 中医 · 针灸   1 起源  针灸起源于中国。 在一万至四千年前的新石器时代，居住在阴暗潮湿山洞的祖先，与野兽搏斗过程中，难免发生风湿和伤痛，他们除祈祷鬼神外，还会物体去揉按、捶击痛处以减轻痛苦， 或放出一些血液以缓解疼痛，这样就逐步创造了以砭石为工具的医疗方法，这就是针刺的萌芽。 During the Neolithic Age, between ten thousand and four thousand years ago, our ancestors living in dark and damp caves inevitably suffered from rheumatism and injuries while fighting wild beasts. Apart from praying to spirits and gods, they used objects to rub, press, and strike the painful areas to alleviate their suffering. They also released some blood to relieve pain. This gradually created a medical method using “bian” stones, curing stones, as tools, which is the embryonic form of acupuncture. 《山海经》记载有“高氏之山，有石如玉，可以为箴。”这是我国远古人类以砭石代针治病的佐证。 至秦汉时期，针具已由石针、骨针、竹针而逐步发展成为金属针。金属针具发展到现在，经历了铜、铁、银、合金及不锈钢针具等阶段。 By the Qin and Han dynasties, acupuncture instruments had gradually developed from stone needles, bone needles, and bamboo needles into metal needles. The development of metal acupuncture instruments has gone through stages such as copper, iron, silver, alloys, and stainless steel needles up to the present day.  灸法产生于火的使用之后。人们发现身体某部位的病痛经火的烧灼、烘烤可得到缓解或消除，起初人们用兽皮或树皮包裹烧热的石块、砂土进行局部热熨，后来发展用点燃的树枝或干草烘烤来治疗疾病，通过对比总结，最终发现艾叶具有易于燃烧、气味芳香、资源丰富、易于加工贮藏等特点，于是艾叶就作为灸治的主要材料，从而灸法和针刺一样，成为防病治病的重要方法。针灸也由此诞生。  Moxibustion originated after the use of fire. People found that the pain in certain parts of the body could be relieved or eliminated by burning or roasting with fire. Initially, people used animal skins or tree bark to wrap hot stones or sand for local heat treatment. Later, they developed the use of ignited twigs or dry grass to treat diseases. Through comparison and summary, it was ultimately discovered that mugwort leaves have the characteristics of easy combustion, fragrant odor, abundant resources, and easy processing and storage. Therefore, mugwort leaves became the main material for moxibustion treatment. Then, moxibustion and acupuncture , became an important method for disease prevention and treatment. Acupuncture and moxibustion also originated from this. 中医 · 针灸 2 发展 1.萌芽时期，商周以前 在商周时期，针灸学得到了进一步的发展。在殷商时期，随着青铜冶炼技术的提高，青铜针开始作为针灸针具被广泛使用。这种针具相较于砭石更加锋利，但韧性较差。在周代，针灸的治疗经验逐渐丰富，针灸术也有了更进一步的发展。 During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, acupuncture and moxibustion experienced further development. In the Shang Dynasty, with the advancement of bronze smelting technology, bronze needles began to be widely used as acupuncture instruments. Compared to 'bian' stone , these bronze needles were sharper but less flexible. During the Zhou Dynasty, the therapeutic experience of acupuncture and moxibustion gradually enriched, leading to further development of these techniques. 《周礼》中记载：“疡医掌肿痛，溃疡、寒热、瘰疬、咳嗽、哮喘、药以治病”，其中就提到了针灸的治疗方法。  这一时期，针灸学与自然哲学、阴阳五行等思想相结合，形成了独特的针灸理论体系，为后世针灸学的发展奠定了基础。 During this period, acupuncture and moxibustion were combined with natural philosophy, Yin-Yang theory, and the Five Elements, forming a unique theoretical system of acupuncture and moxibustion, laying the foundation for the development of acupuncture and moxibustion in later generations. 2 2.肇始时期，战国晚期 在战国晚期，针灸已经逐渐普及并形成了独特的理论体系。 In the late Warring States period, acupuncture and moxibustion had gradually become widespread and formed a unique theoretical system. 这一时期，出现了许多针灸学派，按研究内容、学术思想划分，主要有重针派、重灸派、穴法派、手法派、刺营出血派、针灸药相须派、经穴理论派、中西医汇通派等。 《黄帝内经》是针灸学的经典著作之一，曾提到：“刺络者，刺小络也；刺府者，刺府俞也；刺虚者，刺其无血也；刺实者，刺其有血也。”这说明当时已经认识到经络和穴位对于治疗疾病的重要作用。 《黄帝内经》中《素问》和《灵枢》两大部分着重论述了针灸的理论和实践。