| except that只可惜 ：后面从句表示前面提及名词中所包含的一部分，是对该名词的细节加以修正，是“除了（名词整体）外，只是（某些细节）...”，这里的that是引导介词宾语从句的连词 |
| The regretful thing was the awful weather that degraded the nice scenery. 只可惜天公不作美，总是阴雨连绵，影响了景致。 |
| except for除…之外：多用于在说明基本情况或对主要部分加以肯定，还引出相反的原因或细节，从而部分地修正前面的主要意思，含惋惜意味。 |
| I can do nothing except for swimming in the dog days.在三伏天里，除了游泳，我什么事也做不成 |
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| such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组 |
| so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词，so还可与表示数量的形容词many、few、much、little连用，形成固定搭配 |
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| 连词符号→破折号：专连接两句，强调第一个句子，以补充意思的不足，=也就是说There is hardly anything he doesn't know - he is a child prodigy他几乎无所不知，换句话说，他是个神童 |
| 冒 号 :此类符号也可用以连接两句，以强调前句中的名词 He made his goal know to us: he wanted to study abroad. 他让我们知道他的目标了，他要出国深造 |
| 分 号 :此类符号相当于逗号 + 连词 He is nice; I like him. 他人不错，因此我很喜欢你 |
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| 连词 | 虚词，起连接作用，可用来连单词、短语、从句、分句或句子。在名子中不单独作句子成分，一般不重读。根据连词的本身含义及所连接的成分是否平等，连词可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类 |
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| 从属连词 | 连接两个或两个以上的分句，形成复杂句中的从属分句，即引导名词性从句【主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句】、定语从句和状语从句。常用的从属连词有 that、whether、when、although、because 等 |
| 名词从句→that ①只起连接作用，不做句子成分；②没实际意义③在宾语从句中可省（主语从句位于句首时，不能省） |
| if/whether ①表达否定原意 ②不做句子成分 【if在宾语从句中意思是“是否”；在条件状语从句中意思是“如果”】 |
| 状语从句 1、时间状语从句→when 当…的时候；【从句中谓语动词可以是延续性、也可以是非延续】 When they got there,the train has left 当他们到达那里时，火车已经开走了 |
| while表时间→当…的时候时，在...期间；【从句中谓语动词之能是延续性、侧重主从句动作同时发生】While he was in Beijing,he visited the Great Wall他在北京时参观了长城 |
| 表让步→尽管，既然 While I find the problems evry difficult,I don't think them insoluble虽然我觉得这些问题很难解决，但我并不认为它们是无法解决的 |
| as当…的时候， 【引导延续性动作，主从句动作同时发生强调一边...一边】； I read the letter as I walked along ther river我一遍沿着河走，一边读这封信 |
| as soon as/the moment一...就...； As soon as he stops talking, let's go and get some coffee. 等他话音一落，咱们就去弄点咖啡 I will phone you as soon as I come back |
| directly 一...就...； |
| hardly/barely…when…(刚）一…就 Hardly I entered the gate when the bellI rang 我刚一进门，门铃就响了 |
| no sooner...than.. (刚）一...就… No sooner had I come home than it began to rain我刚回家，天就开始下雨了 |
| whenever任何时候； Whenever you meet any trouble ,tell me once 每当你遇到麻烦，就告诉我一次 |
| before在…之前； The novel became even more popular after it was made into a movie. 这部小说在拍成电影后更受欢迎了 |
| after 在…之后； After I finishede the school,I became a worker in the factory. |
| until/till直到...；Mr. Green waited until his children came back 格林先生一直等到孩子们回来 |
| since自从；自…以来 Many things have happened since I last saw him. 自从我上次见到他以来，发生了很多事 |
| once一旦； Once you promise, you should do it 一旦你答应了，你就应该去做 |
| every/each time每当；每一次…的时候 |
| When 形容活动被某事件打断的情况 We were having a picnic when the storm began. 当暴风雨开始时，我们在野餐 |
| While表持续性活动 While we were camping, we saw a bear. 当我们在野营时，我们看到了熊 While I was washing dishes, I broke a glass. 当我在清洗盘子时，我打破了一个玻璃杯 |
| *** when 和 while 其实可以放心地交替使用 She was skating when she fell. 当她摔倒时，她在溜冰 While she was skating, she fell. 当她溜冰时，她摔倒了 |
| 2、地点状语从句→where 在...地方； Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成 |
