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指南速递 | 子宫内膜上皮内瘤变(EIN)的临床管理

 休斯敦馆 2023-10-25 发布于河南


背景
  背景

色素内膜上皮内瘤变(EIN)或非典型色素内膜斑(AEH)通常是色素内膜腺癌的前兆病变。2014年WHO将进行修复:

1)无异型性疤痕(良性色素内膜疤痕);

2)非典型病例或EIN。

2020年突发扩展了诊断标准,包括基本标准和理想标准,非典型聚集或EIN的基本标准包括增殖的腺体结构和与周围细胞内膜或腺体不同的上皮细胞学改变,或两者兼而有之。理想的标准包括: PTEN、PAX2或错配修复蛋白的免疫反应性丢失。在国际表皮内膜协作小组开发的EIN模式中,表皮内膜癌前病变被称为表皮内膜上皮内瘤变,三类疾病病理标准:

1) 骨质内膜损伤;

2) 胚胎内膜上皮内瘤变;

3)腺癌。

本咨询用于已经诊断为 EIN/AEH 的患者,并代表了 EIN/AEH 治疗的最新数据。



及时发现癌变
并发癌

妇科医生在治疗EIN / AEH前应首先排除癌变,其中宫腔镜检查和子宫内膜支架是诊断内膜癌的首选方法。

在胚胎切除标本中,发现EIN/AEH患者同时切除肿瘤内膜癌的比例约30%-50%,因此,当保守治疗(要求保留生育力)治疗时,要首先排除内膜病变,此EIN/AEH治疗效果不佳或间歇性内膜癌的治疗。最简单的方法是在门诊用吸管吸取制作预定的胚胎内膜标本后送病理,该法操作安全效果稳定。最近的数据显示,与刮宫相比,采用吸管法内膜癌的检出率更高。

建议在宫腔镜引导下进行骨髓内膜取样,可同时诊断胚胎内膜息肉、胚胎内膜癌和胚胎内膜修复。不建议使用粉碎或烧灼标本的取样方法,因为可能会影响病理医师对标本的准确评估。



手术管理
手术治疗

胚胎全切除术是EIN/AEH理想的手术方式,而不是次全子宫切除术;不建议对EIN/AEH进行胚胎内膜消融术(热灼或电切术),因为其病变短暂、切换率高,而且对后期珍珠加大难度。

EIN/AEH 治疗的主要目的是:

1)排除内膜癌;

2)制定可以预防或延缓进展为表皮癌的治疗计划。

2020年的一项荟萃​​分析中,EIN/AEH进展为子宫内膜癌的风险每年约8%,有保留生育意愿的患者,可采用药物治疗,对于无生育要求者全程子宫切除术是EIN/ AEH比较意外的治疗方法,可同时切除可能的恶性肿瘤,不需要后续的后续治疗和治疗。

未绝经的EIN/AEH患者应权衡潜在利弊,从患者实际情况出发决定是否切除卵巢;不建议次宫颈切除术治疗EIN/AEH,无法全面评估病变范围;可能累忽略及胚层下段或宫颈上段内膜的后果。

由于EIN/AEH患者胚胎内膜癌的发生率较高(约30%-50%),因此在进行卵巢切除术时,应评估胚胎标本是否有隐匿性癌,初步是否需扩大手术范围。包括由有经验的医生剖视标本以及进行切片病理检查,如果需要分碎后切除切片,则应在密闭环境(例如冷冻标本袋)中进行,以防止碎片浪费而引起生长繁殖。

美国FDA明确“已知或疑似皮肤内膜癌或皮肤内膜癌前病变的患者,如未治愈的腺瘤样修复”均是皮肤内膜消融装置的禁忌证。



药物治疗
非手术治疗

对于需要保留胚胎的患者,应推荐使用孕激素EIN/AEH的首选治疗方法。各种孕激素之间的效果无明显统计学差异,与单独相比,含52mg的左激素诺孕酮释放宫内节育器(LNG-IUD)有更高的疾病逆转率。

其次为癌症的风险高,非手术治疗的患者使用高效生长激素时应严密监测变化,治疗无细胞异型性的简单性和复杂性内膜消除率高。 一项关于EIN/AEH或1级腺癌患者结局的系统评价显示,EIN/AEH对患者孕激素的最终反应为86%,无论是血管内、宫内还是联合药物方式都是有效的,疾病消退率约50%-90%不等,连续外周比循环使用效果更佳。无论哪种方法,患者对不良反应的耐受性良好,直接静脉常见于LNG-IUD治疗方式,吃饭多见于外周孕激素的患者。

用于胚胎内膜上皮内瘤变或非典型胚胎内膜修复的孕激素:
·衰老甲地孕酮
·衰老甲孕酮
·左心血管诺孕酮释放治疗性宫内节育器(含52mg的LNG-) IUD)
·左血管诺孕酮宫内节育器联合胚胎孕育

