[1] Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, H. M. Parshley trans., London: Lowe and Brydone LTD., 1956, pp.14-15; John MacInnes, The end of masculinity: The confusion of sexual genesis and sexual difference in modern society, UK: McGraw-Hill Education, 1998, p.2.
[2]国内学者的综述与介绍,可参见方刚:《当代西方男性气质理论概述》,《国外社会科学》2006年第4期;舒奇志:《当代西方男性气质理论研究发展概述》,《湘潭大学学报》(社会科学版)2011年第4期;刘岩:《男性气质》,《外国文学》2014年第4期;詹俊峰:《性别之路:瑞文康奈尔的男性气质理论探索》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2015年;隋红升:《跨学科视野下的男性气质研究》,杭州:浙江大学出版社,2018年。这些综述很大程度上接受了澳大利社会学家瑞文·康奈尔(Raewyn Connell)的相关表述,她在《男性气质》中,系统地梳理了男性相关的学术研究如何从临床医学知识发展到社会学关注的焦点。这样的划分,对于不熟悉该领域的其他学者,具有一定的迷惑性。实际上,康奈尔自身也将20世纪80年代后出现的新研究,称为“新的社会学方法”,参见Raewyn W. Connell, Masculinities, 2nd edition, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005, pp.3-45.
[3]相关术语的词频统计数据可查阅网站,见https://www./dictionary/english,2021年7月1日。
[4]古希腊的亚里士多德、希波克拉底与罗马时代的盖伦,对此都有丰富的著述,详见Thomas W. Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud, Harvard University Press, 1990.
[5]心理学的主要研究,参见S. Freud, “The Ego and the id”, in Standard Edition of the Complete psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (SE), vol.19, London: Hogarth, 1961, pp.3-66; “The infantile genital organization”, in SE, vol.19, pp.141-145; “The dissolution of the Oedipus complex”, in SE, vol.19, pp.173-179; E. Jung, Animus and Anima, New York: Spring Publications, 1969; E. Jung, Aspect of Masculine, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989.更多心理学家的讨论,可参见Raewyn Connell, “Psychoanalysis on masculinity”, in Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman, eds., Theorizing masculinities, California: Sage Publications, 1994, pp.11-38.
[6]“性别角色”理论代表性观点,可参见Talcott Parsons, Family, Socialisation and the Interaction Process, London and New York: Routledge, 1953; Joseph Pleck, “The male sex role”, in Journal of Social issues, 1976, vol.32, pp.155-164.更多详见 Raewyn W. Connell, Masculinities, pp.21-27.
[7]该类畅销书,可参见J. Gray, Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus, New York: Harper Collins;R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Oxford University, 1979; D. Kevles and L. Hood, The code of codes: Scientific and social issues in the human genome project, Harvard University Press, 1992; B. Sykes, Adam’s Curse: A Future Without Man, New York: WW Norton & Company, 2004.
[8]“同性恋”是近代医学概念下出现的身份,相关研究可参见John A. Symonds, A Problem in Modern Ethics Being an Inquiry into the Phenomenon of Sexual Inversion, Glasgow: Good Press, 1891; M. Hirschfeld, The Homosexuality of Men and Women, 1914, translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash, New York: Prometheus Books, 2000; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: The Use of Pleasure, trans. by R. Hurley, New York: Parthenon Books, 1985; David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love, New York: Routledge, 1990, pp.15-40.
[9]男性气质的“危机”,参见 Lynne Segal, Slow motion: Changing masculinities, changing men, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007 (first edition 1990), xvii-xviii;Lionel Tiger, The Decline of Males, New York: St. Martin’s, 1999; Herb Goldberg, The Hazards of Being Male, New York: New American Library, 1976.男性气质的“终结”,参见John MacInnes, The end of masculinity, 1998; John Stoltenberg, The End of Manhood: A Book for Men of Conscience, New York: Dutton Press, 2000.危机中的“白人异性恋男性”,见Sally Robinson, Marked men: white masculinity in crisis, New York: Columbia University Press, 2000; Michael Kimmel, Angry white men: American masculinity at the end of an era, UK: Hachette, 2017.
[10] Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, p.273, p.14.
[11] Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, New York: Dell Publishing, 1963, pp.12-27.
[12] Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, pp.16-22.
[13]女权主义与后现代主义的相互启发,可参见Linda Nicholson, Feminism/postmodernism, London: Routledge, 1990;Brian Taylor, Responding to Men in Crisis: Masculinities, Distress, and the Postmodern Political Landscape, London: Routledge, 2005.
