非谓语动词
一定义：在句子中不是谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词，或者在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
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不定式/not +不定式
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时态语态
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主动
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被动
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一般式
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To do
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To be done
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完成式
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To have done
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To have been done
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动名词/not + 动名词
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时态语态
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主动
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被动
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一般式
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Doing
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Being done
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完成式
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Having done
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Having been done
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现在分词/not + 现在分词
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时态语态
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主动
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被动
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一般式
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doing
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Being done
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完成式
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Having done
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Having been done
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二，谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别
1．相同点：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2.非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
1）非谓语动词有名词作用（如不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
2）非谓语动词有形容词作用（如不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
3）非谓语动词有副词作用（如不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2.非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
1）非谓语动词有名词作用（如不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
2）非谓语动词有形容词作用（如不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
3）非谓语动词有副词作用（如不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
三，功能及用法
1，动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。否定式：not + (to) do
1）时态：
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2）句子成分：
（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. （常用it作形式主语）
（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. （常用it作形式主语）
（2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.
（3）作宾语：I find it important to study English well. (it 做形式宾语)
（4）作宾语补足语：I saw him cross the road./ He was seen to cross the road.
(有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to.)
(有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to.)
（5）作定语：I have a meeting to attend./ The child has nothing to worry about
（6）作状语：
①表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.
②表结果：I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：It's too dark for us to see anything
①表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.
②表结果：I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：It's too dark for us to see anything
2，动名词：动名词的形式： doing/not + 动名词doing
1) 时态
1) 时态
（1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
（2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
（3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
（4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
（5）否定式：not + 动名词：I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
（2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
（3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
（4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
（5）否定式：not + 动名词：I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2）动名词的句法功能：
（1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。（当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语）（2）作表语：In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
（3）作宾语：They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好（it形式宾语）
注意：如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定语：He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。（当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语）（2）作表语：In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
（3）作宾语：They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好（it形式宾语）
注意：如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定语：He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
3，现在分词：现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1）现在分词的形式：doing/not + doing
（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2)现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
注意：现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：
The man speaking to the teacher = the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）现在分词作表语：The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
（3）作宾语补足语：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
②作原因状语：Being a League member, he is always helping others.
③作方式状语表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.
④作条件状语：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语：He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head． 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式：
1）现在分词的形式：doing/not + doing
（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2)现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
注意：现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：
The man speaking to the teacher = the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）现在分词作表语：The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
（3）作宾语补足语：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
②作原因状语：Being a League member, he is always helping others.
③作方式状语表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.
④作条件状语：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语：He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head． 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式：
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分：
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
⑨作独立成分：
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
4，过去分词：过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
1）过去分词的句法功能：
（1）过去分词作定语：
1）过去分词的句法功能：
（1）过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.
注意：当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
（2）过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。 The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
（3）过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
（4）过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents. （表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. （表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.
注意：当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
（2）过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。 The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
（3）过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
（4）过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents. （表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. （表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.
试题分析：
1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until 1919.
A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing
析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。
2．European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make
析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例：
The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。
3．Little Jim should love ______ to the theater this evening.
A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking
析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。
4．John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing
析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。
5．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating
析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。
6．——I usually go there by train. ——Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going
析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。
7．______ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received
析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。
8．Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented
析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。
9．Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.
A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited
析：“被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项，B不可用。D项少引导词who，也应排除。又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C也应排除，只有A.invited(＝who were invited)才是正确答案。
10．The murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back.
A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied
析：B表主动意，应排除。C表“将要被捆绑”，A表“正在被捆绑”都不合题意，只有D项填入空白才能表达“双手被反绑着”这一意思，符合题干情景。再看一类似例句： He came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了进来。
A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing
析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。
2．European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make
析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例：
The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。
3．Little Jim should love ______ to the theater this evening.
A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking
析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。
4．John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing
析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。
5．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating
析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。
6．——I usually go there by train. ——Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going
析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。
7．______ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received
析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。
8．Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented
析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。
9．Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.
A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited
析：“被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项，B不可用。D项少引导词who，也应排除。又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C也应排除，只有A.invited(＝who were invited)才是正确答案。
10．The murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back.
A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied
析：B表主动意，应排除。C表“将要被捆绑”，A表“正在被捆绑”都不合题意，只有D项填入空白才能表达“双手被反绑着”这一意思，符合题干情景。再看一类似例句： He came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了进来。
