过去分词

构成:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(done)

　　1、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：

　　(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式）

　　work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited

　　(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。

　　live---lived---lived ,

　　(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。

　　study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried ,

　　(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。

　　stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped

　　2 、不规则动词，见不规则表

当过去分词作为表语

　　The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山.

　　【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作.

　　(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作)

　　(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)

　　【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, V-ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物.

　　(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.

当过去分词作为定语

　　作定语的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.

　　1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.

　　We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.

　　2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中.

　　The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.

　　3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.

　　The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人.

　　4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.

　　The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视.

当过去分词作为状语

　　1. 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.

　　(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.

　　【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦).

　　(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.

　　2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致.

　　(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.

　　再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.)

　　(2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.

　　从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市.)

　　【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.

　　(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语.

　　(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)

　　3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.

　　(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)

　　(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.

　　【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语.

　　When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.

　　4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开.

　　He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.

当过去分词作为宾语补足语

　　(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类:

　　1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.

　　(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;)

　　(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found)

　　2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.

　　(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发.

　　(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.

　　(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.

　　3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider， know， think等后。如：

　　(1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。

　　(2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了。

　　4. 表示爱憎?意愿的动词如want， wish， like， hate等后。如：

　　(1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。

　　(2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。

　　【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系.

　　(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.

　　1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成.

　　He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了)

　　2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)

with +宾语+过去分词"的结构

　　此结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.

　　(1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)

　　(2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)

　　(3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因)

　　(4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他.

　　(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.过去分词不规则变化表

编辑本段过去分词不规则变化表

　　一、A—A—A型，即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。（共7个）

　　cost—cost—cost cut—cut—cut hit—hit—hit hurt—hurt—hurt let—let—let put—put—put read—read—read

　　二、A—B—B型，即过去式、过去分词相同。（共41个）

　　1?过去式和过去分词都含有 -ought。（3个）

　　bring—brought—brought buy—bought—bought think—thought—thought flight-fought-fought

　　2?词尾有-ild，-end时，只需把d变为t。（4个）

　　build—built—built lend—lent— lent send—sent—sent spend—spent— spent

　　3．过去式、过去分词都含有 -aught。（2个）

　　catch—caught—caught teach—taught—taught

　　4．把-eep变为-ept。（3个）

　　keep—kept—kept sleep—slept—slept sweep— swept—swept

　　5?把-ell变为-old。（2个）

　　tell—told—told sell—sold—sold

　　6．过去式、过去分词都含有-elt或-ilt。（4个）

　　smell—smelt—smelt spell—spelt—spelt feel—felt— felt spill—spilt—spilt

　　7．过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t。（3个）

　　learn—learnt—learnt mean—meant—meant spoil—spoilt—spoilt

　　8．过去式、过去分词词尾去y变-id（4个）

　　say—said—said pay—paid—paid lay—laid—laid hear—heard—heard

　　9．改变元音字母。（11个）

　　meet—met—met get—got—got sit—sat—sat find—found—found hold—held—held spit—spat—spat shine—shone—shone win—won—won hang—hung—hung dig— dug—dug lose—lost—lost

　　10．改变辅音字母。（1个）

　　make—made—made

　　11?改变元、辅音字母。（4个）

　　leave—left—left stand—stood—stood have（has）— had—had understand—understood—understood

　　三、A—B—C型，即原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同。（共35个）

　　1?i—a—u变化。（6个）

　　begin—began—begun drink—drank—drunk sing— sang—sung ring—rang—rung swim—swam—swum sink— sank—sunk

　　2?词尾为-ow，-aw时，过去式将其变为-ew，过去分词在其原形后加n。（5个）

　　blow—blew—blown draw—drew—drawn grow— grew—grown know—knew—known throw—threw—thrown（show除外）

　　3?词尾为“i＋辅（1个）＋e”，过去式将i变为o，过去分词多在原形后加n，若那个辅音字母为d或t，须双写d或t后加n。（4个）（give，hide除外）

　　drive—drove—driven write—wrote—written ride— rode—ridden rise—rose—risen

　　4?过去分词在过去式后加（e）n。（5个）

　　break—broke—broken choose—chose—chosen freeze—froze—frozen speak—spoke—spoken wake—woke— woken

　　5?过去分词由过去式加-ten构成。（1个）

　　forget—forgot—forgotten

　　6?过去分词由原形加（e）n构成。（6个）

　　be—was（were）—been eat—ate—eaten fall—fell—fallen give—gave—given see—saw—seen hide—hid—hidden（hid）

　　7?词尾为-ake时，过去式将其变为-ook，过去分词在原形词后加-n。（2个）

　　take—took—taken mistake—mistook—mistaken

　　8?原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。（6个）

　　do—did—done fly—flew—flown go—went—gone lie—lay—lain show—showed—shown wear—wore—worn