| wherever 无论哪里、何地，在任何地方；Sit wherever you like. 想坐哪儿就坐哪儿 |
| everywhere 每一...地方/到处； |
| anywhere 任何地方 I'll take you anywhere you like. 你喜欢哪儿，我就带你去哪儿 |
| 3、原因状语从句→as 由于/因为； |
| in that 因为 等 |
| because 因为； |
| since 既然；因为 Since/as you are busy, you had better not go with us. 既然你工作忙，你就不必跟我们去了 |
| seeing(that)/considering(that) 鉴于/由于；Seeing(that) he is young, his salary is not so bad. 他还年轻，他的薪水算不错的了 |
| now that 既然；因为 Now that you mention it, I do remember the incident. |
| because 用在主句前面 I can't see because it is so foggy. 因为雾太大了，我看不到 |
| because of 用在名词前面 It was difficult to see because of the snow. 因为雪，很难看清楚 Angela couldn't sleep because of the noise因为那些噪音，Angela没有睡觉 |
| 4、目的状语从句→so that 以便； 目的状语从句:是在复合句中表示主句动作 发生目的 的状语从句. |
| in order to/that目的是以便；为了 I got up early in order to catch the first bus. 为了赶第一班公交车，我起床很早 |
| lest 唯恐； |
| for fear that 唯恐/以免； They spoke in whisper for fear that they might wake the baby. 他们轻声说话，以免吵醒婴儿 |
| in case 免得/以防万一 等 I take an umbrella in case it would rain. 我带了把伞，以防下雨 |
| 5、结果状语从句→that 以便； They set off half an hour earlier that they might get there in time. 他们早出发半小时，以便及时到达那里 |
| so 因此，所以 结果状语从句:是在复合句中表示主句动作 所导致结果 的状语从句 |
| so(such)...that 如此...以致； He is such a good student that all the teachers like him. 他是个好学生，老师们都喜欢他 |
| so that 因此/所以 I'll wash the dress so that you can wear it. 我把这件衣服洗了，你好穿上 |
| 6、条件状语从句→if 如果； You may come if you want to. 如果你愿意你可以来 |
| in case 如果； In case you see him, ask him about it. 如果你见着他，问问他这件事 |
| unless 除非； I refuse to do it unless you help. 你如果不协助，我是不干的 |
| lest 唯恐； |
| suppose/supposing 假如； |
| so/as long as 只要； As long as I am free，I'll go to help you只要我有空，我就去帮你 |
| only if 只要/只有； |
| if only 但愿/要是...该多好； If only I could play the piano. 要是我会弹钢琴，该多好啊 |
| on condition (that) 条件是...； |
| provided(that) 假如 I will come with you provided (that) I am well enough. 只要我身体好，我一定和你一起去 |
| 7、让步状语从句→though/although/while 虽然/尽管； I didn't get the job though I tried all my best. 尽管我使出浑身解数也没有得到那份工作 |
| as、even if、even though 即使 等 Even if I failed this exam, I will not give up my English studying. 即使我考试失败，也决不会放弃英语学习 |
| however(no matter how) 无论怎样； No matter how hard it is, I will do my best to do it. 不管如何艰难，我都要尽力去做 |
| whatever(no matter what) 无论什么； Whatever you do, it has nothing to do with me. 无论你做什么事，那都与我无关 |
| whenever(no matter when) 无论什么时候； Whenever I come, I see him studying. 我每一次来，都会看到他在学习 |
| wherever(no matter where) 无论哪里 Wherever you go, I'll follow you. 无论你到何处，我都跟你走 |
| 8、比较状语从句→than 比， He has more friends than she (does). 他的朋友比她的多 |
| as...as...与/和… 一样 She runs as fast as a rabbit (does). 她跑得像兔子一样快 He is as tall as his father. 他和他爸爸一样高 |
| not as...as...与/和…不一样 |
| 9、方式状语从句→as 正如/就像…一样； Why didn't you do your homework as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话做人的家庭作业呢？ |
| as...as... 和...一样； He looks as ill as he sounded on the phone. 他的样子看起来不大好，正如听他电话中说话声音也不大好一样 |
| as far as 就...而言； As far as I could see, your behavior is unjustifiable. 就我看来，你的行为是不合情理的 |
| as if、as though 好像 They looked at me as if/though I were mad. 他们看着我好像我发疯了似的。 |
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| 并列连词 | 连接彼此是并列关系的单词、短语、从句或分句，被连接的两个部分彼此独立的，在句法上是平等的。常用的并列连词有 and、or、but、not only..but also..、both..and.. 等 |
