunpowder on your shirt) and a grainy video of you shooting someone, someone who was there when you did the shooting who testifies that you did the shooting corroborates the evidence that already exists.确凿证据是支持其他证据的证据。如果有证据表明你开枪（衬衫上的火药）和你开枪的颗粒状视频，那么当你开枪时在场的人作证说你开枪证实了已经存在的证据。 21. Insufficient evidence证据不足Insufficient evidence is a lack of evidence, which can cause the dismissal of a case. When law enforcement professionals arrest a suspect and charge them with a crime, the prosecution team carries the burden of proof. This means they have a duty to explain to the judge why they believe they have a case against the defendant. If the judge doesn't find the information sufficient to warrant an arrest, they may release the defendant and drop the case.证据不足是缺乏证据，这可能导致案件被驳回。当执法专业人员逮捕嫌疑人并指控他们犯罪时，起诉团队承担举证责任。这意味着他们有责任向法官解释为什么他们认为他们有针对被告的案件。如果法官认为没有足够的信息来保证逮捕，他们可能会释放被告并撤销案件。 This article is for information purposes only and is not intended to constitute legal advice. Consult with an attorney or lawyer for any legal issues you may be experiencing.本文仅供参考，不构成法律建议。就您可能遇到的任何法律问题咨询律师。 https://www./.../different-types-of-evidence 22.Analogical Evidence:类比证据： Analogical EvidenceComparison with a Known Situation Analogical evidence is one of the weakest types of written evidence, and it compares something that is unknown or known to a known situation. The text then draws conclusions based on the comparison. 类比证据：与已知情况的比较 类比证据是最弱的书面证据类型之一，它将未知或已知情况的事物进行比较。然后，文本根据比较得出结论。 23Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence is an informal account of evidence in the form of an anecdote, or hearsay. The term is usually used in contrast to scientific evidence, especially evidence-based medicine, which are types of formal accounts. Anecdotal evidence is often unscientific because it cannot be investigated using the scientific method.轶事证据是以轶事或道听途说的形式对证据的非正式描述。该术语通常用于与科学证据相反，尤其是循证医学，后者是正式记录的类型。轶事证据往往是不科学的，因为它不能用科学方法进行调查。 |
|
|