[14] Maurice Berger, Brian Wallis, and Simon Watson, Constructing Masculinity, London: Routledge, 2012, pp.1-6;关于社会性别理论与性别的建构论,更多可参见Rachel Alsop, eds., Theorizing Gender: An Introduction, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2002.
[15] 对于男性气质的不同定义,见M. Mac an Ghaill, eds., Men and Masculinities: Theory, Research and Social Practice, Philadelphia: Open University, 2003, pp.4-5; Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman, eds., Theorizing masculinities, California: Sage Publications, 1994, pp.1-10; Nigel Edley, Men and masculinity: The basics, London: Routledge, 2017, pp.22-52; R. Adams and D. Savran, eds., The Masculinity Studies Reader, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002, pp.1-8; Connell, Masculinities, xi-xxv; Reeser, Masculinities in theory: An introduction, pp.20-49.
[16] Raewyn W. Connell, Masculinities, pp.67-71; MacInnes, The end of masculinity, pp.14-16; Todd Resser, Masculinities in Theory: An introduction, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2011, pp.51-52.
[17] John Beynon, Masculinities and culture, UK: McGraw-Hill Education, 2002, p.3.
[18] D. Gilmore, Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990, pp.4-6.人类学研究,也可参见Andrea Cornwall and Nancy Lindisfarne, eds., Dislocating masculinity: Comparative ethnographies, London: Routledge, 2003.
[19]传统历时分期的方法,见Peter Stearns, Be A Man! Males in Modern Society, New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979; Clyde W. Franklin, The Changing Definition of Masculinity, Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 1984, pp.3-8; Herbert L. Sussman, Masculine identities: The history and meanings of manliness, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2012;历史学的新方法论,见Karen H., Alexandra S., “What Have Historians Done with Masculinity? Reflections on Five Centuries of British History, circa 1500-1950”, in Journal of British Studies, vol.44, no.2, 2005, pp.274-280; John Tosh, “The History of Masculinity: An Outdated Concept?” in Arnold, J. H. and S. Brady, eds., What is Masculinity? London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, pp.17-34; Simon Yarrow, “Masculinity as a World Historical Category of Analysis”, in What is Masculinity? pp.114-138.
[20] Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History, New York: Free Press, 1996, p.6.
[21]早期学者对父权制的经典讨论,见Bachofen, Johann Jakob, Mother Right: A Study of the Religious and Juridicial Aspects of Gynecocracy in the Ancient World, (English Translation of Das Mutterrecht) (1861), New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2006; Lewis Henry Morgan, Ancient Society: researches in the lines of human progress from savagery through barbarism (1877), Boston: Harvard University, 2013; Friedrich Engels, The origin of the family, private property and the state (1884), New York: International Press, 1972.
[22] Heidi Hartmann, “The unhappy marriage of Marxism and feminism: Towards a more progressive union”, In Capital & Class, vol.3, no.2, 1979, pp.1-33.女权主义、马克思主义对父权制的分析,还可参考Øystein Gullvåg Holter, Gender, patriarchy and capitalism: A social forms analysis, Oslo: Work Research Institute, 1997.
[23]布尔迪厄的讨论,详参见Pierre Bourdieu, Masculine Domination (1998), trans.by Richard Nice, Redwood: Stanford University Press, 2001.关于“制度结构”“认知结构”“文化资本”“象征资本”以及“习惯”等概念的讨论,可参见pp.13-18, pp.55-56, pp.92-93, pp.83-88, pp.104-106.
[24]巴特勒的理论可参阅Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York: Routledge, 1990; Judith Butler, Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of “Sex”, New York; Routledge, 1993; Judith Butler, Undoing gender, New York: Routledge, 2004.
[25]康奈尔“霸权型男性气质”理论,重点参见Raewyn Connell, Masculinities, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, pp.67-86; 更多可参见R. Connell, Male Roles, Masculinity and violence: A Culture of Peace, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2000; Mike Donaldson, “What Is Hegemonic Masculinity?” Theory and Society, vol.22, no.5, 1993, pp.643-657; Demetrakis Z. Demetriou, “Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity: A critique”, Theory and Society, vol.30, no.3, 2001, pp.337-361; James W. Messerschmidt, Hegemonic masculinity: Formulation, reformulation, and amplification, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
[26]对话语理论的吸收,参见Hearn, “Theorizing men and men’s theorizing: varieties of discursive practices in men theorizing of men”, in Theory and Society, vol.27, pp.781-816.“性别阶级”的概念,更多可参阅Hearn, Men in public eye, New York & London: Routledge, 1992; Hearn and D. Collinson, “Theorising unitise and differences between men and between masculinities”, in H. Brod and M. Kaufman, eds., Theorizing masculinities, thousand Oaks: Sage, pp.96-118; Hearn, “From hegemonic to the hegemony of men”, in Feminist Theory, vol.5, no.1, 2004, pp.49-72.