| 分为两类：一类本身连词词性，具有连词含义；另一类叫做副词性连词。词性是副词，有连词的含义，形式上不具备连接词的功能，所以，得在形式上搞点变化，让他不受困于形式，方可展现他连词的意思 |
| 一般采用以下3种形式包装 1.放在两个逗号之间做插入语 Bob is good. Tom ,however, is bad. |
| 2.放在句首，后面接逗号再接句子 Therefore, the film is less than perfect. |
| 3.句子A ; 副词性连词 , 句子B The pianist was very ill; therefore,the concert was canceled. |
| anyhow（以任何方法）、besides(此外)、furthermore、moreover、however、otherwise(不然的话)、likewise、therefore、thus、then、yet、still(与but用法一样)、neverthless(与but用法一样) |
| instead、consequently（因此）、not with standing、also(此外)、in addition、also、indeed、similarly、again、on the other hand、on the contrary、therefore |
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| 1、并列关系：and和【表示两个或多个同类】Time and tide wait for no man岁月不待人 Both you and I are students你和我都是学生 Go along the street and you'll find the library沿这条街走，会找到图书馆 |
| not only... but also…不但…而且【就近原则】【两者同类】 The little girl is not only beautiful but also clever. 这个小女孩不仅漂亮而且聪明 |
| as well as 也，又【就远原则】 John as well as you is my bosom friend约翰和你都是我的知己 He as well as I is responsible for it不只是我，他对此事也有责任 |
| both...and…和…都【V用复数】 两者都/既…又【两者同类】 Both my father and my mother are workers我的爸爸和妈妈都是工人 |
| neither...nor...；既不…也不 【就近原则】 【两个同类否定】 Neither I nor he has been to Beijing before我和他以前都没去过北京 |
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| 2、转折关系：but但是 【常用于口语】语气强弱顺序：but>however>yet>while The car was quite old but in excellent condition. 那部车相当旧了，但机器性能还非常好 |
| while然而【连内容或结构对称的句子，对比两件事物】 The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm. 北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很温暖 |
| still I explained twice, still he couldn't understand. 我解释了两遍，然而他还是不懂 |
| yet但是 I have failed,yet I will try again 我失败了，但我会再试一次 |
| however然而 、但是（较正式） Tina didn't pass the final exam.However,she didn't lose heart蒂娜没通过期末考试，然而，她没有灰心 |
| 3、选择关系：or；常用在疑问句 或者；否则【两者里面只能选一个】 I do not care whether you go or stay. 我才不管你是走还是留 Put on your coat,or you'll catch a cold |
| or else |
| either...or...； 要么…要么；或者【两者只能选一个】【就近原则】 He is either sick or lazy. 他不是病了就是太懒 Either you or I am right要么你对，要么我对 |
| neither...nor...；两个都不选 He moved steadily, looking neither left nor right. 他从容地走着，并不左顾右盼 |
| otherwise； |
| rather than而不是 He is an explorer rather than a sailor与其说他是个海员，不如说他是个探险家 |
| not…but 不是…而是 He is not a teacher but a nurse她不是教师，而是一名护士 |
| 4、因果关系：so 因此，因而，从而，所以【表结果，后接表结果的句子】 The air here is polluted, so the crops are dying. 这里的空气受到了污染，所以庄稼快死了 |
| therefore 因此 |
| for 因为，由于 【补充说明理由，不用于句首】 The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn. 树叶在落下，因为秋天已经 |
| 引导原因状语从句：because 因为【语气最轻，表直接原因，回答why的问句】 I was late forschool，because I didn't catch theearly bus因为没赶上早班车，所以我上学迟到了 |
| as 由于【语气最弱，说明比较明显的原因】 As it is cold outside,we will put on our coats 因为外面冷，所以我们要穿上大衣 |
| since 既然 【语气较because弱，引导的从句厂位于主句前 Since everyone is here,let's begin our class既然大家都来了，我们上课吧 |
| 引导结果状语从句：so因此，所以 He studied hard,so he passed the exam他努力学习，因此他通过了考试） |
| so+adj./adv.+ that如此…以至于 The box is so heavy that I can't carry it这个箱子太重，我搬不动 |
| so +adj.+a/an+单数名词+that从句 =such +adj.+a/an+单数名词+that从句；如此…以至于 |
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