　　四、A—A—B型，即过去式和原形相同。（1个）

　　beat—beat—beaten

　　五、A—B—A型，即过去分词和原形相同。（3个）

　　come—came—come become—became—become run— ran—run

　　六、情态动词型，只有原形和过去式，没有过去分词。（4个）

　　can—could may—might will—would shall—should

　　动词原形 过去式 过去分词

　　arise arose arisen

　　awake awoke/awaked awoken

　　be was been

　　bear bore borne(携带)/born(出生)

　　beat beat beaten

　　become became become

　　begin began begun

　　befall befell befallen

　　bend bent bent

　　bet bet bet

　　bind bound bound

　　bite bit bitten/bit

　　bleed bled bled

　　blend blended blent

　　bless blessed blest

　　blow blew blown

　　break broke broken

　　breed bred bred

　　bring brought brought

　　broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast/broadcasted

　　build built built

　　burn burnt/burned burnt/burned

　　burst burst burst

　　buy bought bought

　　cast cast cast

　　catch caught caught

　　choose chose chosen

　　cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft

　　cling clung clung

　　clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad

　　come came come

　　cost cost cost

　　creep crept crept

　　crow crowed/crew crowed

　　cut cut cut

　　dare dared/durst dared

　　deal dealt dealt

　　dig dug dug

　　do did done

　　draw drew drawn

　　dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed

　　drink drank drunk

　　drive drove driven

　　dwell dwelt dwelt

　　eat ate eaten

　　fall fell fallen

　　feed fed fed

　　feel felt felt

　　fight fought fought

　　find found found

　　flee fled fled

　　fling flung flung

　　fly flew flown

　　forbid forbade/forbad forbidden

　　forecast forecast/forecasted forecast/forecasted

　　forget forgot forgotten

　　forgive forgave forgiven

　　freeze froze frozen

　　gainsay gainsaid gainsaid

　　get got gotten

　　gild gilded/gilt gilded

　　gird girded/girt girded/girt

　　give gave given

　　go went gone

　　grave graved graven/graved

　　grind ground ground

　　grow grew grown

　　hang hung/hanged hung/hanged

　　have had had

　　hear heard heard

　　heave heaved/hove hesved/hove

　　hide hid hidden

　　hit hit hit

　　hold held held

　　hurt hurt hurt

　　keep kept kept

　　kneel knelt knelt

　　know knew known

　　lade laded laden

　　lay laid laid

　　lead led led

　　lean lesnt/leaned lesnt/leaned

　　leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped

　　learn learnt/learned learnt/learned

　　leave left left

　　lend lent lent

　　let let let

　　lie lay lain

　　light lit/lighted lit/lighted

　　lose lost lost

　　make made made

　　mean meant meant

　　meet met met

　　melt melted meited/molten

　　mistake mistook mistaken

　　misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood

　　outgrow outgrew outgrown

　　overcome overcame overcome

　　oversee oversaw overseen

　　pay paid paid

　　prove proved proved/proven

　　put put put

　　quit quitted/quit quitted/quit

　　read read read

　　rend rent rent

　　ride rode ridden

　　ring rang rung

　　rise rose risen

　　rive rived riven/rived

　　run ran run

　　saw sawed sawn/sawed

　　say said said

　　see saw seen

　　seek sought sought

　　sell sold sold

　　send sent sent

　　set set set

　　sew sewed sewn/sewed

　　shake shook shaken

　　shave shaved shaved/shaven

　　shear sheared sheared/shorn

　　shed shed shed

　　shine shone shone

　　shoe shod shod

　　shoot shot shot

　　show showed shown/showed

　　shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk/shrunken

　　shrive shrove/shrived shriven/shrived

　　shut shut shut

　　sing sang/sung sung

　　sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken

　　sit sat sat

　　slay slew slain

　　sleep slept slept

　　slide slid slid

　　sling slung slung

　　slink slunk slunk

　　slit slit slit

　　smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled

　　smite smote smitten

　　sow sowed sown/sowed

　　speak spoke spoken

　　speed sped/speeded sped/speeded

　　spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled

　　spend spent spent

　　spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled

　　spin spun/span spun

　　spit spat/spit spat/spit

　　spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled

　　spread spread spread

　　spring sprang/sprung sprung

　　stand stood stood

　　stave staved/stove staved/stove

　　steal stole stolen

　　stick stuck stuck

　　sting stung stung

　　swear swore sworn

　　sweep swept swept

　　swell swelled swollen/swelled

　　swim swam swum

　　swing swung swung

　　take took taken

　　teach taught taught

　　tear tore torn

　　tell told told

　　think thought thought

　　throw threw thrown

　　thrust thrust thrust

　　tread trod trodden/trod

　　upset upset upset

　　wake woke/waked woken/waked

　　wear wore worn

　　weave wove woven

　　weep wept wept

　　win won won

　　wind wound wound

　　work worked/wrought worked/wrought

　　wring wrung wrung

　　write wrote written