研究表明,与另外一个孕激素治疗相比,LNG-IUD治疗的消退率更高。一个随机发现试验,使用LNG-IUD(85%)和迭代孕激素联合治疗(55%)可以提高治疗效果。

与子宫孕激素相比,LNG-IUD常见的不良反应包括:脱落、点滴状出血、盆腔炎等,但半年后明显减少,患者对LNG-IUD治疗的依从性高,不担心体重增加。

没有最好只有最合适

研究表明,不同的起始妊娠之间的效果无统计学差异。目前推荐连续性起始甲地孕酮或起始甲胎孕酮,连续性比周期性使用恢复率更高。



本体
跟进

对于首次接受激素治疗的患者,应在3-6个月内进行组织学评估治疗效果。

对于首次出现的许多栅极孕育内膜恢复有反应者,需要持续确认,以评估症状缓解、关闭或关闭。组织学评估的时间和频率决定因素,包括:治疗方法、绝经状态、是否生长以及其他与子宫内膜癌的相关危险因素。

首次高氢化治疗反应良好,并不能排除EIN/AEH的后续治疗。另外全剖切病理未见宫内膜癌证据,不建议继续监测EIN/AEH。

对于使用孕激素治疗的患者,建议在 3-6 个月内再次进行组织学检查以评估治疗效果。治疗结论包括:

1.完全分离,子宫内膜投票显示子宫内膜枯萎、死亡性或子宫性子宫内膜;

2.已经发生内膜转化,内膜修复但无异型性;

3.症状持续存在,但组织学检查无异型性改变,若治疗3-6个月效果欠佳,可重复3-6个月,若9-12个月仍无反应,应考虑手术治疗;

4.癌症进展。

在一项针对111例EIN/AEH和280例接受孕激素治疗的早期胚胎内膜癌患者的系统评价中,缓解(消退)的中位时间为6个月(范围1-18个月)。 3个月时未发现外源性黄体酮效应与内膜逆转相关。对于接受LNG-IUD治疗的患者,治疗6个月反应欠佳可能与宫腔体积有关(9.3cm vs 8cm;P=.04 )。

对于血管瘤持续无进展、且无血管内膜的患者,2年内可暂缓内膜插入,若出现血管内膜等相关症状,应及时病理检查或咨询妇科肿瘤医生。

使用孕激素进行终极治疗后,对于坚持保留雌激素,且仍存在孕激素内膜癌高危因素的患者,包括难以改变的因素,如:高龄、绝经时间晚、未产、慢性无排卵以及林奇综合征等;可改变的危险因素,如:短期的无限制抗雌激素治疗、生长和2型糖尿病等,可以长期维持治疗,但要持续存在。

未来生育

其中荟萃分析选择使用辅助生殖技术的活产率与自然妊娠的女性的自然妊娠率从26.3%到41.0%不等(39.4% vs 14.9%;P=.001一项回顾性分析对保留生育能力治疗的 63 例患者(42 例皮肤内膜癌和 21 例 EIN/AEH),其中 31 例患者在使用首发甲孕酮和二甲戊二醇双获得配方,19 例体外受精的患者成功妊娠(61.3%)和14例活产(45.2%)。风险,同时积极治疗治疗的多囊卵巢综合征、营养和糖尿病,可以提高妊娠率,必要时可转诊至不孕症专科。



良好的生活习惯
改变生活方式

超过75%的表皮癌患者合并症(BMI≥30),与正常体重的人相比,他们出现较多的合并症如高血压或2型糖尿病,且死亡风险增高,故建议患者养成良好的生活方式、保持标准的体重和健康的体重,从而改善身体状态,降低EIN/AEH和患内膜癌的风险。体重患者的体重相对近期和长期的每日减少7%-10%身体健康状况都有积极作用。

在一项针对71名非典型阳性或1或2型表皮样腺癌的LNG-IUD治疗的女性的右侧研究中发现减重超过10%的女性对LNG-IUD的治疗效果提高四倍,因此关于EIN/AEH或早期表皮内膜癌的研究可以转向生活方式改变和相关减肥措施的应用。



进一步研究
进一步的研究

对疾病中断和消退的原因进行更多研究,关注饮食调整的影响,以及药物和手术减肥管理。此外,需要研究在诊断EIN/AEH时多次内膜导管以切除恶性肿瘤的效果;不同孕激素的空白以及EIN/AEH的亚型,如分子分类。联合治疗对初始无应答者的效果、低剂量LNG-IUD的治疗以及更多的EIN/AEH监测方法。

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文献检索策略:http://links./AOG/D269 2.证据图:http://links./AOG/D270

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译者:赵博士

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