在《灵枢经》中，记载了九种不同形式的针具，称为“九针”，这些针具具有不同的治病作用。 In The Yellow Emperors Internal Classic, two main parts, Suwen and Lingshu, primarily focus on the theory and practice of acupuncture and moxibustion. In the Lingshu, nine different forms of acupuncture needles, referred to as the 'Nine Needles,' are documented, each possessing distinct therapeutic effects. 在战国晚期，针灸学得到了进一步的发展和完善，为后世针灸学的发展奠定了基础。 In the late Warring States period, acupuncture and moxibustion received further development and refinement, laying the foundation for the subsequent advancement of acupuncture and moxibustion studies. 3 3.建立时期，秦汉时期 在秦朝，针用具已经由石针、骨针发展到了金属针。这些针用具的进步和发展，标志着针刺技术的不断提高。 During the Qin Dynasty, acupuncture instruments evolved from stone and bone needles to metal needles. The advancement of them signified the continuous improvement of acupuncture treatment technology. 同时，针灸学在秦汉时期也得到了社会各界的关注和支持。汉代出现了许多著名的医学家，如淳于意、程高、郭玉等，他们不仅继承了前人的针灸学术，还将其传授给了后人。 郭玉 During the Qin and Han Dynasties, acupuncture and moxibustion also gained attention and support from various sectors of society. Many renowned medical practitioners emerged during the Han Dynasty, such as Chun Yuyi, Cheng Gao, Guo Yu and so on. They not only inherited the academic achievements of their predecessors in acupuncture and moxibustion but also passed them on to future generations. 在《黄帝内经》的基础上，《难经》对针灸学理论进行了充实和提高，形成了较为完整的针灸学理论体系。此外，《后汉书·郭玉传》中还记载了郭玉等人的针灸学术思想和实践经验，这也反映了当时针灸学的发展和传承情况。 Based on The Yellow Emperors Internal Classic, Nan Jing (a TCM classic) enriched and enhanced the theory of acupuncture and moxibustion, forming a relatively comprehensive theoretical system of acupuncture and moxibustion. Additionally, Biography of Guo Yu in the History of Eastern Han Dynasty records the acupuncture and moxibustion theories and practical experiences of Guo Yu and others, reflecting the development and inheritance of acupuncture and moxibustion at that time. 秦汉时期还出现了许多针灸学专著，如《明堂经》、《针灸甲乙经》等，这些著作对针灸学的理论和实践进行了系统性的总结和归纳，为后世针灸学的发展提供了重要的参考和借鉴。 《明堂经》 During the Qin and Han Dynasties, numerous specialized treatises on acupuncture and moxibustion emerged. These works systematically summarized and categorized the theory and practice of acupuncture and moxibustion, providing crucial references and insights for the subsequent development of acupuncture and moxibustion studies. 《针灸甲乙经》 秦汉时期是针灸学发展的重要阶段之一，这一时期针灸学在理论、用具、疗法等方面都得到了不断的完善和发展。 The Qin and Han Dynasties were crucial stages in the development of acupuncture and moxibustion. During this period, acupuncture and moxibustion underwent continuous refinement and advancement in theory, instruments, and therapeutic techniques. 4 4.发展时期，魏晋至明中期 魏晋至中晚期，针灸学得到了进一步的发展和充实。 From the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the middle and late periods, acupuncture and moxibustion has been further developed and enriched. 在魏晋时期，著名医学家皇甫谧在总结前人经验的基础上，撰写了《针灸甲乙经》一书，这是针灸学史上的第一部针灸专著，标志着针灸学的进一步发展和完善。 During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the famous medical expert Huang Fumi wrote the First and Second Classics of acupuncture and moxibustion and Moxibustion on the basis of summarizing the experience of predecessors. This is the first monograph on acupuncture and moxibustion and moxibustion in the history of acupuncture and moxibustion and moxibustion, marking the further development and improvement of acupuncture and moxibustion and moxibustion. 