[27] Michael Kaufman, ed., Beyond patriarchy: Essays by men on pleasure, power, and change, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1987, xvi; Michael Kaufman, “Men, feminism, and Men’s Contradictory Experiences of Power”, in Brod and Kaufman, eds., Theorizing masculinities, pp.142-164.
[28] Damian Ridge, “Games People Play: The Collapse of 'Masculinities’ and the Rise of Masculinity as Spectacle”, in J. Barry, etc. eds., The Palgrave Handbook of Male Psychology and Mental Health, Champaign: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, p.205.保守主义的代表,可参阅Harvey C. Mansfield: Manliness, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006.
[29]“男性权利运动”强调男性自身困境与被忽视的权利,参见Herb Goldberg, The Hazards of Being Male; R. Doyle, The Rape of the Male, MN: Poor Richard’s Press, 1976;G. Gilder, Sexual Suicide, New York: Bantam Press, 1973; D. Blankenhorn, Fatherless America, New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995.“解放论者”认为,男性气质同样伤害男性,参见Sawyer, “On male liberation”, in J.H. Pleck and J. Sawyer, eds., Men and Masculinity, New York: Prentice Hall, pp.170-173; M. Fasteau, The Male Machine, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974; W. Farrell, The Liberated Man, New York: Random House, 1974; D. David, R. Brannon, The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role, Random House, 1976;“守约者”认为,男女应当遵守宗教传统与社会习俗,参见D. Claussen, Standing on the Promises: The Promise Keepers and the Revival of manhood, Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 1999; J. Bartkowski, The Promise Keepers: Servant, Soldiers and Godly Men, Rutgers University Press, 2004.
[30] Robert Bly, Iron John: A Book About Men, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1990;荣格的研究,参见E. Jung, Animus and Anima, New York: Spring Publications, 1969; E. Jung, Aspect of Masculine, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989.“神话诗歌”流派,还可参见John Rowan, The Horned God: Feminism and Men as Wounding and Healing, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987.
[31] Victor Seidler, Man Enough: Embodying Masculinities, UK: Wiltshire, 1997, pp.14-16.对历史上“主观性”的研究,见Seidler, Rediscovering Masculinity: Reason, Language and Sexuality, London: Routledge, 1989; Seidler, Unreasonable Men: Masculinity and Social Theory, London: Routledge, 1994; Seidler, Man Enough: Embodying Masculinities, UK: Wiltshire, 1997.
[32] Anne S. Lombard, Making manhood: growing up make in colonial New England, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003; Gerald Handel, Making a life in Yorkville: experience and meaning in the life-course narrative of an urban working-class man, Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000.人生历程与社会化,可参阅Joseph Kett, Rites of passage: Adolescence in America, 1790 to the Present, New York: Basic Books, 1976; John Demos, Past, present, and personal: the family and life course in American history, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
[33]强调父亲的育儿角色,见Michael E. Lamb, The role of the father in child development, New York: John Wiley, 1981; Samuel Osherson, Finding our fathers, New York: Free Press, 1986.父亲身份的建构,见Ana Jordan, The new politics of fatherhood: Men’s movements and masculinities, New York: Springer, 2019; Barbara Hobson, ed., Making men into fathers: Men, masculinities and the social politics of fatherhood, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; Thomas Johansson and Jesper Andreasson, Fatherhood in transition: Masculinity, identity and everyday life, New York: Springer, 2017.
[34] Jeffery Weeks, Sexuality and its discontents: meanings, myths & modern sexualities, London: Routledge & Kegan paul, 1985, p.190; Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, p.151; Eve K. Sedgwick, Epistemology of the closet, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990, p.2.性经验及同性恋最新研究,可参考Robert J Corber, Homosexuality in Cold War America: Resistance and the crisis of masculinity, Durham: Duke University Press, 1997; Giovanni Vitiello, The libertine’s friend: Homosexuality and masculinity in late imperial China, University of Chicago Press, 2011; Sean Brady, Masculinity and male homosexuality in Britain, 1861-1913, Berlin: Springer, 2016.