魏晋至中晚期是针灸学发展的承前启后的重要时期，这一时期在针灸理论、临床应用、教育与传播等方面都取得了显著的进展和突出的成就，为后世针灸学的发展和创新提供了重要的借鉴和启示。 From the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the mid-late period, it was an important period of carrying forward and developing acupuncture and moxibustion. Significant progress and prominent achievements were made in acupuncture and moxibustion theory, clinical application, education and dissemination during this period, providing important reference and inspiration for the development and innovation of acupuncture and moxibustion in later generations. 5 5.低谷时期，明清时期 明清时期，针灸学得到了进一步的发展和充实。 During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, acupuncture and moxibustion further developed and enriched. 首先，灸法的材质得到了丰富和发展。其次，针灸的诊疗方法也得到了进一步的发展。它强调根据不同的病症，选取不同的穴位进行治疗。 Firstly, the materials of moxibustion have been enriched and developed. Secondly, the diagnosis and treatment methods of acupuncture and moxibustion have also been further developed. It emphasizes selecting different acupoints for treatment based on different symptoms. 此外，明清时期针灸也与现代医学相结合。在西方医学传入中国后，针灸开始与解剖学、生理学、病理学等现代医学学科相结合，形成了具有现代意义的针灸学。 In addition, acupuncture and moxibustion in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were also combined with modern medicine. After the introduction of Western medicine to China, acupuncture and moxibustion began to integrate with modern medical disciplines such as anatomy, physiology, and pathology, forming acupuncture and moxibustion with modern significance. 总之，明清时期针灸学得到了进一步的发展和充实，不仅灸法的材质得到了丰富和发展，针灸的诊疗方法也得到了进一步的发展，同时针灸也开始与现代医学相结合，成为具有现代意义的针灸学。 In general, acupuncture and moxibustion in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was further developed and enriched. Not only were the materials used for moxibustion enriched and developed, but also the diagnostic and treatment methods of acupuncture and moxibustion were further improved. At the same time, acupuncture and moxibustion began to integrate with modern medicine, evolving into acupuncture and moxibustion with modern significance. 6 6.繁荣时期，建国以后 建国以后，针灸学得到了长足的发展。 After the founding of the People's Republic of China, acupuncture and moxibustion has made great progress. 首先，传统的针灸方法和理论得到了重视和研究。同时，针灸方法也结合了物理疗法、药特注射疗法等，推动了针灸学的发展。 First of all, traditional acupuncture and moxibustion methods and theories have been valued and studied. At the same time, acupuncture and moxibustion methods are also combined with physical therapy, drug specific injection therapy, etc., promoting the development of acupuncture and moxibustion. 在针灸理论研究方面，对于针灸作用机制的研究也取得了很大的进展。如针刺麻醉技术的应用和机制研究受到了世界关注。此外，针刺治疗对于各种疾病的治疗也得到了深入研究。 In the field of acupuncture and moxibustion theoretical research, great progress has been made in the study of the mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion. For example, the application and mechanism of acupuncture anesthesia technology have attracted worldwide attention. In addition, acupuncture treatment for various diseases has also been thoroughly studied. 总之，建国以后针灸学得到了广泛的重视和研究，各种新的针灸方法和技术的应用和发展，使针灸治疗的效果和作用机制得到了深入研究和探讨。 In general, acupuncture and moxibustion has received extensive attention and research since the founding of the People's Republic of China. The application and development of various new acupuncture methods and techniques have enabled the in-depth study and exploration of the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion. 本期责编：嘉宝 盖盖 点赞收藏 关注我们 |
|
|