[35] Gail Bederman, Manliness & Civilization: a cultural history of gender and race in the United States, 1880-1917, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995; Leonore Davidoff, and Catherine Hall, Family fortunes: Men and women of the English middle class 1780-1850, London and New York: Routledge,1987; Aidan Beatty, Masculinity and power in Irish nationalism, 1884-1938, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.种族、阶级与国族认同,更多可参阅Thomas R Metcalf, “Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman’ and the 'Effeminate Bengali’ in the Late Nineteenth Century”, in Victorian Studies, vol. 39, no.4, 1996; Ann McClintock, Imperial leather: Race, gender, and sexuality in the colonial contest, London: Routledge, 2013; Martin Anthony Summers, Manliness and its discontents: The Black middle class and the transformation of masculinity, 1900-1930, University of North Carolina Press, 2004; Henry French and Mark Rothery, Man’s estate: landed gentry masculinities, 1660-1900, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012; Richard Smith, Jamaican Volunteers in the First World War: Race, masculinity and the development of national consciousness, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004; Matthew basso, Laura McCall and Dee Garceau, eds., Across the Great Divide: culture of manhood in the American West, New York: Routledge, 2001.
[36] Jeff Hearn, Men in the public eye: The construction and deconstruction of public men and public patriarchies, London and New York: Routledge, 1992; Mark E. Kann, A republic of men: the American founders, gendered language, and patriarchal politics, New York: New York University, 1998; Ruth H. Bloch, Gender and Morality in Anglo-American Culture, 1650-1800, University of California Press, 2003.男性气质与公共生活,更多可参阅Stefan Dudink, Karen Hagemann and John Tosh, eds., Masculinities in politics and war: gendering modern history, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004; Stefan Dudink, Karen Hagemann and Anna Claek, eds., Representing masculinity: male citizenship in modern Western Culture, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007; Robert B. Donald, Manhood and patriotic awakening in American Civil War: The John E. Mattoon letters, 1859-1866, Maryland: Hamilton Books, 2008; Marjorie Levine-Clark, Unemployment, Welfare, and Masculine Citizenship: So Much Honest Poverty in Britain, 1870-1930, Berlin: Springer, 2015.
[37] Dana M. Britton, and Christine L. Williams, “'Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue’: Military Policy and the Construction of Heterosexual Masculinity”, in Journal of Homosexuality, vol.30, no.1, 1995, pp.1-21; Michael Brown, “'Like a devoted army’: medicine, heroic masculinity, and the military paradigm in Victorian Britain”, in Journal of British Studies, vol.49, no.3, 2010, pp.592-622; J. Phillips, “Mummy’s boys: Pakeha men and male culture in New Zealand”, in P. Bunkle and B. Hughes, eds., Women in New Zealand Society, Aleen & Unwin,1980, pp.217-243; Phillips, “Rugby, War and the Mythology of the New Zealand Male”, in New Zealand Journal of History, 1984, vol.18, pp.83-103; Christine Heward, Making a Man of Him: Parents and their Sons’ Education at an English Public School 1929-50, London: Routledge, 1988.更多男性气质与代理机构,可参阅Varda Burstyn, The Rites of Men: Manhood, Politics, and the Culture of Sport, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1999; David G. Barrie, Susan Broomhall, A History of Police and Masculinities, 1700-2010, London: Routledge, 2012; Matthew Maycock, Kate Hunt, eds., New Perspectives on Prison Masculinities, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
[38] Griselda Pollock and Roziska Parker, Old Mistresses: Women, Art, and Ideology, New York: Pantheon, 1981;Griselda Pollock, Vision and Difference: Femininity, Feminism, and Histories of Art, London and New York: Routledge, 1989; Linda Nochlin, Women, Art and Power and Other Essays, New York: Harper and Row, 1988; Mary J. Deegan, Jane Addams and the men of the Chicago school, 1892-1918, New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1988; Mary J. Deegan, Annie Marion MacLean and the Chicago Schools of Sociology 1894-1934, New York: Routledge, 2014.更多学科建构,可参阅Charlotte Hooper, Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, New York: Columbia University Press, 2001; Heather Ellis, Masculinity and Science in Britain, 1831-1918, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
[39] Joan B. Lands, Visualizing the nation: gender, representation and revolution in eighteenth-century France, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001; Jason Solinger, Becoming the gentleman: British literature and the invention of modern masculinity, 1660-1815, New York: Springer, 2012.更多相关研究,可参阅Joseph A. Kestner, Masculinities in Victorian painting, UK: Scholar Press, 1995; Andrew P. Williams, ed., The image of manhood in early modern literature: Viewing the male, Connecticut: Green Press, 1999; Karl M. Kippola, ed., Act of manhood: the performance of masculinity on the American Stage, 1828-1826, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012; Karen Bourrier, The Measure of Manliness: Disability and Masculinity in the Mid-Victorian novel, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2015; Jachinson Chan, Chinese American Masculinities: From Fu Manchu to Bruce Lee, New York: Routledge, 2020.